Judaism, Early Christianity, Judaism, Early Christianity, and Islamand Islam

The Spirit of MonotheismThe Spirit of Monotheism

The Judaic TraditionThe Judaic Tradition

Judaism preceded the Christian faithJudaism preceded the Christian faith

Great influence on Western civilizationGreat influence on Western civilization

Monotheistic religionMonotheistic religion

Old Testament--man’s relationship with Old Testament--man’s relationship with GodGod

History and the IsraelitesHistory and the Israelites

PatriarchsPatriarchs

David (c.1000-961 B.C.)David (c.1000-961 B.C.)

Solomon (961-922 B.C.)Temple of Solomon (961-922 B.C.)Temple of JerusalemJerusalem

Babylonian exile (587-450 B.C.)Babylonian exile (587-450 B.C.)

Aramaic, the DevilAramaic, the Devil

Return to Palestine, Temple rebuiltReturn to Palestine, Temple rebuilt

Herod d. 4 B.C. Diaspora, persecutionHerod d. 4 B.C. Diaspora, persecution

The Hebrew BibleThe Hebrew Bible

YawehYaweh

Bible transmitted orally until 1,000 B.CBible transmitted orally until 1,000 B.C

Torah-- instructionTorah-- instruction

Prophets--duty to GodProphets--duty to God

Writings-- psalms, wisdomWritings-- psalms, wisdom

Book of JobBook of Job

Apocalypse-- coming of the Apocalypse-- coming of the messiahmessiah: : overthrow foreign rulers, restore glories of overthrow foreign rulers, restore glories of King David.King David.

The Rise of ChristianityThe Rise of Christianity

By 400, Christianity religion of Roman By 400, Christianity religion of Roman EmpireEmpire

Forgiveness of sins, everlasting life after Forgiveness of sins, everlasting life after death: Sermon on the Mountdeath: Sermon on the Mount

Peter given the keys; first popePeter given the keys; first pope

Jesus of NazarethJesus of Nazareth

Love one another, forsake material goodsLove one another, forsake material goods

Teacher: parablesTeacher: parables

From his death came the beginning of the From his death came the beginning of the new religious faithnew religious faith

The Growth of ChristianityThe Growth of Christianity

Paul (d. 64?)Paul (d. 64?)

Roman army sacked Jerusalem destroyed Roman army sacked Jerusalem destroyed Second Temple.(70)Second Temple.(70)

Gospels written after 70Gospels written after 70

Christianity separate from Judaism in 2nd Christianity separate from Judaism in 2nd century.century.

Eucharist: Christ’s last supperEucharist: Christ’s last supper

Early ChristianityEarly Christianity

Baptism: a new beginningBaptism: a new beginning

Constantine: baptism before deathConstantine: baptism before death

New Testament written in GreekNew Testament written in Greek

Paul’s letters followed by four gospelsPaul’s letters followed by four gospels

Early Christians worshipped in catacombsEarly Christians worshipped in catacombs

Catacomb wall paintings depicted religious Catacomb wall paintings depicted religious scenes scenes

Christianity in the Late Roman Christianity in the Late Roman EmpireEmpire

Christianity’s equality before God was Christianity’s equality before God was attractive to slaves and the poorattractive to slaves and the poor

Art--blend of Christian figures and Art--blend of Christian figures and classical style: Sarcophagus of Junius classical style: Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus.Bassus.

Symbols--ikons: sacred imagesSymbols--ikons: sacred images

Constantine and ChristianityConstantine and Christianity

Constantine’s dream “In this sign you will Constantine’s dream “In this sign you will conquer.”conquer.”

Spread Christianity throughout the Roman Spread Christianity throughout the Roman EmpireEmpire

By the 5th century, the Christian church By the 5th century, the Christian church was the most powerful institution in the was the most powerful institution in the world.world.

Christian PhilosophyChristian Philosophy

Pagan philosophies: Manicheanism and Pagan philosophies: Manicheanism and NeoplatonismNeoplatonism

Hypatia: killed by Christian zealotsHypatia: killed by Christian zealots

Library at Alexandria burnedLibrary at Alexandria burned

Eventually classical beliefs were Eventually classical beliefs were synthesized into the Church’s beliefs.synthesized into the Church’s beliefs.

Patristic tradition: Four Fathers of ChurchPatristic tradition: Four Fathers of Church

Augustine of HippoAugustine of Hippo

Christian soul always at war with itself.Christian soul always at war with itself.

Original sinOriginal sin

Rome’s sacking in 410 was blamed on Rome’s sacking in 410 was blamed on Christian’s not doing civic dutiesChristian’s not doing civic duties

Augustine asked Christians to obey the Augustine asked Christians to obey the statestate

The Christian Empires:Rome The Christian Empires:Rome and Byzantiumand Byzantium

Grand new capital of Roman Empire: Grand new capital of Roman Empire: Constantinople in TurkeyConstantinople in Turkey

Rome, sacked by barbarians went into Rome, sacked by barbarians went into decline and turmoildecline and turmoil

Difference in the Christian Greek Church: Difference in the Christian Greek Church: Byzantine Orthodox and the Latin: Byzantine Orthodox and the Latin: Catholic.Catholic.

St. Peter’s and the PopeSt. Peter’s and the Pope

St. Peter’s was built over the saint’s tomb St. Peter’s was built over the saint’s tomb outside Romeoutside Rome

Basilica-style structure for early churchesBasilica-style structure for early churches

Narthex, aisles, nave, transept and apseNarthex, aisles, nave, transept and apse

Rome moved to Ravenna; 476, last Rome moved to Ravenna; 476, last Roman emperor abdicated to the GothsRoman emperor abdicated to the Goths

Pope supreme authority of the Roman Pope supreme authority of the Roman ChurchChurch

Justinian and the Byzantine Justinian and the Byzantine WorldWorld

Byzantine Empire stable: Church under Byzantine Empire stable: Church under the rule of the emperorthe rule of the emperor

Emperor Justinian, 6th century, reformed Emperor Justinian, 6th century, reformed Roman law, fostered culture; co-ruled with Roman law, fostered culture; co-ruled with wife Theodorawife Theodora

Commissioned the Hagia Sophia: Largest Commissioned the Hagia Sophia: Largest church in Christendomchurch in Christendom

Hagia SophiaHagia Sophia

Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus: built it in 6 years—rebuilt after fire Miletus: built it in 6 years—rebuilt after fire destroyed it.destroyed it.Domed basilica: rectangular hall with a Domed basilica: rectangular hall with a dome in the center. Pendentive dome in the center. Pendentive construction. Dome: 180 feet in heightconstruction. Dome: 180 feet in heightIntricate decoration, mosaics, windows, Intricate decoration, mosaics, windows, gold.gold.

Ravenna: Showcase of the Ravenna: Showcase of the Christian ArtsChristian Arts

Mosaic representations of Bible storiesMosaic representations of Bible stories

Sant’Apollinaire Nuovo: Sant’Apollinaire Nuovo: Procession of Procession of Virgin MartyrsVirgin Martyrs

Christ depicted as royalty--to please royal Christ depicted as royalty--to please royal patronspatrons

Decline of naturalism-- spiritual, symbolic Decline of naturalism-- spiritual, symbolic representationrepresentation

San Vitale of RavennaSan Vitale of Ravenna

San Vitale: truly Byzantine; central planSan Vitale: truly Byzantine; central plan

Second story gallery for female Second story gallery for female worshippersworshippers

Mosaics of Justinian and TheodoraMosaics of Justinian and Theodora

Royal power and Church powerRoyal power and Church power

Christianity and the ArtsChristianity and the Arts

Struggle of early church against music Struggle of early church against music and theaterand theater

Music, associated with paganism, Music, associated with paganism, banned from Christian worshipbanned from Christian worship

Vocal music: Chants: Gregorian Vocal music: Chants: Gregorian chants (plainchant or plainsong)chants (plainchant or plainsong)

Monophonic until the 12th centuryMonophonic until the 12th century

BoethiusBoethius

The Christians and TheaterThe Christians and Theater

Actors could not be baptizedActors could not be baptized

Virtually disappeared from society until the Virtually disappeared from society until the 10th century10th century

Iconoclasm: Icons removed from Iconoclasm: Icons removed from Byzantine churches and destroyedByzantine churches and destroyed

Struggles between the Christian faith and Struggles between the Christian faith and creative artscreative arts

The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam

Founded by the prophet Muhammad (570-Founded by the prophet Muhammad (570-632)632)

Began in the Arabian peninsula and Began in the Arabian peninsula and spread as far west as Spain and as far spread as far west as Spain and as far east as Pakistan by the 8east as Pakistan by the 8thth century. century.

The Qur’an contains the revelations to The Qur’an contains the revelations to Muhammad from Allah.Muhammad from Allah.

Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam

Bearing witness to Allah as the one true Bearing witness to Allah as the one true GodGod

Prayer performed five times daily facing Prayer performed five times daily facing MeccaMecca

Giving alms to the poor and Islamic stateGiving alms to the poor and Islamic state

Fasting performed during the holy month Fasting performed during the holy month of Ramadanof Ramadan

Pilgrimage (or Pilgrimage (or hajjhajj) to the Qa’aba in Mecca) to the Qa’aba in Mecca

Islamic Arts and ScienceIslamic Arts and Science

Mosques Mosques

Typical decorations – arabesquesTypical decorations – arabesques

Medicine practiced, surgeryMedicine practiced, surgery

Mathematics – number system based on Mathematics – number system based on zero, algebrazero, algebra

Centers preserved classical learningCenters preserved classical learning