Reka Cipta, Inovasi

&Kreativiti

“Our world is very different from the world of our ancestors. Tens of thousands of inventions and discoveries have transformed the way we do things and the way we think. An invention is something new, created by arranging things in some novel way. A discovery is a thing or principle that already existed, needing only to be found. But it is often difficult to tell where invention ends and discovery begins. Whatever they are, few inventions or discoveries are made overnight. There is usually a period of preparation before they emerge. Even then, they take time to act. An invention may take years to displace existing methods. A discovery may take generations to change habits of thought.” (Bridmann, 2000)

“Imagine a world where no one has discovered electricity…or a world where electricity has been discovered, but the inventions didn’t know what to do with it! There would be no telephones, radios, televisions, computer game, internet…the list goes on and on. Think how different the whole story of the world would be without these, and other, great inventions. Without the invention of aeroplanes and later, the jet engine, for example, a journey from Britain to Australia could take a very – and I mean very – long time. Now, nowhere in the world is more than 24 hours away in the fastest planes.

Adargh (2000)

Konsep Reka cipta

• “A new product, system, or process that has never existed before, created by study and experimentation.”

• “An original device, idea, or process originated after study and experiment - a discovery or a new finding.”

• “A new device, process, and so on, that has been created. Can be in either physical or conceptual form. Pre-existing knowledge is combined in a new way to yield something that did not before exist.”

• “An invention is any new thing that makes something faster, easier, more powerful, more efficient, more attractive, more accurate, more fun, or more productive – in short just plain better.”

Formula Reka cipta

(TRIZ method)

Masalah + Idea + (Teori) + Kepakaran + R&D + Material + Modal + Paten

___________________________________REKA CIPTA

___________________________________

“Creative problem solving begins when knowledge and simply

thinking about a problem fails”

“One sometimes finds what one is not looking for”

Alexander Fleming

“Sebatang besi buruk bernilai RM5, jika anda mengambil besi buruk tersebut dan

hasilkan ladam kuda nilainya akan bertambah RM50.50, dan jika ia digunakan

untuk membuat jarum nilainya akan meningkat kepada RM3,285. Jika anda

menghasilkan spring jam ia akan bernilai RM250,000. Perbezaan antara RM5 dan

RM250,000 adalah KREATIVITI, REKA CIPTA dan INOVASI”

“Ripley’s Believe It or Not”

“Invention is science-driven, and today ultimately derives from the codification of theoretical knowledge, and from the unfolding logic of

technology, such as miniaturization, greater speeds, use of and adaptation to new materials, etc.”

Daniel Bell, 2001

SAINS

TEKNOLOGI

INVENSYEN

KEJURUTERAAN

PENEMUAN

“Intelligence determines the upper limits of a person’s ability to obtain and store information without actually being itself part of creativity. The degree of creativity depends upon the amount of novelty created in the processing of the information made available by intelligence”. Cropley (2003)

“At some point in their lives, each of these individuals discovered the most important key to creativity. They actively used their imaginations to go beyond their knowledge”.Gamez (2000)

Api, Alatan Batu

Tulisan Zaman Gangsa

Zaman Besi

Pengairan, sistem perparitan

Pembuatan kertas di Timur Tengah

Serbuk peledakMagnet, Teleskop

Undang-undang Newton, Enjin wap (NEWCOMEN)

Elektrik

REVOLUSI INDUSTRI

Alat pintal Jenny

Enjin Lombong

Bot wap

Fotograf

Telefon

Sintetik

kapalterbang

Komputer

Kuasa Atom

Enjin wap Watt

LOOM

Lokomotif

Telegraf

Kamera

plastik

Radar

Televisyen

SPACE TRAVEL

Bioteknologi Teknologi nano

Reka cipta Abad ke-21PengklonanProduk kesihatan dan penjagaan diriInternet dan kepintaran buatan (AI)Kad pintarProduk sukanProduk hiburan berkonsep mayaKomunikasi segera capaian seluruh duniaPenggunaan sel solar secara menyeluruhAkhbar elektronikHand videophoneDarah, jantung, paru-paru, buah pinggang, hati

dan telinga tiruanSistem wang elektronikTeknologi robotik dalam pelbagai bidang pekerjaan, permainan kanak-kanak dan barangan penggunaTelesidang tiga dimensiKereta pintarKejuruteraan genetik dalam makanan, perubatan dan sebagainyaMutasi manusia

Reka cipta InovasiMencipta produk Membuat perubahan

(1) Baru dan unik. (1) Penambahbaikan.

(2) Asli. (2) Modifikasi.

(3) Risiko tinggi. (3) Risiko rendah.

(4) Toleran terhadap kesilapan. (4) Pengurusan risiko.

(5) Komitmen jangka panjang. (5) Komitmen untuk mencapai matlamat.

(6) Berterusan. (6) Berubah-ubah.

(7) Proses yang kompleks. (7) Proses yang bersistematik.

(8) Bermula daripada tiada. (8) Bermula dengan sesuatu yang telah ada.

(9) Hasil tidak dapat dijangka. (9) Hasil dirancang dan dapat dijangka.

(10) Lazimnya melibatkan individu dan bersifat kepuasan.

(10) Lazimnya melibatkan organisasi dan bersifat komersial.

Kategori Pereka Cipta

• Pereka cipta yang bekerja dalam industri dan bisnes (captive inventor) iaitu bekerja sebagai penyelidik.

• Pereka cipta bebas (independent inventor) iaitu pereka cipta yang menjadikan aktiviti reka cipta sebagai kerjaya sepenuh masa dan kerja sambilan.

“One sometimes finds what one is not looking for”

Alexander Fleming

“being at the right place and the right time”.

Kesan EUREKA!

– pencarian yang panjang– memperoleh progress yang kecil– kejadian yang tidak dirancang– pancaran kognitif– transformasi

Bette Nesmith (setiausaha) – Liquid paperHubert Booth (jurutera jambatan) – vacum cleaner

King Camp Gillette (jurujual) – Pisau cukurWright Bersaudara (tukang basikal) – Kapal terbang

Samuel Moorse (pelukis) – Alat telegrafRobert Fulton (guru) – Bot kuasa wap

Kimberly Clark (jurujual) tisu kleenexW.K Kellogs (pekerja restoran) – makanan bijirin

J.B Dunlop (doktor haiwan) – Tayar PenumatikMarion Donavon (suri rumah) - diapers

Idea-idea kreatif kerapkali diterbitkan oleh orang-orang yang salah, dari jabatan yang salah, yang mempunyai latarbelakang yang salah, dalam unit-unit yang salah dan pada waktu yang salah

Tom Peters

Reka cipta Konkrit Reka cipta Sosial

Fokus utama dalam bidang Sains dan Teknologi (sains gunaan)

Sains sosial (sosiologi, sains politik, pendidikan,undang-undang, linguistik, komunikasi, antropologi, geografi dan sebagainya)

Produk boleh dikomersialkan Produk boleh dikomersialkan

Menjalankan Penyelidikan, Pembangunan dan teknologi

Menjalankan Penyelidikan dan Pembangunan

Manusia sebagai pusat masalah Manusia sebagai pusat masalah

Berasaskan teori dan model sains fundamental

Berasaskan teori dan model sains sosial

Pereka cipta?

• “…a man (they were all men) had to have obtained a patent or applied for a patent”

• “ Someone who’s the first to think of or make something”• “Anyone who’s involvement and contribution was essential to

the development of the invention”• “Someone who creates or produces an original device, idea or

process”• Manakala Nobel e-Museum mendefinisikan pereka cipta

sebagai;• “An inventor is someone who makes or produces things and

objects for the first time through the use of the imagination or of ingenious thinking and experiment”

• “An inventor is a person which creates new inventions, typically mechanical or electrical machines or others devices of practical use”.

Eksperimen & Pembangunan Produk

• Produk Tempoh eksperimen

• Antibiotik 30 tahun• Zip 30 tahun• Kopi segera 22 tahun• Pen mata bola 7 tahun

Katalis Reka cipta?

• Survival dan gaya hidup masyarakat• Sistem pendidikan• Penulisan dan filem fiksyen sains• Perubahan hidup dan keperluan semasa• Bakat dan kepintaran manusia• Menyelesaikan masalah & R&D• Faktor-faktor alam (gempa bumi, banjir, tsunami dll)• Kekayaan Sumber alam• Penguasaan dan persaingan

``We are building airplanes, not cement walks. If you want to build cement

sidewalks, then you can do away with engineering. Just mix the materials, pour them into a form and collect your money. But if you want to build and sell airplanes, you first have to create them. That takes

research and development, and testing, and engineering.''

Claire Egtvedt, First Boeing Head of Engineering

Pertandingan Reka Cipta

• Hammcher Schlemmer Search For Invention Contest, U.S• National Invention Contest For Kids , U.S• German International Invention Show, Nuremberg• Taipei International Invention Show & Technomart• Sydney Star Invention Contest, Australia• Student Invention Contest, South Korea• Alabama Inventors Open Contest, U.S• Energy Inventions Contest, U.S• National Invention Contest, Manila, Philipines• European Union Contest for Young Scientist• British Invention Show• Lemelson – MIT prize• PHILIPS Young Inventors Challenge• Seoul International Invetion Fair, South Korea• An International Invention, Innovation, Technology Exhibition and

Competition, Malaysia (ITEX)• Pameran Reka abentuk Graduan Institusi Pengajian Tinggi

Geneva International Exhibition of Inventions, Switzerland

Harta Intelek (IP)

Arief (2002) menyatakan bahawa harta intelektual menurut undang-undang ciptaan mempunyai empat elemen penting iaitu;

– Sekumpulan hak yang diberi oleh undang-undang seperti hak cipta, tanda niaga, paten, reka bentuk perindustrian dan sebagainya.

– Hak tersebut disabitkan pada maklumat atau idea yang digambarkan dalam barang ciptaan dan bukan pada barang ciptaan tersebut.

– Maklumat atau idea itu mestilah telah dizahirkan dalam barang ciptaan.

– Ia bertujuan untuk melindungi hasil usaha pencipta terutamanya dalam knteks ekonomi.

Undang-undang IP

• Di Malaysia, terdapat empat jenis perlindungan harta intelektual iaitu:

– Akta Cap Dagangan 1976– Akta Paten 1983– Akta Hak Cipta 1987– Akta Reka Bentuk Perindustrian 1996– Akta Petunjuk Geografi 2000– Akta Reka Bnetuk Susun Atur Litar

Bersepadu 2000

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