Proceeding of International Seminar on;

Green Architecture and Environment: Towards Green Compact Cities

October 14, 2008, Makassar- Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering UNHAS

KAREBOSI IS A PUBLIC SPACE, LOCUS EXPRESSION OF HERITAGE

AND URBAN IDENTITY OF MAKASSAR

Baharuddin Koddeng

Lecturer, Department of Architecture Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

E-mail: koddeng.bahar@gmail.com

1.INTRODUCTION

A city is an urban artifact which accumulated from times to time by its

residents, seen from the development of the city‟s morphology, Karebosi

was part of past development as an early fetus of city development around

1613 A.C, which is functionally unseparated with the development of other

regions such as Fort Rotterdam, Losari/Ujung Pandang, Vlardigen, China

Town, etc, as historical assets which supposedly being put together as

tourism linkage concept. Looking up to Policy Act about Buildings Number

28 Yr.2002 on Policy act the 28th about conservation, where Karebosi

(KoningPlain) has been included in as Heritage site of Buildings and

Environment as Historic Distric, seeing from plan‟s age, historical influence,

uniqueness, and landscape architecture, the spatial connection with the

physical shape which has been exist before.

The Revitalization of Karebosi as public space and Green-Open Space

which in new formatted concept had been driven into commercial use

seeing from Housing and Urban Development aspect is derived function of

the site, the decision to build (planning and designing) has to come through

rezoning mechanism from the early function as the Green-Open Space

(RTBL 06/PTR/M/2007 Policy of Urban and Landscape Planning, about the

balance of environment supporting system and quality of the building).

MakassarMakassar

Gambar No. 1

Peta Karebosi (Koningplein) Tahun 1413

2. DISCUSSION

Karebosi is one of the urban heritage of Makassar. There‟s no arguments,

history had been written that karebosi is a public space, a function which

had been placed by many of social activities of city‟s residents. So, as the

main open field of the city is a place where every parts of community are

free to maintain their activities, unbound as individual property (Bambang

H, Fajar, April 2008). Aren‟t there several examples of public space (city

promenade) in some of big cities in Indonesia such as Malang, Bandung,

Jogya, Jakarta has become the symbolization of power (government) in the

past and at presents has become communal space.

Thus, the new design of Karebosi which is very artificial, elicit , and

contemporary has forgotten the essences of urban designing, as one of

ancient urban artifact of Makassar city. The closure of city‟s history which

based on Tourism had been forgotten in rejuvenation of city‟s urban

heritage and in other hand, based on theoretical reference, the roots of the

problems are the function of Karebosi‟s history and spatial connectivity with

the physical shapes in the past (Architecture of Colonial City).

Karebosi is symbolization of the past, which could be revitalized with

contextualism functional design which also reflected the harmony of

visualization between the new shape and the old patterns (Colonial

Architecture) and also able to accommodate the more innovative needs

without abandoning the visual characteristic of the site which had become

the city‟s landmark, so all the physical monument as the Urban Heritage

through site revitalization will become the main Urban Architecture Tourism

to be the best sector of tourism and bringing income to the province

government, instead of blocking up karebosi for certain individual benefits.

New design for certain are in need of adaptation but without abandoning

main essence of designing philosophy that is the region of karebosi is

included as historical site (Culture & Historical district)which need to be

conserved through district revitalization program (Urban Regeneration).

Aren‟t important cities all over the world always being assigned with public

spaces such as forum, agora, plaza, urban park, promenade, etc, as

symbol of sovereignity and power, cities in middle ages would bringing

forth public space as symbolization of power and city‟s visual, Renaissance

city‟s concept which having more adequate quality of arts. Designing public

space nowadays faced some hardness into creating a communal space,

green –open space which accessable humanist for all kind of users

including people with disability, surely the new design of Karebosi is still

accommodating main function as a place for formal ceremonies, religious

rituals, festivities & ritual space, parade, mass gathering, and many more.

Further development of public space modern days is more plotted as urban

park (landscape gardens) based on consciousness upon needs of natural

environment where vegetation aspect has been brought forth in creating

visual character, natural aspects are needed in all-artificial urban spaces.

The main reason is to be landscape with gathering uses, fun, pedestrians

facility and public facility, tourism information centre needs more attentions

as part of design.

3. RECOMMENDATION

New design has to be a public space where spatial expression needs to

outshine the visual elements (buildings) and also the spatial concepts is

supposedly more “self container”.

Futuristic closure (trend oriented) which accommodate only economic

needs and ignoring preservation & conservation oriented upon a historical

site as revitalization solution of karebosi 2015 which accumulated

economic activity in regards giving over-weighted function in space

maintenance which showing high density character unto old city region and

causing environmental stress, circulation chaos, and visual chaos.

Associating urban design needs to overlooked environment support system

aspects and contextual through urban design guidelines & development

controls. Please remember that on planning Makassar city in the beginning

government and urban designer had agreed on giving limits of weight upon

the centre of the city and developing new centre of maintenance towards

the south region and east region of the city. Let us look up to Singapore

with its Raffles city on region of old city had become a landmark and had

also become a spectacular urban architecture tourism site .

In developing one of Makassar‟s mission statement as tourism

city,Karebosi open space (Koningsplein) has to be designed as locus

expression of heritage and city‟s identity and site‟s landmark.

Looking back for a while, the existence of Green-Open Space not only had

becoming dream of the naturalists to gain the shape of green and beautiful

city landscape which also ready on giving climatology protection to urban

residents, but more than that, the existence of green-open space has to be

part that molded into one and parallel with urban growth and urban

development because city also needs rooms to breathe. This part has

gotten more attention especially in law aspect and had written on province

government policy act and environment policies which protect the

existence of width and function of green-open space for developing city,

even SBY the president of Republic of Indonesia on his speech on „Earth

day‟ had announced a cons action upon illegal logging which had become

worst each days.

The fullness of urban needs which become a little too crowded with

increasing number of urban residents had giving more complexity upon

urban problems and causing the existence of green-open space as the city

lungs are in line and time for green-open space still can be exist in Jakarta

city. Decreasing upon decreasing numbers of green-open space and

derived into gas station, police centre, temporary garbage disposal and half

area even had become skyscrapers. Even so, if an accurate survey had

been done, there‟s possibility that they (green-open space) had becoming

luxurious mansions.

Group of urban landscape designers had done some studies about the

decreasing width of green-open space from years to years and had

announced the situation where the green-open space had come to an

extinction.

With decreasing green-open space in Makassar from natural green-open

space which had ecological function to artificial green-open space, will

bring forth effects to the ecosystem in the environment of the future. One

of the effects that affect us today are the rising temperature and high

pollution on the air which increasing the green house effect towards urban

environment and the urban residents will be affected mostly by this

ultimate changes of climate and temperatur

Gambar 2. Karebosi Dari Masa ke Masa

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Karya Direktorat Bina Teknik.

Undang-undang No.26 Tahun 2007 tentang Penataan Ruang

Peraturan Menteri PU No.06/PTR/M/2007 Pedoman Umum Rencana

Tata Bangunan dan Lingkungan (RTBL).

Baharuddin Koddeng,Was born in Kalosi, September 15th 1949. Alumni of

Architecture Engineering of Hasanuddin University (1983) and post-graduate of

Institute Technology of Bandung (1993). Member of Union of Architect of Indonesia

(IAI) for South Sulawesi region, Advocate of Urban Dewan Pakar INKINDO South

Sulawesi (2006-2010), Caretaker of Indonesian Transportation Community (MTI)

branch South Sulawesi. Work as Lecturer at Architecture Engineering of Hasanuddin

University mainly on Architecture Design and Urban & Regional Planning