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Volume II – Issue III

January – June-2015

ISSN: 2395-860X

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Directory

ROSILES-Luis Ignacio, MsC. Universidad Tecnólogica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Co-Editors

MARÍN SÁNCHEZ- Juan, BsC.

Design

RODRIGUEZ ANGELES- Mario, cPhD.

ACOSTA NAVARRETE- María, cPhD.

ESPINOZA ZAMORA- Jesús,MsC.

CRISTOBAL CASTAÑEDA- José,MsC.

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BARRON ADAME- Jose, PhD.

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mailto:[email protected]

III

Editorial Board

OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD.

(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.

GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.

(Universidad Tecnologica Corregidora),

Mexico.

MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.


ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD.

(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.

MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.


RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.


RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD.

(CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.

TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.


GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.

GIRET-Adriana ,PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

BOTTI –Vicente, PhD

(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.

IV

Arbitration Committee

RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Development - Marketing Area

ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD

Universidad de Guanajuato

Electrical Engineering

THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD


Management

GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD

Universidad Autonoma de Mexico

Materials

CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD


Medical Physicist

RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD


Eletronic

GONZALEZ PARADA- Adrian, PhD



GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD



IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD



ARROYO FIGUEROA- Gabriela, PhD


Agroindustrial processes

MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD


Food Biochemistry

LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD


Food Biochemistry

AGUILAR MORENO-Antonio, cPhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical - Industrial Area

AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Information Technology and Communication

HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CANO CONTRERAS-Martin, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical -Industrial Area

ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Mechanical- Industrial Area

MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Business Engineering and Management

SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

V

ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Accounting

AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial- Maintenance Area

CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Food Processes

LOPEZ RAMIREZ-Maria, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Sustainable Agriculture and Protected

GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC

Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas

Mechatronics

TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC



HERNANDEZ FUSILIER- Donato, MsC



MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato

Gastronomy

RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- Maria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato


NUÑEZ LEDESMA- Marcela, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial Design and Fashion- Production Area

RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Industrial -Maintenance Area

MACIEL BARAJAS-Gloria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato

Food Processes

VI

Presentation

In the first number there are six sections included: in the section of Agricultural Sciences the article Lipid

and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds Collected in the Huasteca

Hidalguense by DIAZ-BATALLA Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA Karina,

HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ Victoriano affiliated to Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero,

Tepatepec, Hgo, in the Section of Exact Sciences the article The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin

tournament by GARCÍA-ZAMBRANO José,GARCÍA José and RAMOS-ESCAMILLA María, the first

two affiliated to Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior School of Commerce and Administration, and

to Universidad Tecnólogica del Suroeste de Guanajuato and Universidad Iberoamericana the latter

author; in the Section of Engineering Sciences the article Mechanistic Characterization of Two-

Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization by F. J. Aranda-

García, Francisco A. Núñez-Pérez affiliated to Universidad de Guadalajara the former and Universidad

Politécnica de Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán the latter ; in the section of Technology Sciences the article

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems by FERNÁNDEZ-Arnoldo ,

CUAN-Enrique, GARCÍA-Roxana, and URQUIZO- Elisa affiliated to Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo

León and Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna, respectively; in the Section of Social Sciences the article

A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum model

by VALLEJO Víctor, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena, in

the Section of Administrative Sciences the articles Public Administration in the conservation of a

protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa by MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José,

Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández Morales Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel, affiliated to

Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí and Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, respectively, and

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato by ARRIAGA-

NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA-JUAN affiliated to SABES.

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Content

Article

Page

Lipid and Protein content and Antioxidant Activity of Pithecellobium dulce seeds

Collected in the Huasteca Hidalguense.

DIAZ-BATALLA, Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS, Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA, Karina,

HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ, Victoriano

Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero

1-5

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work

behavior)

GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María

Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior

6-16

Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by

Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization

ARANDA GARCÍA, F., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A.

Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías

17-21

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems

FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa

Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León

22-28

A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated

curriculum model

VALLEJO Víctor, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María

Elena

Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla

29-40

Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra

del Abra Tanchipa

MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1, Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández Morales

Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel

Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma de

San Luis Potosí

41-52

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato

ARRIAGA,Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar, GARNICA, Juan

53-61

Instructions for Authors

Originality Format

Authorization Form

1

Article Agricultural Sciences

January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 1-5



DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS †, PEREZ-VIVEROS DENHY, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA KARINA,

HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ VICTORIANO.

Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero, Tepatepec, Hgo., México

Received May 3rd, 2015. Accepted June 17th, 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Abstract

Biodiversity is a determinant element in the

strategies developed to reach food security and

sovereignty. In this scheme legume foods as

Pithecellobium dulce can contribute to develop

sustainable alimentary systems. In the present work

the content of lipids and protein and the antioxidant

activity of Pithecellobium dulce seed flour collected

in the huasteca Hidalguense were analysed. The lipid

and protein in the flour of seeds was 8.6% and 28%

respectively. The antioxidant activity was higher in

the extract of ethanol 40% than in the 60% and 80%,

the visible absorption spectra of the extracts cannot

define the chemical compounds associated to the

antioxidant activity. Pithecellobium dulce can be an

alternative for the sustainable production of food

resources and to obtain products or subproducts with

high added value. Is important to continue the studies

toward a better description of this specie and to

generate information for it sustainable utilization.

Keywords: Biodiversity, legume food, Pithecellobium

dulce.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Cita: DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS†, PEREZ-VIVEROS DENHY, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA KARINA, HERNANDEZ-

MARTINEZ VICTORIANO. Contenido de Lípidos y Proteína y Actividad Antioxidante de Semillas de Pithecellobium dulce

Colectadas en la Huesteca Hidalguense. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:207-217

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

* Correspondence to Author ([email protected])

† Researcher contributing first author.

© UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

2



ISSN-On line: 2395-860X

UTSOE® All rights reserved. DIAZ-BATALLA LUIS. Contenido de Lípidos y Proteína y

Actividad Antioxidante de Semillas de Pithecellobium dulce

Colectadas en la Huesteca Hidalguense. Revista de Ciencias

Naturales y Agropecuarias. 2015

Introduction

Between 2010 and 2050 a world population

growth of about 2,300 millions is expected, a

demanding condition for actual food production

of 70%. This increment on production must be

formulated in a sustainable system that allows

food security and sustainability to the countries,

keeping at the same time a low environmental

impact. On the last 50 years, the agriculture

production has been largely incremented based

on a serious abuse of nonrenewable supplies and

high impact natural resources on the biodiversity

and degradation in the ecosystems. This system

has allowed disponibility of carbohidrates,

proteins and refined lipids and simplification of

diet based on a limited number of crops. This

low variation and high calories diet, has

contributed to increase the incidence of chronic

and noninfectious diseases and obesity, which

can be found coexisting with nutritional

problems in a same region. Dependency on some

few crops for food production has generated

genetic erosion that increments the risk on

dispersion of diseases when some variety is

susceptible. This phenomenon stimulates food

insecurity (FAO, 2010).

More than 195,000 plants species are edible and

usable for humans; however, only 0.1%, less

than 300 species are used for food production.

Approximately 17 species contribute with 90%

of the food for world population, from which

eight cereals: wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum,

oats, rye and millet constitute 60% of the calories

and proteins consumed by world population and

only three cereals: wheat, corn and rice represent

70% of the total grain production. From the

evolutive perspective, the utilization of these

grains in human feeding is a relatively recent

phenomenon, since its beginnings date back to

6,000 to 11,000 years. Cereals represent a new

food for mankind in the context of their

evolution. The deficiency in vitamins and

minerals may represent some discordance in this

food group and the diet to which the human body

is genetically adapted, given their evolution as

hominid in the tropical forests, where

dicotyledonae plants dominated. Human

physiology doesn’t involve significant evolutive

experience in regard to monocotyledonae plant

grains, like the cereals aforementioned, which

represents the main food source (Cordain, 1999).

Numerous global challenges are determining the

actual and future way of food production.

Among these challenges we can found

population growth, urbanization, unavailability

and contamination of water, soil erosion and

contamination and environment degradation.

Any change in food production systems to

ensure enough supply must involve a correct use

of biodiversity.

The change in food production systems ensuring

enough supply must involve the right use of

biodiversity, which has been severely damaged

by the recent intensive agriculture practices, can

contribute on reaching sustainability and food

security. Most of the people without food supply

security live and work in rural zones in little

agriculture production systems associated to a

big portion of the underutilized or tamed

biological diversity. One of the strategies for

facing challenges and finally reaching food

supply security and sufficiency, is for the rural

zones inhabitants to use biodiversity on hand

into sustainable schemes allowing to improve

their life quality. (FAO, 2010).

On this context, legumes have been

acknowledged as a groups of crops capable of

reduce poverty, improve food security, nutrition

and health, generating a productive scheme

sustainable within the environment, particularly

on regions with limited animal origin products.

Legume plants produce nutrimentally dense and

high quality grains, aimed for direct ingestion,

processed in formulations or destined to higher

3








added value industrialization as it could be cattle

feeding. When harvested in crop rotation, they

can reduce plague and undergrowth presence,

while enriching soil with nitrogen, due to its

capacity for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Their

seed are of high palatability and rich in proteins,

lipids, minerals, active compounds and

antioxidants, associated to reduction and

prevention of chronic degenerative diseases

(CGIAR, 2012).

Pithecellobium dulce, also known as chucum

blanco, umuh or guamúchil is a tree or bush

belonging to leguminosae family, native from

México and nitrogen-fixing, distributed on

tropical zones in the country including

Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Hidalgo,

Querétaro and north Veracruz states; and a drier

part from Yucatán Peninsula; in the Pacific:

from Baja California and Sonora, to Chiapas,

including Cuenca del Balsas. Is a thorny,

evergreen tree, from 15 to 20 mts high, with

pyramidal or enlarged top, wide and extended

(30 mts diameter), very leafy, produces thin pods

from up to 20cm long and 10 to 15 mm wide,

open on both sides to liberate numerous seeds

ranging from 7 to 12 mm long, ovoid flattened,

brown (CONABIO, 2001).

Pithecellobium dulce has been described as a

multiple use species: edible, timber, medicinal,

shadow, forage, fertilizer, craft and ornament

(Monroy and Colín, 2004). The traditional

medicinal properties inherent to this species,

have been explored in diverse researches, on

which the antioxidant activity has been studied

(Sugumaran and col., 2008), antidiabetic

(Sugumaran and col., 2009), larvicide

(Govindarajan and col., 2013), antimicrobial

(Kumar and col, 2013) from its leaves and

general characterization of its aryl (Narsing and

col., 2011).

Given the relevance of biodiversity in

development of rural zones and particularly from

the important role of legumesin the development

of sustainable systems of food production in a

model ruled by cereals. On this research, food

and antioxidant characteristics of Pithecellobium

dulce seeds are partially analyzed. These seeds

are produced in the huasteca region of the state

of Hidalgo, with the main purpose of contribute

to generate added value food alternatives

allowing a good administration on regional

biodiversity.

Materials and methods

The seeds of ithecellobium dulce were collected

on may 2015 in huasteca hidalguense, after

selected, dehidrated on a stove to 60o C, milled,

and sieved, the obtained flour was used to

quantify lipids, protein and antioxidant capacity.

Quantificaction was done in a triple basis using

the AOAC method (1990) and ethanol extracts

were prepared to 80%, 60% and 40% for

estimation of the antioxidant capacity using the

DPPH method (Thaipong and col., 2006), with

the purpose of estimate the type of active

compunds present, the absortion spectrum of

extracts was obtained between 330 a 430 nm.

Results and discussion

The weight of 100 seeds of Pithecellobium dulce

was 14.3 g, the protein and lipids content in the

seed flour of Pithecellobium dulce was 28.4%

and 8.6% respectively. Capacity was expressed

in terms of abatement percentage of the DPPH

radical measuring 56% for ethanol extract at

40% (E40-Et), 28% for etanol extract at 60%

(E60-Et) and 11% for ethanol extract at 80%

(E80-Et) (Figure 1).

4








Figure 1. Anitoxidant capacity of the extracts

expressed as % of abatement of the DPPH radical.

The visible absortion sprectrum of the three

extracts doesn´t allow to evidence the presence

of máximum values of absortion characteristics

of some group of active compunds; however, it

is possible to find an inverse relation between

absorbence to 335 nm and the percentage of

ethanol from the extracts, in a way that the

bigger the ethanol percentage the lesser the

found absorbance (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Absortion spectrums of the extracts.

Discussion.

The weight of 100 seeds of Pithecellobium dulce

was 14.3 g, the content of protein found in the

seed of Pithecellobium dulce in this research was

28%, a bigger value than the one reported by

Monroy and Colín (2004) that was 20%, while

the lipid content (8.6%) is lesser than the one

previously reported ( 26%). There are no

previous studies estimating the antioxidant

capacity of ethanolic extracts of the

Pithecellobium dulce flour seed; however, the

evidence is clear about antioxidant activity using

the DPPH in vitro method, the extracts with most

polarity (40% ethanol) present more antioxidant

activity in comparison with the less polarity

extracts (80% ethanol) and this activity is

correlated with a larger absorbance at 335 nm,

which suggests the presence in a larger

concentration in the ethanol extract at 40%

within a group of polar compounds, whose

absortium spectrum can´t be clearly described on

the wavelength from the visible spectrum and

presenting an important antioxidant activity.

Conclusions

This research confirms the potential food value

of the Pithecellobium dulce seeds and their role

as a source of active compunds. These attributes

incentivate the continuity of their description

with the purpose of contributing to a better use

of native biodiversity from the rural zones in the

huasteca Hidalguense.

References

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of

the Association of Official Analytical Chemist.

Arlington, Virginia. USA.

CGIAR, 2012. Research program on grain

legumes.

CONABIO, 2001. Pithecellobium dulce.

México.

Cordain, L. 1999. Cereal Grains: Humanity’s

Double-Edged Sword. World Rev Nutr Diet. 84;

19–73.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

E80-Et E60-Et E40-Et

% DPPH Abatement

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Extracts absortion spectrum

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Wavelength (nm)

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FAO, 2010. Biodiversity for Food and

Agriculture Contributing to food security and

sustainability in a changing world. Rome, Italy.

Govindarajan y col., 2013. Larvicidal & ovicidal

efficacy of Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.

(Fabaceae) against Anopheles stephensi Liston

& Aedes aegypti Linn. Indian J Med Res

138:129-134.

Kumar and col, 2013. Phytochemical analysis

and antimicrobial efficacy of leaf extracts of

Pithecellobium dulce. Asian Journal of

Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research. 6:1.

Monroy and Colín, 2004. El guamúchil

Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth, un ejemplo

de uso múltiple. Madera y Bosques. 10(1),

2004:35-53.

Narsing and col., 2011. Preparation, chemical

composition and storage studies of quamachil

(Pithecellobium dulce L.) aril powder. J Food

Sci Technol. 48(1):90–95.

Sugumaran y col., 2008. Free Radical

Scavenging Activity of Folklore: Pithecellobium

dulce Benth. Leaves. Ethnobotanical Leaflets.

12: 446-451.

Sugumaran and col., 2009. Antidiabetic

potential of aqueous and alcoholic leaf extracts

of Pithecellobium dulce. Asian J. Research

Chem. 2(1): Jan-Mar.

Thaipong and col., 2006. Comparison of ABTS,

DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC assays for estimating

antioxidant activity from guava fruit extracts.

Journal of Food Composition and Analysis.

19:669–675.

6

Article Exact Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No.3 6-16

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams

work behavior)

GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio†, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María

Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior School of Commerce and Administration Tepepan, México City;

Universidad Tecnológica del Suroeste de Guanajuato. [email protected]; Universidad

Iberoamericana .Distinguished Academic [email protected]

Received may 3rd, 2015. Accepted june 17th, 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Under a round robin tournament between teams

work, fair play could be considered a non-

rational strategy when identifying the real

winner depends on subjective decisions. The

problem may seem trivial, however in real life

the formation of teams usually comes from

natural or formal decisions, and the interest of

them may be put above the correspondent public

or private organizations to which belong. Unlike

some sports competitions between teams, where

members openly know that everyone play

strategically to gain depending on the physical

effort and that jointly could achieve a higher

score, in the area of business and government

organizations, teams may or not openly play for

the best alternative, according to the alignment

of their own incentives. Cases like these abound

in society, for example to decide between

launching a new product or service from a

number of alternatives, or for a proposed

investment, the purchase of supplies, the hiring

and firing of personnel, the provision of special

bonuses, the decision on the best employee, the

allocation of grants, determining the winner in

artistic, cultural, and other related skills.

Keywords: Strategic action, strategic-behaving, juries, round robin tournaments, financial

management, public goods, experimental economics, behavioral economics, sports league.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María. The paradox of a fair

play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work behavior). UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science.

2015, 2-4:207-217

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Correspondence to Author ([email protected])


UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Sciences www.utsoe-journal.mx

Introduction

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ISSN-On line 2395-860X

UTSOE® All rights reserved. .

GARCIA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María.

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams work behavior). UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

The objectives within organizations can pose

formidable challenges, when they should be

achieved through the participation of teams

accompanied by strategic decisions that can have

a major impact, where things do not go as

expected (Vagadia 2013). This may seem simple

if were not considered that the creation of work

teams often given considering formal or

informal causes in the workplace and them

usually have their own interests, and that they

may not coincide with those of shareholders in a

private firms or with the taxpaying at public

sector (public goods). Examples like this are

common in many areas of daily life, whether in

public or private organizations, but also in

educational, sporting institutions and elsewhere.

With regard to sports contests, teams are

integrated by individuals seeking to achieve a

specific objective as it is winning. It is clear in

theoretical terms that in these circumstances the

members openly made strategic efforts to

succeed against other teams, however in practice

the performance can have different implications

when involved external elements of interest as

suggested (Steven Levitt 2006) at his reference

to sumo wrestlers.

Within a soccer team (HV Ribeiro et al 2010),

baseball, American football league, and others,

the members know that the opponents, taking

advantage of their skills will do everything they

can to get the triumph in a competition, hence it

is transparent to the participants that everyone

play against each other, in other words at the end

of the race is recognized as winner to the team

that generates the highest score taking the

circumstances of each sport, with exceptions

such as the contest of diving. The sports games

have a number of complications in practice

(Bregie et al 2011), starting with the selection of

the best players (Lipton 2013) to participate in a

tournament taking into consideration the target

to win a contest.

The race can become a tournament of strategies

where besides sports skills, experience, and

knowledge of the opponent is required, but the

important point is that the participants know that

adversaries will seek to make an open team

effort to beat the opponent.

However in the academic, cultural, professional

and business life situation seems is far to be so

simple, considering that in this case, the

determination of a winner may depend on

subjective considerations.

For example there is a problem in academic life

when diverse teams of student, decide to

participate collectively or individually in

tournaments either, artistic, cultural and other

various school projects, where the creative

effort, dedication and technical skills are put to

test.

The problem arises when determining the winner

relies on subjective judgments that come from

hold individuals as jurors.

The situation might seem simple, however,

considering that education must focus on the

transmission of positive values, the idea that a

successful student according to rules previously

established should receive a recognition, given

the process of educational training as a public

good.

The problem is also present within public and

private organizations, when should be taken

collegial, grouped or collective decisions to

define between on the launch of a new product

or service decisions, the hiring and firing of staff,

choosing a new investment project, scholarships,

and allocation of prizes or incentives among

others.

This seems to have matches to determine a

winner in a sport competition tournaments, but

when it depends on votes exercised

discretionally and not on objective records, may

represent substantial differences. Arguably,

theoretically that in a sporting contest between

9






teams, all members play on the same side, which

does not necessarily occur for example between

groups within a company, in relation to the

objectives of the latter.

It is far from being trivial when considering a

disconnection of the interests of the

organizations with one or more groups of

individuals within them, could lead to resistance,

for example to increase the productivity of the

same, considering that it would jeopardizing

their jobs, for the purchase of new technologies

or another strategies to boost economic

development. In which case it might be expected

that internal decisions arising from subjective

processes, they would be inclined to favor the

retention of employees including costs beyond

acceptable levels average for a given sector.

The formation of groups in organizations, it is

often the consequence of the conjunction of

common interests, but also for requirements of

the activity performed by its members from

more formal processes, such as usually happen

within companies, inside the department to

which they belong or in an educational

institution for example into a classroom.

What matters in this case is that formal or

informal groups tend to generate synergies

aimed at a specific purpose, and that many

economic, social and political environments

many could be described by contest (Dechenaux

2014), the results can yield certain benefits to the

participant agents.

This study therefore proposes to make an

exploration of the behavior of work groups,

where competing against everyone looking to

1 Step 1. To consider if the following condition 𝑠 ��⁄ ≥ 1 4⁄ is

is fulfilled.

Step 2. The mode ��𝑛 is obtained from the set n(x).

Step 3 . A lower and upper limit is determined as a basis

for discard the strategic votes.

identify a winning team, removing that come

from strategic voting behavior from an

algorithmic process.

Unlike the approach made in (Garcia 2014) to

determine the "real winner" in which juries

rotary performed subjective ratings, as regards

(Hedden 2012), and considering that the latter,

may depend not only on how it is perceived the

world is but as it thinks it should be to evaluate

the performance of the participants in a contest,

all viewed from an individual perspective. In this

case is referred to teams that compete against

others, and where each of them can vote for the

efforts of his opponents, but also the one made

by themselves, creating new challenges and

complications as regards (Csató 2012).

It is hoped that this study may have practical

application in the business life such as in the

sporting environment, in which the behavior or

performance measurement, may be useful in

decisions made by coaches, about the strength

and weaknesses of players (Suliman et al 2014),

in seeking to win a competition.

1. Conditions of the experiment

The experiment aims to analyze development of

problem behavior in the laboratory (Brañas

2011). The experimental design builds on the

implementation of the algorithm referred to in

the "real winner" (Garcia 2014), which

synthetically presents the development of certain

critical steps1.

However, the upper and lower limits are taken considering

the least of them, from both the �� (media), and the ��1

(mode), again in both adding or subtracting cases applying

“s” as applicable.

Thereupon having ��1 it is obtained:

Upper limit �� + 𝑠 < ��1 + 𝑠 ⇒ ��1 + 𝑠

10






The experimental process aims to make clear the

existence of strategies votes, which derived from

subjective considerations related to the self-

interest above the collective.

Thus a tournament with 48 participants of which

11 are men and 37 women was performed. As

part of the procedure were invited to join freely

in a 10 teams, having a variable composition of

3, 4, 5 and 6 members.

It was decided to accept the establishment

serving the consideration that in real life,

working groups may not necessarily be uniform,

plus members may prefer to do so in the

company of those, with whom they can find

elements of identification or affinity.

Of course being a tournament between teams the

least number of members could lead

disadvantage, considering that in the tournament

would win the team that obtain the highest

record, even supposing that this will be done

with strategic votes mainly, where juries or

"voters" would not decide to assign the

appropriate quality of product value, but putting

their own interests above that corresponds to

other teams as seen below.

��1 + 𝑠 < �� + 𝑠 ⇒ �� + 𝑠

Lower limit �� − 𝑠 < ��𝑛 − 𝑠 ⇒ �� − 𝑠

��1 − 𝑠 < �� − 𝑠 ⇒ ��1 − 𝑠

With ��1,��2 …��𝑛

When inside the date there is found a multimodal result,

the higher mode is taken for purposes of calculating the

upper limit and the smaller to get the lower limit is taken,

replacing the mode shown in the case of a unimodal

observation discussed above.

��1 < ��𝑛 ⇒��𝑛

��1 > ��𝑛 ⇒��1

Participants in the experimental protocol were

students of the National Polytechnic Institute in

Mexico City, who were in the third year of the

bachelor of Commercial Relations, it is

considered that his participation in the

tournament was voluntary and the winning team

would get as an incentive a further weighting in

his assessment.

From the foregoing, the present experimental

research addresses human behavior faced with

the dilemma of acting in an "objective" or a

"subjective" way, considering that the latter can

be more profitable for participants. However the

ethical impacts immersed in this dilemma can be

part of another research from the perspective of

being taken into account or not when making

decisions (Jackson 2012), without forgetting

that, they also may be molded from personal

visions or as a result of usage and custom, since

it is difficult to find consistency in the relation to

the values that characterize society as argued in

(Besio 2014).

This being so, they were asked all equipment to

investigate inputs used in the production of

When it has a second mode ��𝑛−1 and that this is higher

than the first, when both are located above the ��, then ��𝑛−1

is taken as basis for the calculation of the upper limit and

conversely, when it is below the �� and the second mode it

is smaller than the first, the latter is used to calculate the

lower limit, then applying this mode to comparative limits

discussed above when only unimodal result be had.

However, the second mode is valid for these purposes if it

is different from the first mode for the difference of 1 repeat

and meets the condition of being in the range of the first

mode, thus above or below the media ��.

��𝑛−1 ⇔ ��𝑛 < ��𝑛−1 ⇔ ��𝑛 ��𝑛−1 > ��

��𝑛−1 ⇔ ��𝑛 > ��𝑛−1 ⇔ ��𝑛 ��𝑛−1 < ��

11






tortillas made of nopal and amaranth (Opuntia

Ficus and Amaranthus).

Each team had to produce hygienically 5 tortillas

of nopal (Product 1) and 5 with amaranth

(product 2) and must present them wrapped in

plastic bag and labeled with a proposed brand

name, which voluntarily submitted for tasting in

group. Hence when participants were freely to

taste or not the products at the tournament that is

why there were 48 participants instead of 50 that

originally had intended to compete.

The process on how to develop the product was

part of a research conducted each of the teams on

their own, it should be noted that the tortilla is a

product widely consumed in Mexico, not

necessarily when they contain nopal or

amaranth, but the basis for its production are for

ready access given the knowledge of it at

multiple economic units throughout the country.

Of course, the participants were not familiar with

the production, because it looked so they could

face the normal complications that follow the

entrepreneurs to create a product and face a

competitive environment, having to respond to

the challenges that can occur in work teams, in

this case with voluntary integration as indicated,

where people are often grouped by common

interests or affinities, as an effort attached to

reality.

Was also raised that should produce tortillas

because it implies an effort of research

achievable with some moderate complexity for

teams, because they were unaware the

production process thoroughly, and it were made

as well with nopal and amaranth in order to

inhibit some way the attempting to going

directly to a shop and buy the product, in any

case would be difficult to prevent this

occurrence, however, the search and production

involve solving, shortcuts or ways to have them

ready at the time of competition, as also happens

in the real world.

The aim was that from a common starting point,

the teams would be organized as if they were

different companies, which have to submit two

separate tasting products.

The teams had to research and produce both

types of tortillas in two weeks.

After the time of submission arrived, the

products were extended along a horizontal table,

appearing from left to right first package the

tortillas of nopal and then the ones made of

amaranth for team 1, then 2 and so on until the

10.

Below each product were placed lists with the

name of each of the participants. It was then

required to identify the best product from each

of the 10 alternatives and of course the winner

would be the one who obtained the highest

number in voting.

After starting the tournament each of the

participants were formed in line to keep testing

the products one by one. As such, each

participant could cast a vote on a range of values

between the number 0 and 6.

Note that each of the participants could taste and

vote for the products created by his team as much

as for the rest, this in order to induce in the

experiment a dilemma in the process of decision

making, under which each participant to voting

objectively, may be negatively affecting the

result on his own record and vice versa, hence,

during each round they faced the paradox

between exercise strategic or not strategic

voting.

Of course the purpose of the tournament was

precisely analyzing the strategic behavior of

participants, acting in the game to protect his

own interests, given a set of alternatives,

participants must take their decisions based on

rational actions (Vallbé 2014), and in doing so,

has an adverse impact on fair play, in which each

member of the team should vote for the product

with the best taste and perhaps presentation,

12






however, to act in that way, they would be

exercising a vote against his own interests, and

what they really wanted was to win the game.

Conclusions

Once the experiment through the tournament

competition concluded, the records obtained

were analyzed following four processes.

Process 1.

A direct sum of the votes obtained by the teams

of the 10 samples of tortilla made with nopal and

10 of amaranth, resulting in the following

strategic winners.

Tortilla of nopal: First place ⇒ Team 1

Second place ⇒ Team 8

Tortilla of amaranth:

First place ⇒ Team 7


Process 2.

It was applied the algorithm referred to "the real

winner" of (Garcia 2014), and considering the

results obtained were withdrawn strategic votes,

and take into account the non-strategic votes,

resulting in the following winners:



Tortilla of amaranth:



According to this, the team that qualifies as a

"real winner" or “not strategic”, is different from

the process 1 in relation to the tortilla of nopal.

In this case, as can be seen team 1 takes second

place, and first is taken by team 2.

Regarding the product "tortilla of amaranth",

result indicates that the "strategic winners" of the

1st and 2nd place are both "real winners",

confirming the result obtained in the process 1.

Process 3.

The votes cast by participants regarding their

own work teams (self-assessment) were

analyzed.

The voting record indicates that members of 9 of

the 10 teams made strategic votes for

themselves, but not necessarily for the 2

products.

It should be noted however, that 3 of the teams

in which no strategic votes were found, members

assigned the highest ratings "6" mainly and only

"5" in 1 case.

Hence the intention could be probably strategic

or not, however, considering the coincident of

this with the non-strategic votes of other

participants the result is diluted, as consequence

were registered as votes without bias.

In addition to the results noted above, it is

interesting to consider the fact that some teams

are self-assessed with the highest score and this

Team

N A N A N A N A N A

100% SE 100% NE

40% SE, 60%

NE 100% NE 100% NE 100% NE

50% SE, 50%

NE

25% SE, 75%

NE

75% SE, 25%

NE

60% SE, 40%

NE

40% SE, 60%

NE

60% SE, 40%

NE 100% SE 100% NE

60% SE, 40%

NE

80% SE, 20%

NE

80% SE, 20%

NE

50% SE, 50%

NE 100% SE 100% NE

N = Tortilla of nopal, A = Tortilla of amaranto, SE = Strategic vote, NE = Non strategic vote

9 10

4 5

6 7 8

1 2 3

13






seems to match the rest of the voters, which

would suggest that indeed in these cases,

products positively appreciated were really

competitive, as happened with teams 1, 7 and 10

with respect of the tortilla of amaranth. The same

teams were agree to give a strategic vote for the

tortilla of nopal (the product 1).

Recall that the existence of strategic and non-

strategic votes are the purpose of this study,

taking into consideration that them are given

because participants can do it, in this way, as it

happens in real life regardless of the ethical

implications that this might entail.

Additionally it should be noted that the contest

was made in an openly way, hence the

participants could visualize at least for some

seconds the way they were behaving the votes,

under a scenario of public information.

Process 4.

All votes cast strategically (process 2) were

discarded, but also the ones exercised by the

teams about themselves (self-assessment in

process 3), have been strategic or not in order to

leave the plane field for all participants.

This is then an acid test, which discard the

differences between the number of participants

by team, that could favor the direct cause, in

other words to his own team. Taking into

account that the exercise has the purpose of

evaluate the behavior in front of a contest

between teams, considering the responses

measured as strategic and non-strategic votes.

Hence the following results were obtained:



Amaranth tortilla:



It is noteworthy in this case that the winners in

this analysis are consistent with process 2.

After considering the 4 processes the data were

analyzed, after which it was observed the

following results:

That 100% of participants, exercised at least one

strategic voting during the tournament. The 23%

of participants use 5% of their votes strategically

and 17% at least 10% of them.

It is worth adding as reference that only one

individual strategically use 45% of their votes.

Moreover, about 19% of the participants used

30% or more of their votes strategically.

Additionally, 63% of individuals used more than

10% of their votes strategically, this means that

them not only tried to benefit to their teams, but

also sought to influence the vote allocated to

others.

It could be said that on average about 1 in 5 votes

were exercised strategically.

This exercise is of great interest to evaluate the

subjective behavior according to gender of

participants (Matthew R. Kelly 2013) in a

competition, however, considering that in the

present study the involvement of women (37)

and men (11) is uneven, left open the possibility

to go further in future research, still some

considerations were extracted. For example, the

average strategic votes exerted by men is 20%

and 17% of women. Similarly 45% of men and

68% of women used more than 10% of their

votes strategically.

14






1. Concluding remarks

Once applied the algorithmic process, were

extracted strategic votes and non-strategic,

recorded from the participation of a group of 48

individuals integrated into 10 teams, they had

previously submitted 1 package of tortillas of

nopal and other of amaranth, as part of a

competition type tournament.

The experimental design was intended to make

clear the strategic behavior of the individuals

involved, to submit to the paradox of having to

vote fairly on behalf of an opposing team, but in

doing so would be negatively affected.

At the end of the tournament would be

considered winner the product of the team that

had got more votes. Thus even if the stated goal

to the competition, consisted on find the best

product within 10 alternatives of product 1, the

tortilla of nopal and product 2 the tortilla of

amaranth, however by depending the final

decision of the winner on getting the highest

score, hence within teams naturally the target

was changed to accumulate as many votes as

possible beyond finding the true winner, in other

words the one with the best physical qualities in

terms of presentation and taste should be chosen.

This is of paramount importance, considering

that in real life tend to settle groups of people

whether formal or not, but that may have

common interests, which clearly can impact the

performance expected by shareholders in private

companies, but also on the administrative

efficiency of public enterprises, while they may

have an own interest above any other.

In developing the experimental exercise,

objectively and theoretically, individuals should

have voted for the products with the best

qualities compared to the rest, however,

considering that the incentives were aligned to

the purpose of generating a higher score it was

expected that the teams acted strategically as

actually happened, not necessarily focused on

addressing the objective of the tournament

which was focused to identify the best products.

Derived from the experiment, it was observed

that the total of participants acted on at least one

occasion strategically, also, as explained above

for the 10 teams only 1 failed to support their

own team.

To be more precise, objectively everyone should

have voted for the best product, however,

rationality and subjectivity played a significant

role in this process.

It is relevant to emphasize that the winner at

process 1 over the tortilla of nopal, got de second

place after running the process 2, once that the

strategic votes were removed.

However in the case of product 2, related to the

tortilla of amaranth, strategic winners were the

same of the non-strategic sum, considering the

processes 1 and 2.

Moreover, analyzing separately the behavior of

teams as might be expected, most of the

members decided to assign the highest scores in

the ratings, leaving clear evidence of strategic

behavior. It also was possible to identify the

allocation of high voting results that were

marked as non-strategic in some records, this

result taking into account that, even if in the

event that the team members had attempted to

exercise their votes strategically, this action was

diluted after have coincided with the trend of

other voters.

It seems interesting to consider how after applied

an acid test, in other words having removed the

strategic votes, in addition to those votes which

members of the teams have made to themselves,

the results of processes 2 and 4 were coincident.

This result opens the possibility for future

research applicable to various fields both in the

economic, labor, politics, academics, and others

to analyze the behavior of teams working.

15






The present paper is related to a contest between

teams, however should be considered in future to

research the role played by members of these,

inside them in order to going deeply in the

analysis, as in the case of situations referred in

(Yin 2013) with respect of tournaments held by

financial analyst inside or outside companies.

It would be also interesting for future research to

go further in analyzing the way in how the prizes

(Akerlof 2010), can influence the behavior of

participants, under competitive conditions.

Besides the above, research possibilities are

opened to respond why working groups have an

inconsistent behavior, for example they can put

strategic and non-strategic votes within a same

contest. Yet the answer may lie in the fact that

the teams act non-strategically when the chances

of being overcome by other team are small, or

for other reasons related to their subjective

nature as sympathy, empathy, preferences and

the contrary of each just to mention some

possibilities, in addition to emotional (Tam

2010) considerations. It should considered

moreover the inclusion of a separate section for

analyzing the ethical elements that come into

play in circumstances which arise in the present

experiment.

This study opens the possibility to expand into

new lines of research in experimental

economics, the behavior of teams in

organizations and certainly in the complex

situation of achieving align the interests of

public and private organizations corresponding

to those individuals within them.

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17

Article Engineering Sciences January-june 2015 Vol.2 No. 3 17-21



ARANDA GARCÍA, F.J.*†, NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A.

1. Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías,

Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1451, CP. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.

2. Universidad Politécnica de Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán, Avenid Galeanas SN, Las 600 casas, CP. 60950,

Lázaro Cárdenas Michoacán.


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Trying to improve mechanical properties of two-

component materials, in this work, a

semicontinuous seeded emulsion process was

used, varying feed composition throughout the

copolymerization reaction. Polystyrene seed size

(dp ~50 or, ~300 nm), total feeding time (2 or, 8

h) and, global polymer composition (S/BA:

85/15, 70/30, 50/50 or, 30/70) were varied to

examine mechanostatic properties performance

(stress-strain and flexural properties). To support

explanations related to the mechanical behavior

of different samples, GPC, 1H-NMR and TEM

results were additionally considered.

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A. Mechanistic Characterization of two-Component

Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015,

2-4:224-235 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])



18



UTSOE® All rights reserved.

ARANDA-GARCÍA, F.J., NÚÑEZ PÉREZ Francisco A. Mechanistic

Characterization of two-Component Materials Obtained by Semicontinuous Seeded

Emulsion Polymerization. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

Pursuing properties combination, the seeded

emulsion polymerizations (SEPs) have been

used to prepare two-component materials, using

two- stage processes. In such processes, as a

consequence of the incompatibility between

polymeric components, two-phase particles have

been usually obtained. Unfortunately, due to the

many variables involved in such polymerization

process, materials with different particle

morphologies and final mechanical properties

may be obtained (1). It has been reported that,

changes in the monomer/seed ratio, type and

amount of emulsifier, and feed mode of

emulsion components, are just some of the

different process parameters controlling the

development of particle morphology throughout

a SEP (2), which is, in fact, the result of the

balance between several kinetic and

thermodynamic factors (3). Besides, for a given

chemical system, the mechanical behavior of the

polymer bulk obtained through of a two-

component SEP depends (3-6), among other

factors, on the morphology of particles used to

prepare such bulk, the thermomechanical

treatment suffered by the material to obtain the

bulk (that could even modify its morphology),

the system composition, the molecular weight

distribution of linear polymer chains and, the

amount and structural characteristics of

branched polymer chains that could be produced

throughout the polymerization reactions.

Regarding to semicontinuous seeded emulsion

copolymerization, it can be mentioned that, such

experimental procedure has been focused on the

production of copolymers with constant

composition (7). However, based on the

favourable mechanical behaviour shown on

systems of variable composition synthesized

through sequential bulk polymerizations (8), it

can be expected a priori that, a synergistic effect

could also be obtained when the polymeric

material is synthesized by means of such

semicontinuous processes, provided that the

particles contain copolymer chains within a wide

range of compositions. One way to favour that

scheme, is to favour that, in the polymerization

locus (e.g. polymer particle), the monomer

1/monomer 2 ratio changes throughout the

reaction, covering a wide range of ratios.

Recently (9), the above ideas have been

considered, proposing a general procedure to

add the reaction components to a seed latex, in a

semicontinuous way, obtaining materials with

improved properties, as compared with the

obtained with traditional two-stage SEPs. At

those circumstances, in this work a two-

component monomer system (styrene and butyl

acrylate) is added to polystyrene seed latex, and

polymerized in a semicontinuous process,

varying feed composition throughout the

reaction. Besides, looking for the improvement

of final mechanical properties of polymer, in this

work, the seed particle diameter, the total

feeding time and the monomer 1/monomer 2

ratio were used as variables, producing 16

different polymeric materials, which were

mechanically characterized. Moreover, to obtain

additional information supporting the proposed

mechanistic explanations, measurements of

MWD (by GPC), particle morphology (using

TEM) and cumulative composition (by 1H-

NMR) were carried out.

EXPERIMENTAL. Seed latex.

By means of batch emulsion polymerizations,

they were synthesized two PS seed latexes; the

first (PSS1; dp~50 nm) used as surfactant

sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and the other one

(PSS2; dp~300 nm) used Tween 20; additional

details about polymerization recipes are shown

in Table 1. Reaction was carried out in a 4 L

reactor, thermostatized at 70oC and stirred at

500 rpm; previous to start the reaction, a gas

nitrogen flow was fed to reactor during 1 h. To

promote a high final conversion, which was

19







followed gravimetrically, reaction times > 12 h

were used.

Two-component materials. For each one of the

seed latexes, were prepared 8 two-component

materials with some of the following S/BA ratios

(w/w): 30/70, 50/50, 70/30 y, 85/15; for each

S/BA ratio, two equivalent latexes were

prepared, considering, respectively, two

different total feeding times (2 h, or 8 h).

Previous to start each reaction, a gas nitrogen

flow was fed to reactor during 1 h and, during

reaction, the reacting system was thermostatized

at 70oC, and stirred at 400 rpm. For each

reaction, an initial batch of components (1300 g

of distillated water and 250 g of seed latex) was

added to reactor. After it, 10 sequential “addition

stages” were carried out; the time elapsed in each

stage was the same. To start each “addition

stage”, an aqueous solution containing

potassium persulfate (KPS), SDS and sodium

bicarbonate was added to reactor; the amount

used of each salt, was the one corresponding to

the 2% of the total mass of comonomers to be

added in the stage. In each stage, the

comonomers were pumped to reactor, at a

constant flow rate; the feeding flow was only

changed to start each stage. The mass of each

comonomer to be added to reactor in each stage,

varied linearly with the number of stage; the S

monomer follows a decreasing profile, and the

BA monomer follows an increasing one. At the

end of each reaction, the solid content was of

20%.

Mechanistic Characterization. Each one of

latexes was dried by evaporation, and the

obtained solid material was processed by

compression molding to obtain the sheets to be

mechanically characterized; for it, a Universal

Testing Machine (SFM10) was used, and the

ASTM procedure was followed.

Table 1. Polymerization recipe used to

synthesize the polystyrene seed latexes.

COMPONENT AMOUNT

ADDED, g

Destilled water 2000

Styrene 500

KPS 10

Surfactant 10

Results

To explain the global composition effect on

mechanical properties of the materials

synthesized here, some of the results are shown

in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 shows the results

corresponding to the two-component materials

prepared with the PSS1, while Figure 2 shows

the mechanostatic characterization

corresponding to the samples prepared with the

other seed latex (PSS2). In such figures, it can be

clearly seen the mechanical superiority of the

samples prepared with an S/BA ratio of 70/30.

On the other hand, the effect of the process

conditions (seed particle diameter or total

feeding time) on mechanical behavior of S/BA

materials with a 70/30 ratio can be seen in the

Figure 3. There, it can be clearly observed that

the total feeding time is the most important

variable among the ones considered here,

obtaining the best mechanical properties when a

feeding time of 2 h was used. Besides, it can be

noticed that, at least for this S/BA ratio, the seed

particle diameter did not produce important

changes in the mechanical behavior of samples.

20







Figure 1. Stress-strain behavior of materials

prepared with the PSS1, and that used a total

feeding time of 2 h. S/BA ratios (w/w): 30/70

(__), 50/50 (__) and, 70/30 (__).

Figure 2. Stress-strain behavior of materials

prepared with the PSS2, and that used a total

feeding time of 2 h. S/BA ratios (w/w): 30/70

(__), 50/50 (__) and, 70/30 (__).

Figure 3. Stress-strain behavior of two-

component materials (S/BA ratio -w/w-: 70/30).

Seed latex/total feeding time: PSS1/2h (__),

PSS1/8h (__), PSS2/2h (__) and, PSS2/8h (__).

Conclusions

From this work results, it can be concluded that,

to look for the mechanical behavior

optimization, the total feeding time is a process

parameter more important that the seed particle

diameter. Besides, regarding to the composition

effect, it can be affirmed that, a synergistic

behavior could be obtained by using an S/BA

ratio of 70/30.

References

1. Chen, Y.-C; Dimonie, V.; El-Aasser, M.

S. Macromolecules 1991, 24.3779.

2. Jönsson, J.-E. L.; Hassander, H.;

Hansson, L. H.; Törnell, B.

Macromolecules 1991, 24, 126.

3. González-Ortiz L. J.; Asua, J. M

Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4520.

21







4. Nielsen, L. E.; Landen, R. F. Mechanical

Properties of Polymers and Composites,

2nd ed.; Marcel Dekker: New York,

1994; Chap. 2.

5. Martin, J. R.; Johnson, J. F.; Cooper, A.

R. J Macromol Sci Rev Macromol Chem

1972, C8, 57.

6. Day, R. J.; Lovell, P. A.; Pierre, D.

Polym Int 1997, 44, 288.

7. Vega J. R., Gugliotta, L. M.; Meira, G.

R. Polym React Eng Comun 2002, 10,

59.

8. Jasso, C. F., Martínez, J. J., Mendizábal,

E. Laguna, O. J Appl Polym Sci 1995, 58,

2207.

9. Jasso, C. F., Reyes-González, I., López-

Ureta, L. C., González-Ortiz, L. J., Manero-

Brito, O., Int. J Polym Anal Charac 2006, 11,

383.

22


Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems.

FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo †, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa.

Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León, Ave. Eloy Cavazos 2001 Col. Tolteca, Guadalupe, Nuevo León

C.P. 67170.Instituto Tecnológico de la Laguna ,Blvd. Revolución y Czda. Cuauhtemóc s/n, Torreón,

Coahuila.C.P. 27000


___________________________________________________________________________________

In this paper the modeling, design and

construction of an anthropomorphic four degrees

of freedom petit robot is presented. The main

objective of this petit robot is to emulate the

movements of flexion and extension of a human

finger, motorized by servomotors. Forward and

inverse kinematic mathematical models are

obtained. This petit robot is controlled by a

graphical user interface (GUI) programmed in

MATLAB.

With respect to the inverse kinematic position,

concisely equations and considerations made for

its resolution are presented. Petit robot´s

individual elements, designed in a computer

aided design (CAD) software that is used to

assemble it in simulation, are showed.

Moreover, some gestures of the petit robot

already assembled are simulated in SolidWorks

and executed.

Keywords: petit robot, robotic system, modeling, design, interface, simulation

___________________________________________________________________________________

Cita: FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo †, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa. Development of a Petit Robot

Suitable For Building Robotic Systems. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-235 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

*Correspondence to Author ()



23

Article Technology Sciences


FERNÁNDEZ, Arnoldo, CUAN, Enrique, GARCÍA, Roxana, URQUIZO, Elisa.

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems UTSOE-

Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.



Abstract

One of the main challenges of robotics is to

imitate human hand, because it is an important

tool in the daily activities of human beings. This

is the body part with the greater skill with

movements of great precision and very complex

manipulation of force, so that it has been the

subject of several researches in different parts of

the world.

In this development, modeling, design and

construction of the prototype of an

anthropomorphic four degrees of freedom petit

robot is performed. The main objectives are, on

one hand to emulate the three flexion-extension

with three degrees of freedom and on the other

hand the fourth grade freedom to emulate the

abduction-adduction movement of a human

finger. Finger joints are actuated by

servomotors. Forward and inverse kinematic

mathematical models are presented. It is

commanded through a graphical user interface

implemented using a high-level language and

interactive environment for numerical

computing and simulation, MATLAB.

Methodology

In Jiménez Villalobos (2005), building a robotic

arm three DOF (Degrees of Freedom) type

PUMA (Programmable Universal Manipulator

for Assembly) is presented.

Equations both direct kinematic model and

the inverse kinematic model are presented.

Using the Lagrange equations of motion,

equations of the dynamic model are developed.

In this robot architecture, a pair of joints

with parallel axes is observed.

Attempts to produce artificially some

humanlike limbs either for medical or industrial

purposes are mentioned in Cimadevilla (2006).

Especially hand, because of its importance for

everyday activities, has become the subject of

numerous researches. Robotic hands have been

built but until today human dexterity has not

been achieved.

Direct kinematic model is shown, geometric

representation of the elements of the kinematic

chain of the effector are related to a fixed

reference system, using the methodology of

Denavit-Hartenberg DH. A 4 dof robot is

modeled, Aguilar (2011).

In the section of the inverse kinematics, it is

critical to transform movement specifications

assigned to the robot in its operating space, into

joint movements that allow such movement.

The inverse kinematics solution is reduced

to a 3 DOF planar motion, which has a redundant

degree of mobility with respect to the position of

the end point of the robot, because the final

orientation is not considered.

Considering the existence of at least one

element that specifies the robot extreme

orientation, a solution in closed form from a

geometric analysis of the robot is obtained.

A project that involves the design,

construction and control of a manipulator arm 4

degrees of freedom is described in Cuevas

(2012). The project is divided into three stages,

the first is the design and mechanical

construction of the robot manipulator, the

second is the implementation and deployment of

the control system and the third is for the

adaptation of the manipulator arm to a mobile

robot to have a robot exploration and security.

A description of the mechanical hand called

MA-I (Artificial Intelligent Hand) as part of an

integrated experimentation and testing strategies

apprehension and object manipulation system is

24








presented in Suarez (2003). The basic

configuration of the hand is 4 fingers with 4

degrees of freedom (DOF) each one of them.

Modelado

Forward kinematics

The direct kinematic model is the relationship

that determines the vector x of operational

coordinates corresponding to a given robot

configuration q.

This model is expressed as:

x = f (q) (1)

In table 1, DH parameters of the petit robot are

shown.

Link i 𝜶𝒊 𝒅𝒊 𝜽𝒊 𝒓𝒊

1 0 0 𝜃1 0

2 90o 0 𝜃2 0

3 0 D3 𝜃3 0

4 0 D4 𝜃4 0

5 0 D5 0o 0

Table 1: DH parameters for the petit robot.

Corresponding homogeneous transformation

matrix T for every link of the petit robot, with 1

= 2 = 3 = 4 = 5 = 0°, D3 = 4 mm, D4 = 4

mm and D5 = 3.5 mm, are:

0T1 =(

1 0 0 00 1 0 00 0 1 00 0 0 1

) (2)

1T2 =(

0 −1 0 00 0 −1 01 0 0 00 0 0 1

) (3)

2T3 =(

1 0 0 40 1 0 00 0 1 00 0 0 1

) (4)

3T4 =(

1 0 0 40 1 0 00 0 1 00 0 0 1

) (5)

4T5 =(

1 0 0 3.50 1 0 00 0 1 00 0 0 1

) (6)

Inverse kinematics

The inverse kinematic model allows for all

possible solution configurations of a robot

corresponding at a given effector location

(operational coordinates). This model is usually

called the closed form of the inverse kinematic

model. There is not a general solution for this

model:

q = f -1(x) (7)

For the solution of inverse kinematics problem,

in this paper, a geometric approach is used. A

fixed relationship of dependency or coupling

between the third and fourth joint is supposed, as

mentioned in Cimadevilla (2006), the

relationship that is used is as follows:

𝑞4 = (2

3) 𝑞3 (8)

25








This relation allowed to reduce the problem of

inverse kinematics to calculate intersections

between two pairs of circumferences.

Design and assembly

Petit robot modeling was performed using

design 3D a computer aided design software,

SolidWorks. In Figure 1, all elements or

components which were used to completely

assemble the petit robot in SolidWorks are

shown.

Para realizar el ensamble final de mini-robot

se utilizaron falanges de aluminio, ya que este

material resulta ser ligero y fácil de mecanizar.

La base con el cual se sostiene al mini-robot fue

realizada de madera.

For petit robot real assembly, aluminum

phalanges were used, because this material is

light and easy to be bent. The base which holds

the petit robot was made of wood.

Figure 1. Components for assembly.

The assembly procedure was performed

easily; phalanges from the rotor of the

servomotor assembly hole of next servomotor

were used. The virtual and real petit robot

assembly are shown in figure 2.

Figure 2. Petit robot assembly in simulation and real.

26








Graphical user interface

The graphical interface was programmed using

MATLAB software. To represent phalanges and

joints of the petit robot, lines and cylinders were

used to represent them, respectively.

To interact with the interface sliders were

used, every one of them can change the value

each robot joint variables. The value of each

variable articulate can be seen in the

corresponding edit box (Figure 3). Every time

that user is interacting with this element, the

forward or direct kinematic problem of the petit

robot is resolved.

User can also interact via the edit boxes, in

this case, first petit robot configuration and on

second the position of the slider are updated.

Besides petit robot direct kinematics is solved.

In addition, GUI has edit boxes to display

numerically, the position of the end of the petit

robot, using Cartesian coordinates.

The interface has buttons with the "+" and

labels "-", which allow to solve the problem of

inverse kinematics.

a) Graphical User Interface

b) Petit robot.

Figure 3. Configuration q = [0o, 90o, 90o, 60o].

Software deployed to Arduino Uno to

control the petit robot through the graphical user

interface developed in MATLAB, can read all

the time so the interface type in the serial port of

the computer. This allows that communication

between Arduino Uno and the graphical user

interface is made using the serial port, the

configuration data that is sent, has the following

form:

q = [0 90 90 60].

This setpoint is read by Arduino one and

sent to each of the respective servomotors,

namely to reference example, the servomotor 1

is positioned at zero degrees, the servomotors

two and three are positioned at 90 ° and the

fourth servomotor 60 °.

Algorithm

Next application´s pseudo code is presented s to

briefly illustrate the operation of the GUI.

01 Start Application

02 Initial Configuration q = [0 0 0 0]

03 Updating the plot and resolution of the

forward kinematics

27








04 Opening the serial port

05 Writing the initial configuration on the

serial port

06 Close the serial port

07 Wait user action

08 If value change in articular variable

(slider or edit box)

09 Then update plot and solving the

forward kinematics

10 Open serial port

11 Writing current configuration on the

serial port


13 If you click on "+" or "-"

14 Then solving inverse kinematics

15 Checking the validity of the solution

and update plot representation

16 Opening the serial port

17 Writing current settings to the serial

port


Results

First, the petit robot prototype was designed and

simulated in SolidWorks, secondly the

phalanges and the other elements were built, and

thirdly the assembly of petit robot was done. At

this point, the movements between phalanges of

petit robot were evaluated. Mobility

impairments were detected and solved.

Once that kinematics model was solved and

electrical false contacts avoided, the final step,

which was the petit robot command through the

graphical user interface in MATLAB was done.

With petit robot assembly, movement of each

joint was compared with correspondent joint of

petit robot model on the graphical user interface

of MATLAB. Joint´s angle has a limit of

movement, its mobility range. In the last test, no

adjustments were needed.

The result of this work, a petit robot with four

degrees of freedom can produce the movements

of a human hand finger was obtained. This petit

robot is highly suitable to build more complex

robotic systems, due to a minimally mechanical

design, a simply command and communication

through arduino board, and a fast MATLAB

GUI development.

Conclusions

In developing this petit robot, information and

experiences very important to improve it, the

following is recommended:

In the mechanical:

• Reducing the size of the petit robot elements,

using smaller servomotors for building it.

• Adapting more petit robots to a more complex

system and obtain, for example, a gripping

system able to hold objects.

• Using lighter material for building phalanges

and a better gripping surface on fingertip and get

a better inverse kinematic solution.

• Make a design consideration for example,

aesthetics, for the petit robot visually look like,

for instance, as a robotic finger.

In the control software:

• Adding force sensors at the tip of the finger to

get feedback.

In electronics:

• Working with other electronic boards that

provide more power to petit robot´s motors.

References

1. Jiménez Villalobos D., Ramírez de la Cruz J.

(2005). Construcción de un brazo robótico

de tres gdl. y su control mediante el núcleo

híbrido de transición de estados. Centro

Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo

Tecnológico, Cenidet.

28








2. Cimadevilla Lajud H., Herrera Pérez J.

(2006). Diseño de un sistema articulado

emulando el movimiento de una mano.

Centro nacional de investigación y

desarrollo tecnológico, Cenidet.

3. Aguilar Acevedo F., Ruiz González R.

(2011). Redundancia cinemática en un dedo

antropomórfico de 4 gdl. Memorias del xvii

congreso internacional anual de la SOMIM.

ISBN: 978-607-95309-5-2 pp. 1037-1042.

4. Cuevas Ramírez L., Ramírez Vargas I., Cruz

Hernández F. (2012). Análisis y

construcción de un manipulador de cuatro

grados de libertad. Memorias del xviii

congreso internacional anual de la SOMIM.

ISBN 978-607-95309-6-9 pp. 1046-1056.

5. Suárez R., Grosch P. (2003). Mano mecánica

MA-I. XXIV Jornadas de automática. CEA-

IFAC. ISBN 84-931846-7-5.

29

Article Social Sciences


A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated

curriculum model

VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena

Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Facultad de Administración, Puebla, México

[email protected].

Received May 3rd, 2015. Accepted June 17th, 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

The present research paper offers the criteria

required by an education program for a new

postgraduate degree in tourism, according to the

requirements of the National Council for Science

and Technology (CONACYT, for its

abbreviation in Spanish) to be evaluated affiliate

to the National Quality Postgraduate Program

(PNPC, for its abbreviation in Spanish) within

the Programs with Professional Orientation. The

central purpose of the research is to compare the

evaluation model of CONACYT’s PNPC (2015)

professional orientation postgraduate programs

with the curriculum model of Diaz-Barriga et al.

(2013) to organize new postgraduate programs at

public universities. An analysis of the elements

that integrate the curriculum design is carried

out. In this proposal of curriculum design, the

elements that integrate it will be adapted to the

area of tourism.

Keywords: education program, curriculum design, postgraduate, tourism, Mexico

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ María Elena. A proposal for

a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on an integrated curriculum mode. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary

Science. 2015, 2-4:224-235

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________



©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

31



VALLEJO Víctor†, SANTIESTEBAN-LÓPEZ Angélica, ACLE Ramón and PÉREZ

María Elena. A proposal for a postgraduate education program in Tourism based on

an integrated curriculum mode.. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.



Introduction

Today tourism is one of the fastest

growing economic sectors globally. Not only in

industrialized first world countries, but also,

there has been a large increase in tourist arrivals

in developing and transitioning countries. For

about a third part of developing countries,

tourism is now the main source of foreign

investment and foreign currency earnings

(World Tourism Organization, 2014). A study

made by the World Tourism Organization

(UNWTO) in 2014 showed that in Mexico

tourism is the third source of money income at a

national level and that Mexico has the thirteenth

position of tourist arrivals at an international

level and the twenty-fourth position in terms of

income.

Data from the Integral System of

Information of Tourism Markets (SIIMT for its

abbreviation in Spanish) of the Tourism

Promotion Council of Mexico shows that the

tourism industry in Mexico has generated more

than 2 million direct jobs (SIIMT, 2014, p. 14).

As the source for these jobs, the tourism industry

not only demands operational and technical

personnel. It is more frequent the demand of

trained personnel in professional and scientific

areas, suitable to do research on the tourism

field. In the Mexican education system, Higher

Education Institutions (HEI) have meant that

more men and women acquire a degree in

tourism, increasing the demand for jobs.

However, structural economic conditions and

low academic quality of the studies usually

offered by the HEI, prevent the incorporation of

university postgraduates with adequate level of

training into the labor market, to meet its

demands (Gómez Nieves y Social, 2005, pp. 39-

54)

As for the training of professionals in

tourism in Higher Education Institutions (HEI)

in Mexico, the major factor that stands out is the

weak link between companies and universities,

which leads to postgraduates with competitive

disadvantages in these globalized economic

activities. Coupled with this, if they lack of solid

professional training they end up unskilled for

conducting scientific research, and consequently

they are unable to meet the demands of their

profession. They will only be able to get

operative and underpaid positions. (Gómez

Nieves & Social, 2005, p.p. 39-54)

With the current need that presents

tourism, as a discipline, to have people with a

professional, scientific and technological

research oriented training, it is more frequent to

support public and private education institutions

in Mexico that offer postgraduate programs

through the PNPC of CONACYT (2015)

together with the Sub-secretary of Higher

Education of the Secretary of Public Education

is more frequent CONACYT (2015, p. 6).

In that sense, the proposal of this research

paper is the creation of a methodology for

Curriculum Design in Higher Education to

strengthen the training of professionals on

research at a national and International level in

the tourism field.

Background and Theoretical Foundations

The history of tourism research in Mexico has its

beginnings in the post-war period until the mid-

seventies, with the first analysis characterized by

the predominance of studies that take an

economic approach. In the next stage, although

the research with an economic approach

dominated, it began to incorporate other

perspectives ranging from social to political and

international aspects. At the eighties, there is a

concern of researchers for conducting studies in

a more comprehensive and diverse perspective.

Starting in the nineties, they added an

environmental and critical view; and there is an

expansion and diversification of tourism studies

(Espinosa Castillo, 2007).

32








Throughout the development process of

tourism research, there have been a series of

initiatives aimed at the training of people

employed in the tourism sector, but the current

need for professionals with scientific sense, that

make additional proposals, ideas and knowledge

to abate environmental damage, poverty and

social inequalities, is more obvious. Training

professionals in a postgraduate program in

tourism not only for development, management

and entrepreneurship, but oriented to do

research, can help shape individuals oriented to

generation, building and transformation of

knowledge in this sector, besides expanding the

possibility of competitiveness and increase of

their income. Although in the beginning

professional training and tourism research in

Mexico were promoted and financed by public

and financial institutions, today is concentrated

mostly in public and private universities.

The needs of the tourism industry on the

research area are still insufficient, there is a need

for the integration of interdisciplinary and

transdisciplinary groups that do research work

not only nationally, but also integrate

international cooperation research groups to

resolve common needs and problems that may

offer positive results for the countries involed

(Vidaurri Aréchiga, 2014).

A proposed curriculum methodology

aimed at training professionals with a scientific

sense, that bring new proposals, ideas and

knowledge to abate environmental damage,

poverty and social inequality, answers to the

need to boost scientific research of tourism in

Mexico (Peral, Picazo and Moreno Gil, 2013, p.

36).

Under the proposal of a Curriculum

Design Methodology with desirable

characteristics to enter the PNPC in Postgraduate

Programs with Professional Orientation in the

recently created education program by

CONACYT and according to curriculum models

applied in higher education in Mexico, it is

intended to use the curriculum model by Diaz-

Barriga et al. (2013), because this proposal is

closely related to the PNPC’s Evaluation Model

formulated in the "Framework for the evaluation

and monitoring of mandatory presence

postgraduate programs" by CONACYT (2015).

There are as much curriculum models as

theoretical fundaments that allow organizing and

orienting the teaching process. The most

representative curriculum models for the

curriculum design that have influenced the

curriculum proposals of the Mexican Education

System at the higher education level, according

to Vélez and Terán (2010, p. 56), are the Tyler

(1973), Taba (1974), Glazman e Ibarrola (1978),

Pansza (1981), Arredondo (1981), Arnaz (1981)

and Díaz-Barriga et al. (1981) models, and it

should be pointed out that each one of them has

an specific theoretical orientation.

The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) model

presents some advantages such as: the

theoretical foundations; Possibilities of

participation in the building and evaluation; and

the use of globalization and interdisciplinary in

its many varieties.

The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 50)

methodology is done parting from a developed

and established professional profile, which

provides the basis for deciding what will be the

content to be included in the curriculum plan,

and under what organization and structure such

plan will be designed. Diaz - Barriga et al. (2013,

p.119) mentions that there are different ways to

organize and structure a curriculum according to

the type of curriculum plan adopted by the

design team. Among the most common

curriculum plans are: a). the linear plan, b). the

modular plan, c). the mixed plan.

After choosing the type of plan to be

adopted by the institution, the next step is to

develop the entire curriculum plan. For this

purposes the contents, which were disaggregated

earlier in materials or in modules, are organized

33








according to the type of plan adopted. Then the

subjects or modules are structured in a complete

curriculum plan. This step corresponds to the

establishment of the "horizontal sequence"

(planned courses for each school year) and the

"vertical sequence” (series of courses planned

throughout the different school cycles). Finally,

the "curriculum map" is established, where the

formal elements and details of the curriculum

(number of courses on each school year, which

will be mandatory and optional, optional routes,

number of credits, etc.) are determined (Diaz -

Barriga et al., 2013, p. 112).

Once the curriculum plan is structured, the

last step of this stage consists on developing a

detailed studying program for each course (class

or module) that make up the total plan.

Methodology

To perform the description and analysis of

the model for the postgraduate education

program, a research supported on electronic

documents and web sites from tourism

postgraduate programs from other educative

institutions in México, recognized by the PNPC

of CONACYT was conducted; this with the

purposes of not duplicating efforts. Along with

the possibility of making a proposal for a

multidisciplinary education program, shared

research and academic exchange.

Discussion

A comparison is made between the

professional orientation postgraduate programs

of the PNCP of CONACYT (2015, p. 7) and the

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) model. According to

PNCP of CONACYT (2015, p. 7) it is

established that a professional postgraduate

study is that “on which the field of study is a

professional discipline and it differentiates from

the research oriented postgraduate study because

of the obtaining of a degree related to that

profession”.

Characteristics of the professional

postgraduate studies according to the PNCP of

CONACYT (2015, p. 8):

Were conceived to train specialized

professionals

Most of them are part time.

Some are fundamentally `presence

required’ while others are mainly

based on field research.

Some have major focus on practicing

and others are oriented to professionals

with experience that require new skills

and knowledge.

In some programs the class work is

evaluated, in others it is evaluated a

series of works (portfolio) and in

others it is a combination of class work

and a research project and thesis.

They offer to the universities a way to

consolidate links with society sectors.

From the student’s perspective, they

offer new opportunities.

They are a solution to the companies’

concerns about postgraduate students

oriented to do research lacking

practical experience and not

specialized or general skills at their

jobs.

They combine the courses with

research projects oriented to a specific

field.

The structure of these programs tends

to be more formal (obligatory results,

attendance needed periods, deadlines)

Usually, they are taught based on the

cohort, which allows working on

collaboration on which there is an

experiences exchange.

The contents use to be of applied

nature and have a closer relation to

jobs.

34








The programs are relevant for

development and progress of the

professional career.

A lot of the research projects that form

part of the programs are done at

working places, sometimes supervised

by an employer representative.

Table 1 shows a comparison between the

characteristics of the professional orientation

postgraduate programs of the PNPC of

CONACYT (2015) and the elements that form

the curriculum model by Díaz-Barriga et al.

(2013). The comparison is made parting from the

criteria established on the framework for the

evaluation and following up of the mandatory

presence postgraduate programs of the PNPC of

CONACYT (2015, p.p. 9-12).

On this comparison it is understood as

“characteristics” and “elements” the attributes

that every compared criterion has.

Criteria Characteristi

cs of the

professional

oriented

postgraduate

studies of

PNCP of

CONACYT

Elements of

the Díaz

Barriga et al.

curriculum

model

Contrasts

Students

admission

The graduate

study program has a

rigorous

admission process that

guarantees

that the candidates

have the

previously needed

knowledge.

(p. 9)

On stage one,

Díaz-Barriga et al (2013, p.

78 – 79)

propose to make an

analysis of the

pertinent university’s

principles and

guidelines, according to

the

requirements that the

institution

demands to the students to be

accepted into

the program.

Criterion is met

in both cases. In the BUAP

case, the

postgraduate study’s

admission

requirements are established

in the “General

guidelines for the creation,

modification

and register of study plans and

programs” of

the VIEP, (BUAP, 2015,

p. 13)

Time

dedicated by

students

Most of the professional

graduate students

attend partial

time and the academic

activities are

On stage three the times and

academic activities are

established

according to the kind of

curriculum

Criterion is met in both cases.

Due the characteristics

of the graduate

study proposal it is suggested

to be a mixed

center around a determined

period of

time.

plan selected (Díaz-Barriga

et al., 2013, p.

124 – 125)

plan. (Cfr. Díaz-Barriga et

al., 2013, p.

125 – 126)

Graduate

profile

The program

aims to

deepen the skills and

competencies

of a professional

field to meet

the potential demand of the

labor market

and of immediate

impact of the

professional sector.

On stage two,

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013, p. 91) take into

consideration

the proposal made by

Amaz, (1981)

about the minimum

components

that must contain the

graduate

profile. Arnaz, (1981)

cited in Díaz-

Barriga et al. (2013, p. 99),

creates a series

of guidelines to elaborate

the graduate

profile.

Criterion is met

in both cases.

In the “General guidelines for

the creation,

modification and register of

study plans and

programs” by the VIEP

BUAP, the

requirements to complete the

graduate

studies are established

(BUAP, 2015,

p. 13).

Syllabus The graduate

study

program has a well-

structured

syllabus which is

oriented to

satisfy the professional

requirements

of society sectors. (p.

10)

On the stage 3,

Diaz-Barriga

et al. (2013, p. 114-127),

presents on an

thorough way the elements

that must be

taken into account when

it comes to

organize and give structure

to a curriculum

plan, alongside the specific

activities.

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013),

propose that

“… the curricular plan

and the

syllabus must be done by a

multidisciplina

ry team of experts on the

discipline or

disciplines involved in the

profession, alongside with

educational

psychologists, pedagogues,

managers,

etc.” (p. 114)

Criterion is met

in both cases.

According to the thesis work

it is proposed

the curriculum plan to be a

mixed plan

(Cfr. Díaz-Barriga et. al.

2013, p. 125 –

126).

Professors

and students

mobility

The graduate study

program

promotes the mobility of

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p.

79), propose

on the upstage 1.4. “research

The Díaz- Barriga et al.

(2013) model

does not make a clear mention

35








students and professors as

well as the

cooperation between

professional

groups belonging to

different institutions

and countries

(p. 10).

on the national and/or

foreigner

institutions that offer

programs

related to the proposal”

about students and professors

mobility, but

when it comes to the research

of the upstage

1.4, it is possible to find

out how to make inter-

institutional

agreements to make possible

the mobility of

students and professors

according to

the guidelines about

generation

and/or application of

knowledge

(LGAC) contained in the

syllabus.

Basic

academic

core

The graduate

study program is

developed

within the basic

academic core

(p. 10)

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013), propose in

“General

concepts and considerations

” of the stage 3

that “…the curricular plan

and the study programs must

be done by a

multidisciplinary group of

experts on the

discipline or disciplines

involved in the

profession, alongside with

educational

psychologists,

pedagogues,

managers,

etc.” (p. 14)

Even when the

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) does

not mention

explicitly the basic academic

core, it does

make recommendatio

ns about who must be

involved on

planning the curricular plan

and the

syllabus. According to

the thesis

proposal it is quit relevant

take into

consideration

the PNPC of

CONACYT

criteria and add it to the Díaz-

Barriga et al.

model, even from the first

stage, on which

it is made clear the information

about the basic

academic core responsible of

the curricular

plan and the study

programs. It is

feasible to specify that this

group is the

responsible for the graduate

study support

and that “… it has a

recognized

academic productivity

and a common

professional interest about

the base on which they

share LGAC,

clearly planned and that are

professionally

active and have a quality

production

with enough numbers,

considering the

goals of the program”

(CONACYT,

2015, p. 10)

Lines of

generation

and/or

application

of

knowledge

(LGAC for

its

abbreviatio

n in

Spanish)

Existence of LGAC

associated to

professional work

consistent

with the area of knowledge

according to

the syllabus and that are

part of real spaces of

proximity to

the professional

activity.

According to the thesis

proposal and

the PNPC of CONACYT

criteria, it is

proposed to add it to the Díaz-

Barriga et al.

model, from the first stage,

on which it is made clear the

information

about the basic academic core

and that the

lines of generation

and/or

application of knowledge

must cover the

characteristics

according to

PNPC,

(CONACYT, 2015, p.10)

curricular plan

and the study programs.

Infrastructu

re

The program

ensures the

availability of physical

infrastructure and resources

needed for the

development of the thesis

work to be

performed by the student.

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013, p.

153) propose in one of the

activities from upstage 4.1,

the “analysis

of the viability of the

curriculum

parting from the human

resources and

existing material”

according to

Criterion is met

in both cases.

From a prior analysis of the

current infrastructure

and resources

available to the school the

viability of the

curriculum is determined by

an internal

evaluation as proposed by

Díaz-Barriga et

36








the proposition.

al. (2013, p. 153)

Structure of

the final

work

The graduate

program ensures that

the terminal

associated work makes a

contribution

to the professional

field.

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013) emphasize in

all stages of

their methodology

that work must

be carried out at all times in

accordance

with the potential areas

and tasks

where the practitioner

may intervene

regarding the curricular

plan.

Criterion is met

in both cases. It is

recommended

on this proposal that the student

does their final

work to get the degree, through

a thesis,

documented professional

work or

professional portfolio

according to

the LGAC chosen and to

the General

Regulation of Graduate

Studies of the

BUAP (2015)

Contributio

n to

knowledge

Results and

products of

the postgraduate

study

program.

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013, p.

153-154) propose on

stage 4 that a

continuous evaluation of

the

curriculum, through intern

and extern

evaluations. This would

lead to a

restructuring of the syllabus

according to

the needs, real problems and

potential tasks

to attend to.

Criterion is met

in both cases.

It is proposed that on the

thesis proposal

both evaluation models are

taken into

account. On one hand the

Díaz-Barriga

et. al. (2013) model, on stage

four,

establishes the upstages,

activities and

means to make a continuous

evaluation of

the curriculum and on the

other hand, the

PNPC of CONACYT

evaluation

model is the referendum to

be a recognized

to be a quality postgraduate

program.

Relevance of

the program

Performance of graduates

in an

employment activity

related to their

training.

The stages 2, 3, and 4 of the

Díaz-Barriga

et al. (2013) model

establish

guidelines for a graduate to

perform in an

employment activity

according to

their training.

Criterion is met in both cases.

To achieve that

graduates reach this goal it is

advisable to

continually pay attention to the

curriculum

plan to be relevant to the

needs of

society and trends of

Mexican higher education; to

strengthen this

relevance is recommended

that the

syllabus be carried out by a

multidisciplinary knowledge

work.

Graduate’s

satisfaction

Value

provided by the program

to its

graduates and recognized by

them

(satisfaction surveys for

graduates) (p.

12)

On stage 4,

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p.

154) propose

as a tool for theses means

"the

monitoring system of

graduates "

Criterion is met

in both cases. The proposal of

a graduates

following system by

Díaz-Barriga et

al. (2013) may contain as

much

information as required and

established by

the institution.

Table I. Comparison between the characteristics of the

postgraduate studies with professional orientation of the

PNPC of CONACYT (2015) and the elements of the

Díaz-Barriga et al. 2013 curriculum model.

Results

The results of the analysis of the stage four

of the curriculum model by Díaz-Barriga et al.

(2013) and the evaluation model of the national

program for quality postgraduate studies of

CONACYT (2015) are presented next.

The stage four (continuous evaluation of

the curriculum) of the curriculum model by

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) centers on the

continuous curriculum evaluation to

permanently update the curriculum plan

accordingly.

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 136) points

out that

“…generally the preferred method to

evaluate plans and syllabus is limited to

analyze the sequence and organization of

the titles of the subjects and thematic units,

which leads to obtain only a descriptive

and incomplete information, because the

real performance of the students is not

indicated, nor if after graduating from

37








program they meet the needs for which

they were trained”.

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p.137) affirm

that

“…if a theoretical framework is not

established, as well as the methodological

aspects, the mistake of focusing the

curriculum evaluation on the efficientist

and internal aspects of the curriculum can

be made, and the original plans and social

aspects“.

Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013, p. 137) proposes

that to avoid problems on the process of

curriculum evaluation

“…a participatory evaluation model is

established, in which there must be an

active participation of the agents involved

in the curriculum (teachers, students,

managers, evaluators, beneficiaries, etc.)

and that they are the true directors”.

The curriculum evaluation model

proposed by Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013)

establishes two kinds of evaluations:

Internal evaluation: it refers to the

academic achievement of the established goals

of the professional profile, this is, an evaluation

of the study plan, its elements and its

organization.

External evaluation: it refers to the social

repercussions that the postgraduate’s work can

have, ergo, their capacity to solve problems and

satisfy the social environment needs (p. 50)

The result of both evaluations will lead to

the elaboration of a program for the curriculum

rebuilding. Figure 1 shows the upstages that

make up the continuous curriculum evaluation.

Figure 1. Upstages of the continuous curriculum

evaluation. Source: Díaz-Barriga et al., (2013, p.52)

On the other hand, the evaluation model by

PNPC of CONACYT (2015) is based on a

results-oriented model. This model integrates the

main elements that can provide quality training

for students.

4. Continuous curriculum evaluation

4.1.

External evaluation

program

design

4.1.

Internal

evaluation program

design

4.3.

Curriculum restructuration

program based on the

results of previous evaluations

38








Figure 2. Elements of the evaluation model by PNPC

(CONACYT, 2015, p. 16).

The elements that make up the evaluation

model by PNPC of CONACYT (2015, p.p. 16–

17) are:

1. Institutional commitment

2. The categories and criteria of the

model, and

3. The program improvement plan

Analysis

The evaluation model by PNPC of

CONACYT (2015) is a much more complete

model, not only because it evaluates the

elements of the curriculum, but because it

establishes the mandatory requirements the

institution must fulfill since the moment it

attempts to join a PNPC’s postgraduate program,

plus every certain period must comply with an

improvement plan.

The Díaz-Barriga et al. (2013) curriculum

model sets the theoretical and methodology

foundation of the postgraduate curriculum

model, which can support and help fulfill de

requirements established by CONACYT.

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41

Article Administrative Sciences


Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa

MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1

†, Carranza Alvarez Candy1, Hernández Morales Alejandro1,

Cappello García Hector Manuel2 [email protected],[email protected], [email protected],[email protected] 1Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Romualdo del Campo

501, Fracc. Rafael Curiel, Cd. Valles, S.L.P., 2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas y la Unidad Académica de Derecho y

Ciencias Sociales, Cordinación de Posgrado e Investigación


___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Mexico's Protected Natural Areas are 158

designated "Protected Natural Areas (PNA)" in

Mexico, representing 11% of the nation's surface

area, and are protected and administrated by the

National Commission of Protected Natural

Areas (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales

Protegidas, or CONANP). In San Luis Potosi,

there are 19 PNA, within which there is a

biosphere reserve: The Biosphere Reserve of the

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT), declared as

a priority area for the conservation of natural

resources in 1994. However, due to the lack of

integrated policies for sustainable planning of

natural resources, the reserve presents social and

environmental effects. Therefore, an analysis of

the current situation and the functionality of

public programs in the conservation of the area

was conducted, finding that the main areas of

intervention are lack of management programs,

the lack of financial incentives and support

organizations public to perform community

service for the benefit of the RBSAT. These

results were the support to develop some

proposals of strategic planning for the

conservation of this protected area.

Public administration, strategic planning,

Protected Natural Area

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

Citation: MALDONADO-MIRANDO Juan José. La Administración Pública en la conservación de un área natural protegida:

Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa. Revista Administracion & Finanzas 2015

___________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________________



©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx

mailto:[email protected],[email protected]

42





MALDONADO-MIRANDA, Juan José, CARRANZA ALVAREZ, Candy,

HERNÁNDEZ MORALES, Alejandro, CAPPELLO GARCÍA, Hector Manuel. Public

Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve Sierra del

Abra Tanchipa. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Introduction

The Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa is one of the youngest reserves of the

country and one of the least extensive; it consists

of national and private commons.

Approximately 80% of the land is the core area

and is intended for research activities

(Management Program Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa, 2007). It covers an area of 21,464 ha,

with a core area of 16.758 ha. Within the

protected natural area are the Laguna del Mante,

Los Sabinos and palms suburbs

The common Launa Laguna del Mante has

the largest population and has a bigger extention

of land area in the Sierra del Abra Tanchipa.

Communities with territory within the Sierra del

Abra Tanchipa as well as those found in its area

of influence, are the ones that have a high level

of marginalization and a large population, those

are the ones that cause the greatest impact on the

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa (Mergold Vargas,

2010).

In this area, there is tension because of the

interests in the land use and the need to open new

areas for agriculture. There is no proper

information, but it is known of the opening of the

land for logging. As for the land use in the

catchment area, it has 56% of livestock use, 32%

of forest use, 9% agricultural use and 3% for

other activities (Sanchez-Ramos et al., 1993).

Furthermore, there are administrative problems

because of the lack of interagency collaboration,

in addition to lack of knowledge and

enforcement of environmental legislation.

In this sense, it is essential to analyze from

the perspective of public administration, the role

played by public servants in the creation and

monitoring of the protection of natural protected

areas. In Mexico, the problem of protected areas

such as Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa does not lie on the management of its

creation, but rather in the creation of

management plans, regulations, standards and

legislation for the conservation of long-term

resources.

In the case of the professionals, these rules

determine the minimally required duties of the

professionals in the course of their work. Every

worker of the public administration has or

should develop a set of professional or labor

principles that guide what to do in relation to his

work in the administration that performs, the

user population, his profession, his institution

and his coworkers (Rodriguez-Arroyo, 2007).

Planning is an activity aimed at achieving

a possible and desirable future, from an

explanation of a problematic situation that exists

in the present and has a history of facts that

involved social actors that behave and respond

creatively to definite and well-defined interests

(Jarrin, 2011). Planning is ongoing and its

actions must interpret reality for the better.

On this research, the current status of a

protected natural area such as the Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa was analyzed to propose the planning

for its conservation.

Based on the information, the objective of this

research was to analyze the current situation of

the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa,

and propose planning strategies for its

conservation.

Literature review

Huasteca description

The Huasteca is located in the eastern part of the

state of San Luis Potosi. It limits the Sierra

Madre Oriental in the west, the state of

Tamaulipas in the north, Veracruz and Hidalgo

in the east and Queretaro in the south (INEGI,

1981). The Huasteca is divided economically in

the north subregion, central and southern.

43









The northern region includes the municipalities

of Ciudad Valles, Ébano, El Naranjo, San

Vicente Tancuayalab, Tamasopo, Tamuín y

Tanquián de Escobedo. The central region

includes Aquismón, Huehuetlán, San Antonio,

Tampamolón, Tancahuitz y Tanlajás, y la región

sur, Axtla de Terrazas, Coxcatlán, Matlapa, San

Martín Chalchicuautla, Tamazunchale,

Tampacán y Xilitla. In this last region Teenek

and Nahua people live here. The Nahua

represents 60% of the indigenous population in

the region (INEGI, 1981).

For its ecological diversity, the Huasteca is

divided into three areas: a) tropical warm humid

with an annual precipitation of 2000-5000 mm

and an average annual temperature of 21 ° C; b)

sub-humid with warm tropical land of transition

between the humid tropics and c) dry zone with

rainfall between 600 and 1500 mm, above 20 °

C average temperatures and a dry period of 5-9

months, which allows the vegetation to be

constituted by low and medium height jungle

with great biotic diversity (Toledo et al., 2002).

This region has rainforests and humid

(coniferous forests), high forest and

subperenifolia perenifolia also high and medium

deciduous forests and deciduous desert scrub

and rosetophilous as well as large areas of

grassland.

Today forest resources and agriculture in the

Huasteca have received little attention and the

lack of appropriate measures, the various

meteorological phenomenas, explosions caused

during the search for oil deposits, the ecological

impact of surrounding industries, illegal logging,

the archaeological looting and uncontrolled

forest fires have led to low productivity, poor

performance of cash crops and the complete

deforestation in some rich areas in native

species. (SAGAR, State Government SLP, INI

and BM, 1995 ).

Change of the land use in the Huasteca

The coverage and land use are two of the

elements that best demonstrate the

transformation of the earth's surface by human

action over time. The ground cover is defined as

the biophysical cover on the earth's surface,

while land use is characterized by arrangement,

activity and production that human groups make

to produce, change or maintain soil cover.

Through the use of the land, the necessary for the

survival of humanity is obtained. However, this

process usually is related to the deforestation and

fragmentation of ecosystems, desertification,

and alteration of hydrological cycles, loss of

biodiversity and the increase of vulnerability of

human groups (Reyes-Hernández, 2006).

In the Huasteca it is common the median

deforestation of the evergreen forest and

secondary vegetation (acahuales) for agricultural

purposes, mainly for growing corn, under the

system of slash and burn. This practice has led to

the loss of fertility and soil erosion, declining

species of flora and fauna, lower productivity,

and as result, lower profitability of crops and

land abandonment (Cruz-Fernandez, 2006).

Until 1973, in the Huasteca, forests occupied

32% of the area (98.270 ha), grassland 21%

(66,700 ha), secondary vegetation 20% (61 513

ha), cultivated areas 14% (44.960 ha) and bodies

of water (ponds and marshes) 1.8% (5,430 ha)

(Figure 1A).

By 1985, the forest area was 73,100 ha and the

water bodies’ area was 2,300 ha. The cultivated

and covered with secondary vegetation areas

expanded in 25,900 ha., and 41,800 ha,

respectively. By 2000, forests were reduced to

less than 4% of the initial surface, and

agricultural and secondary vegetation areas

registered a decrease of 28% compared to 1985.

The surface of the prairies increased to 80,000

has (Figure 1B)

The main changes occurred in the north and

southwest of Tamuín, northwest of Ebano and

north of San Vicente. In 2000 there were only

44









10,200 ha. of fragmented forests with varying

degrees of disruption. 44 remnants of older

forest of 10 ha. were located corresponding to

forest, scattered in the central and northern

Tamuín, west of San Vicente Tancuayalab and

south of Ebano. On the other hand, 27 fragments

scattered tree-with more than 20 years of

existence in northern and eastern Tamuín San

Vicente Tancuayalab (Reyes-Hernández et al.,

2006) were detected.

Figure 1. Coverage and land use in the

Huasteca Zone, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, A)

1973, B) 2000 Figure taken from Reyes-

Hernández et al., 2006.

A recommendation to stop the change of land

use in agroforestry systems is the establishment

of mixed plantations of timber species, which

consists in establishing in combination slow

growing timber species with fast growth. Under

this scheme, it is possible the planting of annual

crops in the first two or three years and then

under the canopy plants that require shade for

their development, such as parlor palm and other

ornamental.

The establishment of forest plantations mixed

with the combination of annual crops at the

beginning of the system, serves to protect and

restore deforested areas, improve the ecological

environment, maximize the use of soil resources

and make profits in the short, medium and long

term (Cruz Fernandez, 2006).

Creation of natural protected areas: Sierra

del Abra Tanchipa

In order to conserve forest resources, in recent

years the creation of several protected areas

(Map 3) was enacted. In the micro-region of the

South Huasteca, the national forest reserve of

Sierra Alta de Xilitla was created; in the Sótano

de las Golondrinas, la Hoya de las Huahuas y las

Cuevas de Xomokonko; in the North Huasteca

the in state reserves of Laguna de patitos, la

Cienega de Tamasopo and the biosphere of the

Sierra de Abra Tanchipa (SLP State

Government, 2001).

The Biosphere Reserve of the Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa (RBSAT) is one of the youngest

reserves of the country and one of the least

extensive, its conformed by national and private

common lands. Approximately 80% of the land

is the core area and is intended for research

activities. It covers an area of 21,464 ha, with a

core area of 16.758 ha.

The importance of the Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa

The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, is an

important factor for regional climatic conditions,

because it acts as a weather barrier between the

coast plain of the Gulf and the highland. There,

the marine humid winds that go up, are cooled as

soon as they have contact with the land, and the

humidity condenses and produces abundant

rainfalls. The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa presents

variations of up to 10 ° C between the warmest

and the coldest months, with an annualized

average of 24.5 ° C, which is classified as

slightly extremist (García, 1988). The average

rainfall is 1070 mm, which places it within the

classification of sub-humid region with a

45









concentration of rainfall in the months of July

and September. The rate of frosts varies from 0-

5 times per year, and it happens3-5 years

(Ministry of Social Development, 1994).

The Sierra del Abra Tanchipa is

considered by the National Commission for the

Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity

(CONABIO) as a priority region for

conservation. This mountain range forms an

important biological corridor that shares the

Nearctic and neotropical biotic provinces, also

endemic species of flora and fauna, many of

them threatened or endangered (Puig, 1991).

Currently, there have been registered 419

species of birds, of which 14 are endemic, 11

quasi-endemic and 7 semi-endemic.

The highest parts of the Sierra, between

650 and 700 meters, are covered by tropical

forest subperenifolia, which extends to the

maximum height of 850 meters. In the remaining

area there are low evergreen forest, deciduous

forest and lowland deciduous thorny, tropical

oak and palmar ( INEGI, 1990; Puig, Rzedowski

1991, 1978).

Given its biological importance for the

region and its rich biodiversity in flora and fauna

it is important to address the problems that the

reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa is facing.

These problems can be grouped into

environmental and social problems. Among the

environmental problems we can mention the

forest type which is associated with the

explotation, plundering of plant and animal

species, and logging. Artisanal gold mining is

an important activity developed by locals from

the region of SAT, species threatened or

endangered (Rzedowski, 1978; Mora-Olivo et

al., 1992). However, the large-scale exploitation

significantly will affect the natural balance. The

excessive extraction of forest resources is a

problem that affects not only the ecological

environment, but also reduces the availability of

the resource for the natives. This problem brings

the expansion of the agricultural frontier,

pressure on the reserve area; situations that cause

an increase in poverty levels of the populations

that lives there.

Las comunidades aledañas a la Reserva de

la Biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa: Laguna del

Mante, Los Sabinos y las Palmas, presentan altos

grados de marginación debido a la extensión de

su población, siendo éestos los que mayor

impacto ocasionan a la reserva por los conflictos

sociales y de intereses entre sus habitantes.

Communities located near the Biosphere

Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa are: Laguna

del Mante, Los Sabinos and Las Palmas, these

communities have high levels of

marginalization, due to the extension of its

population, being these the ones that cause the

greatest impact to the reservation because of the

social conflicts and different interests among its

population.

Public Administration in the

Conservation of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra

del Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT)

Planning is an area of public

administration aimed at achieving a possible and

desirable future, from an explanation of a

problematic situation that exists in the present

and has a history of facts that involves social

actors that behave creatively and responding to

specific and well defined interests (Jarrin, 2011).

Planning is permanent and its actions must

interpret reality to make it better.

The creation of protected areas such as the

Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa

(RBSAT) in the state of San Luis Potosi,

represent the first step in a culture of caring for

natural resources. However, there is still a large

backlog in the Huasteca, to achieve the

functionality of these protected areas. The status

of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa in the state of San Luis Potosi,

reflectes a lack of interangency collaboration by

46









the Mexican government, in addition to lack of

knowledge and enforcement of environmental

legislation. In addition, there is interest tension

in land use and the need to open new areas for

agriculture. There is no proper information, but

it is known that there is an opening of land in the

Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra Tanchipa for

logging. As for the land use in the catchment

area of the reserve, it has a 56% for livestock use,

32% of forest use, 9% of agricultural use and 3%

for other activities (Sanchez-Ramos et al, 1993).

Therefore, it is of very importance to identify

areas of intervention in the Biosphere Reserve

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa, identify problems,

propose plans of action to address the causes of

the problem through public management

operations, as well as analyze the viability

planning, and attack the problem in practice,

performing the operations planned for the

prevention and conservation of natural resources

within protected areas.

The planning in the conservation of the

RBSAT

The planning involves the projection of goals,

based on appropriate methods. It helps to make

decisions and becomes a means to something

and is not an end itself, it is permanent and its

actions must interpret reality for the better

(Jarrin, 2011).

The strategic planning, unlike traditional

planning, includes not only the short term and

the long term but it emphasizes logical answers

to the needs of an unknown future, complex and

constantly changes. Strategic planning seeks to

prevent future events, and with them the

possibility to describe the future of present

decisions. Therefore, it is a useful tool for

organizations, because without it, they could not

prevent risks, knows the strengths and

weaknesses, and threats from the environment.

On the other side, the traditional

planning has the characteristics of being a

process consisting of three stages: ex-ante,

recurrent and y ex-post. The first, which includes

diagnosis to understand the causes of a problem

and determine the elements that stimulate their

reproduction, it also includes the forecasting

step, through which possible alternative

solutions and scenarios are defined. In the ex-

ante phase, defines the objectives, policies,

strategies and priority actions (preventive or

corrective planning) (Mintzberg, 1993).

Today, this traditional view of the

planning has been attached to intense

questioning by its responsiveness to major

problems, and stiffness for control and

correction during the development process.

Therefore, it was considered implementing a

new technical management and administration,

and strategic planning. Strategic planning was

initiated by Ansoff (1980), in the 1960s and he

associates it to changes in the pulse and strategic

capabilities. For others, strategic planning and

management system emerges formally in the

seventies as a natural result of the evolution of

the concept planning. Strategic planning is a

diagnostic tool, analysis, reflection and

collective decision making, about what to do

today and the way they should go in the future of

communities, organizations and institutions

(Mintzberg, 1993).

Classical planning policies

The Mexican government has acknowledged the

failure of classical economic planning policies,

characterized by the absence of articulated

strategies of management and conservation of

natural resources, ensuring environmental

sustainability. Such is the case of Wirikuta

Sacred Site. The term of Wirikuta is the name

that the Huichol or Wizarika region has given to

the sacred site located in the quadrant of the

Chihuahuan Desert in northern Potosi highland.

In June 2001, the Government of San Luis Potosi

declared that region as "Natural Sacred Site"

where there is explicit prohibition of actions that

promote the involvement of the water, soil and

47









vegetation of the site (Management Plan of the

Natural sacred Wirikuta, 2008). However, in

November 2011, the government granted 22

mining concessions to the company First

Majestic, which won 6,326 hectares including

70% of the surface of Wirikuta. This reflects the

ineffectiveness of protected natural areas even

though they have a management plan.

In the National Development Plan 2007-2012,

the Mexican State committed to make

environmental sustainability the center of public

policies and the sustainable human development

in the guiding principle of the National

Development Plan (NDP 2007 2012). The

national target 9 of Chapter Five of the National

Development Plan 2007-12 "Environmental

Sustainability" provides that it is essential to

identify and exploit the vocation and the

productive potential of the country through the

creation of preserved areas and adequate

territorial ecological planning, through

harmonious actiones with the environment, to

ensure sustainable use of natural resources

(National Development Plan 2007-2012)

In the state of San Luis Potosi, the Ministry of

Ecology and Environmental Management

(SEGAM by the Spanish nomenclature) has

incorporated as state policy the ecological

planning, in order to ensure sustainable

operation of the Potosi society through

conservation, restoration and rational use of

ecosystems that provide natural support base.

This great task will be performed by the

application of an instrument of environmental

policy established in federal and state laws on

the subject, called Ecological Ordinance.

In the state of San Luis Potosi, building a

framework for planning, will facilitate the

orientation of the efforts of the various orders of

government in the following actions: a) for the

protection of the priority areas (defined by

sustainability criteria) b) for the conservation

and restoration of ecosystems that produce

natural resources, c) to stop the environmental

crisis, d) to identify the various territorial

vocations for each region, and e) to tie the goals

of environmental preservation and the economic

and social development, which will regulate the

sustainable use of resources, by controlling the

different land uses and production activities

according to the different vocations and skills of

each landscape, maximizing the consensus and

minimizing conflict in the Company (Ecological

Management, 2006).

53



ISSN-On line:2395-860X

UTSOE® All rights reserved. ARRIAGA-NORMA, RAMOS-ANTONIETA, REYES-CESAR, GARNICA-

JUAN. Factores de consolidación para MIPYMES en el estado de Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.

Methodology

In this research a qualitative method of data

collection (surveys, interviews) was used for the

purpose of exploring social relations and

describe reality as experienced by those involved

in the object of study (Reserva de la Biosfera

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa). Qualitative research

requires an understanding of human behavior

and the reasons that governs it, based on small

samples and small population groups (Curcio

Barrera, 2005).

The focus of this investigation public

administration is about the planning and

sustainability for the protection of conservation

within protected areas. Figure 2, shows the

stages of qualitative methodology that was

followed for this project

Figure 2.Stages of qualitative methodology to

analyze the current situation of the Sierra del

Abra Tanchipa.

With the aim of selecting a sample for

conducting surveys and interviews, we worked

with the Ejido El Abra and Laguna del Mante

Ciudad Valles, SLP, as these communities are

the closest to the Biosphere Reserve Sierra de

Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT). The number of

inhabitants of these localities was consulted on

the statistical data on population and housing

census of INEGI, 2010. The number of people

surveyed was obtained from this data.The

sample size was determined using the statistical

formula of standardized normal distribution

(Beenson Lenine, 2003):

Where,

Z = Confidence level

N = Universe

P = Probability for

q = Probability against

e = estimation error

n = sample size

Substituting the values of the number of

inhabitants (1250 inhabitants) from the ejido El

Abra, Cd Valles, we get the following:

n = (1.96) 2 (0.5) (0.5) (1250) = 294 respondents

Inhabitants (1250) (0.05) 2+ (1.96) 2 (.5) (. 5)

According to the equation, you must apply 294

surveys in the Ejido El Abra de Cd Valles. The

same equation was applied to calculate the

number of surveys to be applied in the Laguna

del Mante, Cd Valles, SLP, taking a number of

4500 inhabitants.

Feasibility, integration and significance

analysis

As instruments of this study, oral and written

communication, concept mapping and surveys

we were used. For the analysis of the viability of

the selected object conservation, key attributes

Z2pqN n =

Ne2 + Z2pq

Limitatio

ns of the

study

area

Viability,

integration and

significance

analysis

Analysis of

threats and opportuniti

es

Analysis of

actors and

situations Strategies Measuring success

Selección

of conservatio

n objects.

53






were considered, including ecological processes

that must be maintained to ensure the integrity

and health (viability) of objects in the long term,

and the problems that could impede conservation

site lasting

Analysis of actors and situations

Actor assessments were performed during the

development of strategies to derive effective

actions for the conservation strategies with

highest priority The situation analysis aims to

help develop conservation strategies more

robust, help to articulate and test the logic of our

thinking, evaluate the strategic importance of

factors that cause threats (eg Root causes) or

which affect the ecological attributes, identifies

key players. It is important to probe

opportunities not only causes, we can do it

through conceptual maps, some experts prefer

diagrams with arrows, and others prefer critical

questions

Results

Analysis of the degree of conservation from

the environmental and social approach of

RBSAT

Field visits to the surrounding municipalities of

the RBSAT and research cabinet in the main

municipal and state management agencies of the

RBSAT both the state capital as Cd. Valles and

the municipality of Tamuin SLP, allowed a

knowledge of environmental and social issues on

how the population perceives the importance of

the Biosphere Reserve Sierra del Abra. The

Environmental analysis indicated that 100% of

the respondents know the RBSAT, 90% know

the existence of plants with medicinal properties

within the area, 100% said they have never

hunted animals in the reserve or have plundered

plants, but 10% said that they have heard

isolated cases of looting of plants in the RBSAT

. Finally, 98% of people said the RBSAT

provides environmental services on and all

regulation services (climate regulation, disease

control, regulation of the water cycle and water

purification) cultural (aesthetic, inspiration,

education and cultural heritage).

As for the social aspect, the residents indicated

that 60% of respondents, the RBSAT has a

cultural value, and although 100% are aware of

the existence of the RBSAT, only 10% know the

decree of the RBSAT, 17% know some

regulation governing the management of the

reserve and 88% receives training on the

management of the RBSAT Finally, when we

mentioned the possibility of creating a

conservation program with guards, 72%

indicated they would be interested in being

vigilant of the RBSAT

Analysis of actors and situations

The results of the analysis of actors and

situations, as well as strategies to improve

programs of conservation of protected natural

areas, is presented in Figure 3

Limiting

the study area:

Laguna

del Mante

Commu

nity near to the

RBSAT

Feasibilit

y analysis

of the conservat

ion

program of the

RBSAT

Analysis

of threats and

opportun

ities, setting

goals

Analysis of

actors and

situations: land hold

commissary,

common committee

members,

Members of the environmental

committee,

environmental trainers

Housewives

Strategies: Promote

community

participation, community

organization

Measurin

g the

success of the

program

for the preservati

on of

conservati

on

Surveys

for the

selection of

conserva

tion

objects

53






Figure 3. Analysis of actors and situations in

the Reserva de la Biosfera Sierra del Abra

Tanchipa

Analysis of public administration for the

conservation of RBSAT

In this research we found that there are plans to

create a management plan for the conservation

of the RBSAT, but is not yet operating, since

there are no programs for reproduction of

biological species, or a regulation that moderates

the proper operation of the area and lifeguards in

the area with a log of observations and views.

It will be difficult to develop a program if they

have not previously removed obstacles, and this

is only possible with an initial diagnostic

assessment of the context of implementation. In

addition, this initial assessment behaves and also

enables the accommodation of the program to

the situation itself, the characteristics of the

target group to own resources, physical and

psychosocial characteristics of the institution,

etc., since it is not always susceptible to develop

a program according to specific conditions and

variables that were taken into account in their

planning. Contextualization of it is a task of

paramount importance in order to respond to

those demands and conditions of the context

where it is to be implemented.

Finally, the measure of success should be

evaluated once having established regulations

results on the established regulations or on the

program. The program results will be obtained

once completed this. For this investigation, we

are only analyzing the current situation of the

RBSAT conservation, planning and proposing

strategies for the conservation of the area

Analysis of potential areas of intervention and

proposals for conservation of the RBSAT

The decision of the areas of intervention is a

difficult process to define because it involves

many factors and interests. The main areas for

intervention are those that have some degree of

involvement or natural modifications, especially

those areas that present the greatest RBSAT

settlements or that arefound next to farmland.To

do this, the degree and type of involvement,

reduction of natural resources have to be

considered, the benefit for the population, the

rehabilitation of areas requiring reforestation. To

achieve this, there must be participation of all

major actors and they must do a very hard work

in raising awareness to the villagers

The information obtained from field visits to Cd

Valles (Ejido El Abra and Laguna del Mante)

and Tamuín, SLP, and the interviews,

determined the potential topics to intervene. The

results indicate that the main problems

encountered in the area are of environmental

type (looting of flora and fauna), social problems

(lack of organization for the administration of

the area), ineffectiveness of the Management

Plan of the RBSAT, no protection targets, a lack

of economic incentives to perform community

service for the benefit of the reservation,

dissemination of information and the lack of

training of the people on priority issues RBSAT.

Although there are other priority issues to define,

it was noted that organizational systems are the

standard for achieving conservation and the

proper functioning of the reserve, mainly the

organized labor from surrounding communities

can set the future course of the RBSAT

To achieve the functioning of the rules that

regulate the conservation targets within the

RBSAT we need to involve all actors and

everyone that is interested in the subject. No

actor has its own policies, economic and

administrative measures to carry out the

comprehensive management of natural and

cultural resources of the reserve capacities,

techniques. For this, besides the participation of

all actors, it is necessary to ensure the

participation and commitment of key actors,

from community leaders, scientists and

politicians in the conservation area, as in

maintaining attitudes of cooperation, inter-

institutional arrangements between civil

53






associations, academic institutions, local

institutions and municipalities surrounding the

RBSAT.

Planning proposalsof the RBSAT in benefit of

the surrounding communities

Proposals for planning conservation targets in

RBSAT should consider appropriate legislation

and policies of the NPAs, plans for the systems,

the design of individual areas and plans for

administration. In individual areas it can be

considered the design in relation to the integrity

and status of resources. At the level of systems,

the problems of representativeness and

ecological connectivity will be particularly

important; the planning approach of individual

RBSAT will be on its shape, size, location,

management objectives and administrative

programs.

The evaluations of the systems management

plans should consider, for example, if ANP

systems consider certain types of landscapes and

if they have the representation they deserve; and

assessments of the sites should consider

questions like; for example, if the size of the

ANP is enough to make viable the conservation

of biodiversity in the long term, enough to

provide other environmental goods and services

(PROARCA / APM, 2006).

Conclusions

This research presented a qualitative analysis of

the current state of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra

del Abra Tanchipa and the importance of some

tools of public administration in the conservation

of this protected area. This research analyzes the

current situation of the Biosphere Reserve Sierra

de Abra Tanchipa (RBSAT), which has a social

impact based on social and environmental

criteria and procedures of participatory planning.

Field observations allowed to know the current

management of economic activities and land

uses, identifying the most vulnerable areas and

functional importance.

Planning is the first step in the administrative

process by which the problem is defined, past

experiences are analyzed and outlined plans and

programsare defined. Planning the principles is

very important to apply each of the elements that

comforms it. A principle is a proposition that is

formulated to serve as a guide to action. In the

field study, several important points were

observed in the investigation, as irregularities by

federal agencies in the delivery of environmental

culture, problems in crops and livestock

communals and also a successful integration by

part of common committees and civil society

was observed.

In this aspect it was found that the conservation

of ANP is linked to a planning process of current

change or development,because to achieve this,

it is necesary the interdisciplinary joint for the

development of plans and programs, together

with rules, regulations to prevent clandestine

looting. However this system is enough to

protect the environment for the ANP.

Acknowledgements

This project was carried out with part of the

financing of the 2015 Research Founding

Support (FAI) from UASLP

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Puig, E. “Vegetación de la Huasteca Potosina

(México)”, Institut Francais de Recherche

Scientifique pour le develppement en

Coperation (ORSTOM) e Instituto de Ecología

de México, (1991).

Rzedowski, J. “La vegetación de México”,

Editorial Limusa S.A., pp 432, (1978).

Sánchez-Ramos, G. L.; HERNÁNDEZ, S. A.;

MORA, O. J.; VARGAS-CONTRERAS M.;

LARA, V. C.; ZAMORA, T. A.; CARDONA, E.

Sierra del Abra-Tanchipa. Estudio de caso. En:

A. GÓMEZ-POMPA, R. DIRZO et al. (comps.).

“Proyecto de Evaluación de Áreas Naturales

Protegidas de México”, SEDESOL, México:

(1993).

Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, Gobierno del

Estado de Tamaulipas. “Plan de manejo integral

para el área protegida de la biosfera denominada

Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo. Tamaulipas

México”, (1994).

Uvalle, R. (2001) “Importancia de las políticas

públicas en el desarrollo complejo de la sociedad

contemporánea” en Venezolana de Gerencia,

Año 6 No. 14. Maracaibo: Editorial Astro Data.

Valades, Diego (2002). La no aplicación de las

Normas y el Estado de Derecho. Publicado en

Boletín Mexicano de Derecho Comparado,

nueva serie, año XXXV, núm. 103 enero-abril de

2002: 01- 80 pp.

Vargas Mergold, A.V. (2010) La reserva de la

biosfera Sierra del Abra Tanchipa: Las Áreas

Naturales Protegidas de lo Internacional a lo

Local. Tesis de Maestría en Ciencias

Ambientales, UASLP, San Luis potosí, S.L.P,

México.

Vignolo, Orlando (2011). Los espectros de la

globalización. Buenos Aires: Instituto de

Investigaciones Jurídicas, Boletín Mexicano de

Derecho Comparado, no. 131, 78 3 - 13pp.

http://www.nature.org/ consultado el 12 de

septiembre de 2011 Guía de The Natura

Conservancy Protectin nature – preserving life

2010 para la conservación de objetos de Áreas

Naturales Protegidas.

Conabio (1998). La diversidad biológica de

México: Estudio de País. Comisión Nacional

para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad.

México. Versión preliminar.

INE. (2007). Documento de la descripción de la

RBSAT.

http://www2.ine.gob.mx/publicaciones/libros/2/

abratan.html

INEGI. Anuario Estadístico del clima del Estado

de San Luis Potosí (2010). Panorama

Sociodemográfico.

53






LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato.

ARRIAGA, Norma†, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar and GARNICA, Juan

SABES

Received January 13, 2015; Accepted March 20, 2015

This study of empirical application, presents the preliminary advance of the analysis that one tries to

realize to owners of mike, small and medium companies, with the intention of compiling his experiences

by means of the validation of an instrument, to determine the factors of consolidation for the

micro,small,and medium companies (MIPYMES as defined in Spanish) and to offer recommendations

for every factor that tools allow to the leaders of these companies to have for a management directed to

his constant development, as well as the permanency on the market, not alone place. The intention is a

direct approximation with owners of this type of companies to gather from them the factors in those who

have had favorable results, to complement with the existing theory and to offer a range of factors that it

could apply the leaders of the companies independently of his economic branch or I turn.

MIPYMES Consolidation Management Development

Citation: ARRIAGA, Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar and GARNICA, Juan. LGAC. Management and

development of MSMEs in the state of Guanajuato. Online research: Factors of consolidation for MSMEs in the state of

Guanajuato. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-3:192-201


___________________________________________________________________________________________________



©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.m

mailto:[email protected]

53






Introduction

One of the most important and rewarding

activities for people is to initiate their own

company and become successful on it. Besides

their initiative, the owners need to have the

capacity to confront the arised problems on

managing the company towards consolidation,

since they enter the lifecycle when conceived by

their owners (Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010).

Figure 1: Lifecycle of the companies. Source: Espinosa

and Arroyo (2010).

Figure 1 shows a normal lifecycle inside a

company as a curve with four contiguous phases.

The lifecycle is the basic driving force, making

important the comprehension of the

development of a company, being this the one

that increments the value of the owners when

they are positioned in the growing phase into the

lifecycle; 16 out of 420 economic units don´t

know in which stage of the cycle they are

involved (Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010).

In Mexico, for every 200 companies starting

activities, only 20% accomplish two years of

existence, while the rest can´t manage to be

maintained in operation, for instance, in the

Celaya case on Figures 2 and 3, the number of

companies in the growing phase and how they

decrease in the development phase is

shown.(Espinosa and Arroyo, 2010).

Figure 2: Lifecycle of companies in Celaya in the

growing phase. Source: Espinosa and Arroyo (2010).

Figure 3: Lifecycle in companies in Celaya in the

development or maturity phase o madurez. Source:

Espinosa and Arroyo (2010).

From the 420 companies in the initial phase,

only 119 keep growing to the next phase. This

information includes the positive peculiarity that

development implies growing from a micro to a

small company, and therefore the owner

confronts new problems (Espinosa and Arroyo,

2010).

Given the actual changing turbulences where

products and services must change rapidly, as

observed by Espinosa and Arroyo (2010), the

added value our study intends to offer to the

company owners is the diverse factors and base

activities that must be carried on in order to

achieve development and consequently a long

lifecycle.

One indicator for company growing is

consolidation (Fernández, 2001).

TICServ

Text Box

Startup

TICServ

Text Box

Growth

TICServ

Text Box

Maturity

TICServ

Text Box

Descent

TICServ

Text Box

Growing percentage

TICServ

Text Box

100

TICServ

Text Box

43

TICServ

Text Box

Growing percentage

TICServ

Text Box

Surveyed companies

TICServ

Text Box

% in development

TICServ

Text Box

100

TICServ

Text Box

30

TICServ

Text Box

Surveyed companies

54






For Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (2011)

consolidated entrepeneurs are owner managers

with enterprise activities established for more

than 42 months (Álvarez-Herranz, Valencia de

Lara and Martínez-Ruíz, 2011). The manager

is that person that channels the productive effort

of a company or organization, this is why is

convenient to remark management training as a

main element inside a company (Quero, 2008).

Carrasco (2004) stablishes the management

training as a critical success factor to evaluate

internal and external variables of the company in

order to take efficient and effective competitive

advantages over the actors of another companies

(Quero, 2008).

The competitive strategy is a key development

factor for any big or small organization for

maintaning long-term success in the market

(Quero, 2008).

Competitivity goes beyond productivity,

representing a process centered on generating

and strengthening the productivity and

organizational capacities to confront

successfully the environmental changes,

transforming the comparative advantages into

competitive ones, providing sustainability for

reaching high development levels (Quero, 2008)

From the above approach, competitivity is

related with cost indicators, attractive pricing,

amount, offering quality products and services,

timely delivery, presence in the market,

flexibility and adaptability to changes, breking

paradigms, capacity for satisfying the

environmental needs, keeping permanent

interchange with the environment, capcity for

developing and locate adequately all available

resources, structure, organize and redesign the

companies and feedback the strategies (Quero,

2008).

The new path that our societies are incorporating

means a revalorization for new companies in the

production and services sectors, on this context:

“the appliciation of public policies oriented to

strenghten the little companies, acquires a new

meaning and a substantial scope, since those

companies face a certain possibility to become

the core of the productive mesh” (Añez, 2007).

It is necessary to mention that nowadays,

competitiveness is generally analyzed from two

interrelated scopes: the macroeconomic

corresponding to the nation and the

microeconomic corresponding to the company;

in both spheres the main concerns are: first,

identify the determinant factors for a favorable

competitive position and second, establish a

conducting strategy (Villarreal, 2012).

Figure 4: Dynamic process for achieving competitive

advantages. Source: Villarreal (2012).

Figure 4 shows a process towards competitive

advantage in the new context of global economy,

companies producing goods or services must

observe a proactive attitude by instrumenting

collaboration allowing the increment of value

creation in bussiness (Villarreal, 2012).

Acording to Zorrilla (2006), management

training is oriented to stablish very effective

strategies towards competitive improvement;

therefore, professionally capable people is

55






needed, mastering marketing techniques, quality

of services, new technology knowledge, among

others, in order to achieve success (Quero,

2008).

Carrasco (2004) infers management training as a

critical success factor to evaluate criteria and

internal and external variables of the company,

valuable for taking efficient and effective

decisions aiming to obtain competitive

advantages among the actors of other companies

(Quero, 2008).

Importance of planning is contained in the

phrase of Horacio Krell: “The one who fails

planning, is planning on fail” (Nuño de León,

2012).

Planning inside the company is an administrative

function allowing decision making to determine

what is needed, how, and when is to be achieved

(Nuño de León, 2012).

It is true that planning has evolved from a simple

function to a systemic, collaborative and

participative process seeking company success,

a process that combines human capital, methods,

tolos, machinery, financing,etc. all of them

needed for transforming information into

planning products facilitating decision-making


A fundamental element on planning is the

definition of a strategy, defined as an action plan,

a planification that takes into account every

possible option MIPYMES can face to (Nuño de

León, 2012).

Analogically, strategic planning is the process

setting the route to arrive safely to the desired

harbor, through mission, vission and objectives,

diagnosing internal and external environment in

order to determine and evaluate positive and

negative elements and the factors to be faced

externally for the company; permanently

visualizing future scenarios, clarifyng

successful factors, designing action strategies for

facing the threats and oportunities of the

environment, asigning resources analitically to

achieve the goals of the competitive organization


When the process of planning strategically and

achieving planned objectives is met every time,

analogically, it can be assured that the little

company can navigate in different seas and

climate conditions (Nuño de León, 2012).

The standardized statistics of CEPAL, an UNO

dependent organization, refer that on the first

year approximately 50% of PYME dissapear,

adding another 25% during the second year, and

before the fifth year another 15% vanishes,

surviving and maturing as little company only

the 10% out of the initial population (Nuño de

León, 2012).

Those numbers confirm that the main problem

resides during the birth of the little companies

towards their first anniversary; thus, is important

to clarify the causes, comprehend them and

structure strategies to support them, minimize,

eliminate or avoid them, achieving the objective

of growing, development and achieve maturity


The inherent weaknesses of the organization that

provoke its consequent failure are:

Planification problems

Inadequate planning for the absence of a

strategic and systematic vission

Absence of bussiness and development

planning before starting operations

Incapacity of transforming a previous

bussiness plan into an operation plan

Lack of moral personality or ignorance

of what it implies, those are the so-called

informal companies

Design of a deficient organizational

structure

Serious deficiencies for stablishing

strategies

56






Inexistance of alternative plans

Unrealistic definition of objectives and

expectations.

Lack of foresight

Absence of pre-investment and similar

studies (Nuño de León, 2012).

Management problems

Manager incompetence

Not enough experience in the field

Insufficient administrative experience

Incapacity for integrate a competitive

work team

Excessive investment on fixed assets

Deficiency on personal policies

Absence of policies for continuous

improvement

Lack of capacitation of the manager


Problems to control

Fraud

Inadequate handling of credit

Ignorance of the real financial status of

the company

Inecessary expenses

Serious mistakes on security

Poor inventory management

Serious flaws on internal controls

Deficiency on budget and management

control

Inadequate management on debts

Inadequate management on funds and

similar

Natural disaster (Nuño de León, 2012).

The low-budget company must be maintained

active, in a challenging environment every day,

with supporting strategies, human resources,

methods, techniques and processes; the main

challenges to be faced are:

The new globalization economy

provokes a high level of competency:

not only a competition with the neighbor,

but wtih the foreigner

The increasing level on market

complexity

Proliferation and development of new

technologies

Increassing pressure for productivity and

quality

Deficient help programs for PYMES,

almost inexistent financial investment

sources or risk capital. Some avalaible at

high prices

Excessive government controls and high

impositive payments

Abscence of integral industrial politics

Absence of legislation promoting private

investment in the industrial sector

Learn to decide which tool or

methodology is teh adequate for the little

company under management. Because of

this, it is important that before taking

decisions what is needed to know, what

for and why has to be known.

Resistence to change. Irrational change

resistance culture by the members of the

little organization, defined as the

expressed behavior in different rejection

levels, inhabilitating for assimilating

different realities. The change resistance

level is determined through two

parameters: degree or magnitude of

change, and its impact on the culture of

the organization. The bigger the impact

of change in culture, structure or

behavior, the bigger the resistence will

be.

Train professionals for making them able

to break organizational paradigms

capable of transform emergent and

trustable companies into competent ones.


57






The owner has the freedom for taking decisions

to protect, keep alive and make the company

grow; as well as the obligation to identify,

measure, avaluate and control different type of

risks the company is facing to, which are:

Property risks: handles the physical

appearance of the company.

Responsibility risks: driving the legal

aspect of the company

Personal risks: orienting the human

capital of the organization

Finantial and economic risks

Market risks (Nuño de León, 2012).

In order to develop an adequate risk

management, allowing for stablishing and

applying strategies to reduce or avoid costs,

including the following action phases:

Estimation of probability and evaluation

of the effects

Research and determination of risks

sources

Strategies planification and risk control

procedures (Nuño de León, 2012).

The poor participation of low-budget companies

on credits to private sector is a problem that ails

to all modern economies since many decades

ago. One of the main obstacles for participation

is the failure on the operation in credit markets.

This is escentially due to the insufficient

information in banks for evaluating possible

risks (Ferraro, Goldstein, Zuleta and Garrido,

2011).

The amount of channeled resources is influenced

by the predominant selection method of

beneficiaries. This depends, on one side, on the

available information, and on the other side, the

characteristics of entities operating in the market

(Ferraro et al, 2011).

Lack of information about projects on industry,

their sales, growth potential and inexistence or

insufficient transparency on accounting

balances, have proven difficult the measure of

uncollectible accounts from finantial entities

(Ferraro et al., 2011).

Aditionally, banks argument that they are

incurring on scale uneconomies in the credit

evaluations for PyMES, since it is all related

with numerous low budget operations. As a

result of information insufficiency and risks

attributed to these credits, finantial institutions

impose warranty covering in order to cover any

risks and elevate interest rates (Ferraro et al.,

2011).

PyMES, on the other hand, are having

enourmous difficulties to accomplish the entire

set of demanded requisites: firstly, introducing

technical deffects associated to the presentation

of loan applications to the credit institutions, like

project outline, design of a clear strategy and

capacity to reunite the necessary documentation.

Secondly, they face difficulties centered on lack

of enough guarantees, which constitutes one of

the most relevant impediments the companies

face to (Ferraro et al., 2011).

Summarizing, the limited utilization of financial

credit by PyMES is due to, mainly, insufficiency

of information and high risks attributed to

financing, which generates reluctance on bank

entities to grant loans; also, antoher important

reason is the elevated cost of financing, banks

requirements and insufficiency of guarantees to

companies (Ferraro et al., 2011).

Problems in markets operation constitute an

obstacle for economic growth within countries,

affecting mainly to little and medium size

companies, not only the ones in activity but also

to the start-ups. The importance of this issue

justifies the intervention of governments to

atenuate the detected failures in the markets and

potentialize the productive development using

this type of agents (Ferraro et al., 2011).

58






Segmentation in credit markets with a negative

discrimination toward pymes is a present

phenomenon in all region economies. However,

some differences among the countries are

observed in terms of the magnitude of the

problem and the causes that block the access to

financing smaller companies (Ferraro et al.,

2011).

On first instance, a new methodologic

clarification must be achieved. Comparison

among countries doesn´t allow to obtain

conslusive results, since there is no

homogeneous criteria to define micro, little and

medium companies. Even more, sometimes

inside a unique coutry a specific classification

can´t be defined (Ferraro et al., 2011).

Analyzing the causes for which PYMES aren´t

recurring to bank credit, the main reasons found

are high interest rates, lack of guarantees,

bureaucratic procedures and availability of local

resources. Such is the case of Brazil, Bolivia,

Costa Rica, Panama, El Salvador and Mexico.

Highe interest rates and guarantee insufficiency

are the main actors influencing on using

alternative sources to the bank credits for

financing pymes. In El Salvador and Mexico,

banks demand elevated coverage levels,

averaging between 150% and 200%,

respectively (Ferraro et al., 2011).

It is reiterated that those countries present a

reality caraterized by a low utilization grade of

banking resources by little companies. This can

be verified with the poor participation of these

firms in the credit stock to the private sector as

well as the wide financing utilization of their

own suppliers and resources, for both investment

and working (Ferraro et al., 2011).

The main reasons explaining low bank credit

applications are guarantee insufficency and high

interest rates, but it can be added that low

availability of resources and bureaucratic

procedures influence too on this behavior

(Ferraro et al., 2011).

Micro, little and medium companies conform the

core of national economy given the commercial

agreements Mexico had signed on recent years

and due to their high impact in employment

generation as well as national productivity.

According to information provided by the

National Institute of Geography ans Statistics,

there are 4 millions 15 thousand entrerprise units

in Mexico, from which 99.8% are PyMES

generating 52% of the gross domestic product

(PIB) and 72% of employment in the country

(PROMEXICO, 2014).

Given the importance of PyMES, it is mandatory

to develop actions toward improvement of the

economic environment and support companies

directly, with the purpose of create the necessary

conditions to contribute to initiate, grow and

consolidate those companies (PROMÉXICO,

2014).

Advantages of PYMES:

Important engine of development for the

country

High mobility, capacity to grow or decrease

the size of the plant, and change the

necessary technical process.

Given their dynamism, they have the

possibility of keep growing and become a

big company.

Absorb an important portion of the

economically active people, given their

great capacity to generate employment.

Assimilate and adapt new technologies

with relative ease.

They are established in many regions

within the country and contribute to local

and regional development given their

multiplier effects.

59






Evidence good administration, even though

in many cases it is influenced by the

owner´s personal opinion (PROMÉXICO,

2014).

Some of the disadvantages are:

Profits aren´t reinvested to improve

equipment and production techniques.

It is hard to hire qualified personnel

given that is not posible to pay

competitive salaries.

There are not enough production quality

control.

Training and updating personnel

expenses can´t be absorbed, and when

this is done, they face the problem of

desertion of trained employees.

Some problems derived of lack of

organization such as: insufficient sales,

competitive weakness, bad service, poor

customer service, high prices or bad

quality, excessive fixed assets, wrong

location, uncontrolled inventories, tax

problems and lack of adequate and

timely financing (PROMÉXICO, 2014).

To Mexico, PYMES are a fundamental link,

essential for the growth of the country. An

important number of micro, little and medium

companies, clearly more solid than many

countries around the world, must be developed

to strengthen the country, to help making it more

competitive attracting new investments and

increase the presence of mexican products inside

this (PROMÉXICO, 2014).

Espinosa concludes (2010) afirmando que:

90% of family companies have an

average life of five years.

Only 12.5% live more than 20 years.

In three generations a family goes from

poverty to weatlh and turns back to

poverty again.

All businesses mature on a term of 20 to

25 years.

Managing capabilities are

Management skills are developed until

the limit of the same 25 years.

After those stages, the Company has to

be renovated.

Problem: given the recurrence of statements

such as: PyMES are in a disadvantage facing big

corporations, which unables them for gaining

impulse, a development cycle and finally get

ahead to become a better competitor; this

research pretends to offer an useful tool to

change the percepction to MIPyMES and sow a

new and congruent vision to the economic

support, employment generation and national

acknowledgment to this sector. Espinosa (2010).

Table 1: Study variables. Source: own research.

Dependent

variable

Independent

variables

Dimensions

Consolidation Owners abillities Values and

philosophy

Individual

motivation

Adequate

training

Previous

experience

Leadership

Talent

Specialization

Deep knowledge

of the

organization and

their processes

Decision taking

High

commitment for

survival of the

company

Structural elements of

the company Long term

planning

Flexibility for

changing courses

of action

Flexibility to

respond and

satisfy

clients´needs

Capacity for

exploitation of

human resources

Innovation

capacity

60






Company

positioning in the

market

Introduction of

new products

Environment

characteristics Demand

Competence

Public assistance

Main hypothesis. MIPYMES located in the state

of Guanajuato cover 40% the structural

charactersitics.

Sections development and Sections of the

Article with subsequent numbering.

1. INTRODUCTION.

2. CHAPTER 1. Literature review

3. CHAPTER 2. Method

4. CHAPTER 3. Results Analysis

5. CHAPTER 4. Discussion

6. BLIBLIOGRAPHY

7. APPENDICES

Methodology to develop

The research started as descriptive, since

literature reveals there are theories defining

certain variables from this study, which can be

useful to base it (Hernández, Fernández y

Baptista, 2010).

This study is quantitative, descriptive and

transversal: a quantitative research design was

chosen for data recollection and processing,

allowing us to validate the research hypothesis

based on numerical measurement and a

descriptive statistical analysis to identify factors

of consolidation of MIPYMES (Hernández et

al., 2010).

It is transversal since data harvest will be

completed on a single moment and time. The

objective of this type of research as defined by

Hernández et al. (2010), is to describe variables

and analyze incidence and interrelation on a

given moment.

This empiric evidence research will gather

information provided by MIPYMES from the

state of Guanajuato.

Results. Research in process.

References

Álvarez-Herranz, A., Valencia de Lara, P. and

Martínez-Ruíz, M. (2011). Factors influencing

on entrepreneurial consolidation: evidence from

14 countries. Ingeniare. 19(2). Pp.233-239

Añez, C. (2007). Las pequeñas empresas en las

cadenas productivas: crecimiento o

dependencia. Revista Venezolana de Análisis de

Coyuntura. XIII (1). pp. 55-68

Espinosa, R. y Arroyo, B. (2010). Del

nacimiento al declive de las PyMES, el caso

Celaya, Guanajuato. Competitividad y Sociedad.

Recuperado de

http://www.concyteg.gob.mx/formulario/MT/M

T2010/MT7/SESION2/MT72_RESPINOZAM

_100.pdf

Fernández, J. (2001). Factores para consolidar

una empresa. Fundación Instituto Cameral

para la Creación y Desarrollo de la Empresa.

pp. 1-166

Ferraro, C., Goldstein, E., Zuleta, L. y Garrido,

C. (2011). Eliminando barreras. El

financiamiento a las PYMES en América Latina.

(1ª. Ed). Naciones Unidas Santiago de Chile.

CEPAL-AECID.

Hernández, R., Fernández, C. y Baptista, P

(2010). Metodología de la investigación

(5ª.Ed.) México, D.F., México: McGraw-Hill

Interamericana

Espinosa, R. (2010). Manual para la promoción

de las PYMES mexicanas: Elementos

administrativos y jurídicos a considerar en la

planeación integral de utilidades. Recuperado

61






en junio de 2015 desde:

http://www.eumed.net/libros-

gratis/2011e/1081/problemas.html

Nuño de León, P. (2012). Administración de

pequeñas empresas. (1ª Ed). México, D.F.: RED

TERCER MILENIO, S.C. ISBN 978-607-733-

095-0

PROMEXICO. PyMES, eslabón fundamental

para el crecimiento en México. (2014).

Recuperado de

http://www.promexico.gob.mx/negocios-

internacionales/pymes-eslabon-fundamental-

para-el-crecimiento-en-mexico.html

Quero, L. (2008). Competitives Stategies: a key

factor of Development. Negotium. 10 (4). Pp.

36-49

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Figure 1 Perception of Corruption in Italy

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UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science



DIAZ-BATALLA, Luis, PEREZ-VIVEROS, Denhy, AGUILAR-ARTEAGA, Karina,

HERNANDEZ-MARTINEZ, Victoriano

Universidad Politécnica Francisco I. Madero

The paradox of a fair play in a round-robin tournament (An experiment on teams

work behavior)

GARCÍA ZAMBRANO, José Antonio, GARCÍA, José, RAMOS ESCAMILLA, María

Instituto Politécnico Nacional-Superior



ARANDA GARCÍA, F., NÚÑEZ-PÉREZ, Francisco A.

Universidad de Guadalajara, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e

Ingenierías

Development of a Petit Robot Suitable For Building Robotic Systems

FERNÁNDEZ- Arnoldo, CUAN- Enrique, GARCÍA- Roxana, URQUIZO- Elisa

Instituto Tecnológico de Nuevo León

Public Administration in the conservation of a protected area: Biosphere Reserve

Sierra del Abra Tanchipa

MALDONADO MIRANDA-Juan José1, Carranza Alvarez Candy, Hernández

Morales Alejandro, Cappello García Hector Manuel

Unidad Académica Multidisciplinaria Zona Huasteca de la Universidad Autónoma

de San Luis Potosí

LGAC. Management and development of MIPYMES in the state of Guanajuato

ARRIAGA,Norma, RAMOS, Antonieta, REYES, Cesar, GARNICA, Juan

SABES

journal multidisciplinary soe ut · hidalguense by diaz-batalla luis, perez-viveros denhy,...

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