johannes lepiksaar introduction to osteology of fishes
TRANSCRIPT
Johannes Lepiksaar
INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOLOGY OF FISHES FOR PALEOZOOLOGISTS
Göteborg 1994
Johannes Lepiksaar
INTRODUCTION TO OSTEOLOGY OF FISHESFOR PALEO- AND ARCHAEOZOOLOGISTS
Drawings by Niina Lepiksaar
Göteborg 1994
Page CONTENTS
1-71 PART I : Introduction to osteology
of modern bony fishes (OSTEICHTHYES TELEOSTEI).
1 General orientation. above: major subdivisions
of fish skeleton. below: components of skull
parts of skeleton.
2-49 SKULL (cranium).
2-5 How to find loosely attached cranial elements (step by step
preparation).
6-10 Neurocranium.
6 Three-dimensional model (cut out and fold!)
7 General orientation.
Above: simplified dorsal view of neurocranium.
Below: two types of neurocranium according form of interorbital
septum.
8 Above: main components of neurocranium.
Below: skeletal elements (seen from left).
9 Primary (chondrogen) resp. secondary (desmogen) origin
and number of neurocranial skeletal elements.
10 Carp family (Cyprinidae): diagnostic value of fovea
cyprinolithi on ventral side of processus
pharyngicus ossis basioccipitalis.
11-49 Viscerocranium.
Page CONTENTS
11-29 Viscerocranial elements of mouth cavity (Cavum oris).
11 General orientation.
12-29 Idealized osteograms of skeletal elements (with all distinguable
parts concentrated to and named on a single simplified drawing)
followed by some selected concrete varieties.
30-38 Viscerocranial elements of hyoidal arch (Arcus hyoideus).
30 General orientation.
31-38 Idealized osteograms followed by some selected concrete
varieties.
39-47 Skeletal elements of gill cover (Operculum).
39 General orientation.
40-47 Idealized osteograms followed by some selected concrete
varieties.
48 Skeletal elements of branchial archs (Arcus branchiales).
49 Fifth keratobranchial bone (Ossa pharyngica inferiora) in carp
family, idealized osteogram.
50-71 Postcranial skeleton.
50-60 Skeleton of fish trunk.
50 General orientation: transversal section through the precaudal
part of fish trunk showing relative position of vertebral column,
ribs and intraseptal bony rods.
51-60 Vertebral column (Columna vertebralis)
51 General orientation. Above: main regional types of vertebrae -
idealized osteogram of vertebra praecaudalis resp. vertebra
caudalis. Below: Simplified osteogram of vertebral column
caudal end.
Page CONTENTS
52-57 Regio praecaudalis.
52 Two examples of sectional variation (venral view). /N.B. At
osteometrical comparison of isolated vertebrae only those of
the same section may be used!/.
53 Vertebra precaudalis 1. Some selected real examples.
54-55 Vertebrae praecaudales 2-n. Some selected real examples.
56a+b Carp family (Cyprinidae): Weberian apparatus (Apparatus weberi)
(a chain of small ossicles on both sides of somewhat modified
anterior vertebrae, connecting the air bladder with labyrinths of
the internal ears). Above: ventral and left side view of labyrinths,
weberian bones and air bladder. Below: Examples of autonomous
resp. fused vertebra 2 and 3 in selected cyprinid species
57 Occipital region of cyprinid neurocranium and weberian apparatus
in left side view.
58-60 Regio caudalis.
58-59 Vertebrae caudales (praeterminales). Some selected examples.
60 Vertebrae caudales terminales. Some selected real examples
(together with some elements of caudal fin).
60-71 Fins
60-61 Skeleton of unpaired fins.
60 Caudal fin.
61 Above: skeletal elements of dorsal fins (left: general orientation,
right: selected examples of free interneurals). Below: Os anale
(right: idealized osteogram, left: two examples of ossa analia of
flatfishes).
62-71 Skeleton of paired fins and their girdles.
62 Pectoral fin and its girdle.
63-68 Pectoral girdle: idealized osteograms followed by selected
concrete varieties.
69-71 Abdominal fins.
69 General orientation.
70-71 Basipterygium: idealized osteogram followed by selected concrete
varieties.
72-85 PART II: Addenda.
72-78 Addendum I: OSTEICHTHYES TELEOSTOMI (living and extinct)
– Idealized osteograms.
79-81 Addendum II: Sturgeon, Acipenser sturio (OSTEICHTHYES
ACTINOPTERYGII CHONDROSTEI). Selected parts of skeleton.
82 Addendum III: Structural types of fin rays.
83 Addendum IV: Exoskeletal hard parts. Above (2 rows): types of
bony scales and two selected examples of bony plates of
TELEOSTEI. Below: placoid scales and their derivates of
CHONDRICHTHYES and HOLOCEPHALI.
84 Addendum V: Calcareous hard parts of skeletal origin. Types of
calcicentra (calcifications within cartilaginal vertebral centra of
CHONDRICHTHYES). /Taphonomically calcicentra are quite
resistant and commonly found among subfossil remains of shark
and rays./
85 Addendum VI: calcareous hard parts of non-skeletal origin.
Statoliths (syn. otoliths) of internal ear labyrinths.
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1 I I
C 0 N f E H f S ( con t i nuec i )
POSICRA}TTAT SI^:EtEfOi'tr .
S}"EI,ETOI{ O}' FISH TRUlV}i,.
GEIIi]JRAL ORTENTATIO}I : TRAIf SVERSAT SECITON
TI.IROUG}I T}IE PREOJ\U.$AL PART OF FTSFI fRUi\C
S}IOIJYI}IG REI,ATIVE POSITION OI' VERTEBRAT
UOLUI{II\T,RItsS Ai$D INTRASEPTAI, I,OI\Y RODS .
co lumna ver tebra l is .
GEI\TERAI ORII|IIIAIION ,Above ; llrAlli REGIOI{AI
TYI'ES 0F VERTEBRAE IDEALI'IED OSTEOGR]TIVi OF
yerje!rp. prgscauda. l is gsjrp , v. caud.+f is i ie low:
SII[Pt]FfEir OSTEOGR;I]J 0F VERTEBRAT, COIUI'vTNS
CAUIIAL EI,ID .
resi o prae caud.a-i i-g .
T lTO E,IiAMPLES Otr' SECIIOi'rAt VifrI*rTlOlf ( ventral
v iew) . , / I ' I .8 . At os teonnet r ic . i l co inpar j -son
o f i so la ted . ve r teb rae on l y those o f t he same
sect iom may be used. : / .
yertebra_ prae-gaud.gL1ig I : SOll iE SEI,EUIED
RE..,l fl)[AiliPT,Es .
i ref telrae plaec.aud.,*1gs I I n :
SOI'TB SETEC'TED REAI EXAilIPLES .
CARP !'l\ivlILY ( C:rrlri3i clee ) : vVEBERIAN
i\PPARAIUS (a chr i ln of smal l ossic les ot1
both s id .es o f somewnat rnod. l f '1ed. eu: ter ior
vert a ' ; - t&e,.Connect ing the AIR-BI iLDDER lv i th
LAB-yE,INtliS of thr TNTERi,IAL ErrRS ) .
rsgi o caudali.s .
ve l te l rae caugui les ( praeterming l , s ) ,SOIYIE SEIEOTED REAL EXAIVIPLES.
yertebrae caud.ales ter in inales .
SOME SETBCTED REAL EXAIf3IES ( together vylth
some e lemen ts o f ' cauda l f i n ) .
liP:,,' g CLr}{th}Tlj ( coatinuect )
60--71 r'rhs .60*61 Slieleton or Uapt"iret i I i ins.
50 uaudal Fin.
6f ovan l skeleta1 Elenrents of' llorsa]. !'ins ( Le f t : Ger.ierl:-I
Orieata t lon.n j . .s rh t : Se lec te i l E :caunplcs o f I ree ln ter i ;oura ls r
belsH/ ; 0p U'f_q].,p {night :Icieelirecr Osteop,l3'ci l l .L€ft :T'*'ro
ir>:araple s of osejr ,ag"ili3. of, b'1r*tflsii.es .
62-7L Skeleton ot ' Pu.ired l ' i i ls and their t l i i i i { i6s.
6e Pectoral I ' ln airA i ts Girdle
62 General Orientat ion.
63-69 Pectoral Girclle: Id.ealj.zed Osteograms Follor,veci bySe lec tec i Uoncre te Ve. r ie t ies .
oy- {r ADd om].nar .!'}n3 .
69 General Orientat ior,.
TA r?r.. Sqsipterygiun : idealizerj Oeteo6pam .l ollowed by
Se lec ted 0oncre te Var ie t ies .
72-85 PARf I I :Addenda .
72-78 A d d e n d. u m I r oSIl,IcHtHYl,li TELSOSTOMI (living
and extinet ) - ld.eal ized Osteogrems.
79-81 A d d e n d um fI: Sturseon,{gi49g:gt_gjgl ig
{ 0$181!}HTHYUS ACII$OPIERYGII CFl0}irRO$'rtI ) .Sel"eetedlarts of skbleton
"B2 A C d e n { i um lf f : Structurerl typee of
' tr ' in- j iays.
B3 Addendun IV : Exos :e le ta l Hard par ts . , l bove
(2 rowe): Types of Sony Scales s,- ld two Selectod
irxa,npJ-es of Sony Plates of tEIi[OSlEI . Aeloriei" '
Placold Scales and tireir' Derivatee of 0tto$ORfcilttcl{tliyEs rB4 Caloareous liard Barts of Skeletal Originrl ty84 Ad d e n d um V : CaLcareous i i ard fr:r ts of Skeletal
0ri6"in, Oypes of Calcieentra {, ,alci f icat lons withinearti}oginal vertebral centrua of CiiotiDnICHtHfSS;
'
/taphonornl-ca1Ly ere calcleentra quite rsiet6ni dnd comnonly Jaaong eubfoEsiL remains of $harks and ltays/.
8, A d d e n d u m VI : Calce$eous Hard'Pi*t i of 't{ot*Skeleta} Origin .statolitits ( gS&- Otolitfrs ) of'Interrral Ears Lahyrinths .
I
'IEI,ESSgET
Cranium . '
Zonosce le tun
Rad ial Ia r
SS_eleturn axlaleICostae,
IIII
s cEtETUl'l ( = sKEtEroN )
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II
III
I-+
\Pterygiophor i
1 \1 \
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ia caudal ls/
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//
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Arcus hyoideus
ri
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O
oOculus
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i '
PREPARATIO$ II.
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s uperlotr:
man-
XPalatoquadratum
II
I
IL_-- - - - -
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#2- j
Perca f luv ia t i l i -s
Supracle i thra le
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Pos tc l e i thra led o rsa le
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Pinna
d orsal- e
pe c tora l is
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Tr-Z onos ce le tum
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I
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S capula
I
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Rad iali-af \
\ l lr l
l \o rma la tera l is
TI Pinna ventrali-s 3
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N .do rsa l i s
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t Epi- , kerato-& hypohyalla
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PREPARATTON Ig.
Stylobyale
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TTT
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bularet lcun
wUrohyale
raLEOSrErSEUROqRANTUH
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3. lacr lmale4,, ..1ugale5 . Pos to rb i t a le
A. IECTUM (ectos tea l ) -
1. Mesethmoideum ?. Bctethrnoideum
Pars orblto-sphenoidal is
3 . Orbi tosphenoideum 4. Basisphenoj-deum5. l terosphenoldeum a Al lsphenoideum
+/ --.g-
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8_ars occip l ta l is
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Pra evofiietr= Vorner
auc t .
Ilaras phre -no id. eun'l
L3, SupraoccipS-ta l -e.
fEtE$ssgr
0rbi ta
Processus p te ro t i cus
Proeessus epiot icus z
FSIIROCNTHIUU(Or' lentat ion)
Processus praeorbl ta l is
Septun lnterorbi ta le
Processus pos torb i ta l i s( P. sphenotieug )
Cr is ta sagl t ta l is
.\
TEUROCRANlU}I(Septun interorbi -
ta leJ
Capsula slf acto:r las . e thno lda l i s
Orbita
Capsula audlt lvas . o t l ca
(
Capsular ia s .11s
o l fac toe thmo id a
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!i eptunerorb l ta l
Cavum. . - -cran1].
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TETE*S TAI
& . Capsu la o l - fac to r iab . Capsu la op t ica-
(0 rb i ta )c . Capsu la aud i t l va
s . o t i - cd. . Capsula cerebral is
Oral
ta le
Z onos c e letumanterius
0ssa capsu lae
Ossa capsu lae
Ossa capsu lae
NEUROCRAN]U}I
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ethmoid eum --(1
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t lphenoid eum --l j
Pro o ti cum- - -l]
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I
n
uHr,fu trEE
Ossa endostea les
Ossa ec tos tea les
Ossa nlxta
Bas 1oc c ip i ta le - -CfJ - -Ergcclp l ta lc \ ,2 ) - - ! r - -
Supraocc ip l ta le ( f ) - - - - - - - - - - - -(Autosupraoeclp l ta le +Dernosupraoecip i ta le I .Extras cipulare- nedial e )
s-
SETIROCSANIUIIT
N . l a te ra l l s s i n .
v a
S .
cno nd.rogena
d"ermogetra =
{
t
d.esmogena auct .
OEaI
Tentral DoEsal
Meeethnoialeur (f) A- t\
:ll*3ii:f i *'*--t'i-A lf-----*""rc (i)p:eacrona:r tr-zt----l- | hiifij?:\---ii-----net'ethnol.leus (Parethnolam
.ro,"o """i.l N ffi ll +prartrrourarc)
Il$ffi {f_::::lXHIi:TIli""" ,'-", llasrspheaoi.""'-t,l-{1-W;
ff-----rt""ospheaoideun 12) l
Pa:ras pheno lu"""--c) 1 | Zi'il- l - - - - * n*no tlcur (rutos pbeao tJ.eun
p,rootrcu' r,zr-------lJ#dili;il U -?HlHi:?i"tli"' ".'post-
-a
ffit:]EI
Qprs'rotlcua e" llw-.1-..$ff1-:-:----: --. --,^+l:Hh?i:i:li3rili$*i::t ? ra _a -_11_ , ;tH _::- :ii*;ti:affi [; ;]" ", "", *Dermopt€roticum I o Supratem-porale+Inter tenporale) tZ)--Epiot leum
(Auteplot lcum. + Derm-eplotlcusr I r t[abu]"are tg - Ertra-scapular€ laterale) tA)
-- - - - -Post tenporale,
tSca le bone '( t l n t e r ca la re t , ' sup ra tempora le t auc t . , t l l abu la r c t auc t . ) (Z -a * )
Aboral
11 '',/T,T) T1\TTT\ i 1i -,i J - i I i i . i - i \ J . * . / f l l . i
"F::-c,{ :e$sL1s phe-ry 'ngicus css is bas j "occ ip " l t a j_ i s
Fovea cypr inoL l th l
- - 'Fovea
150 mm
Phoxlnus
Carassius Alburnue
S c ar dlnlu s
Ru t1lus T lnca
Chondro s toma
) ' (
T,
)
)
Fovea
Cyprlnus
Barbus
Leuc lscusI eu c1s cus
i
I
Leuc lscus-Ldu6
t
, t l
| \ / II ' Il , t r ' l
t t ^ / \ |I a , ^ , I
, ' Il , - - \ \ t
I
811 c caEI@na
i;ie,rAir
il"i .'\\..)/ i ,,
t " \.c\
Abranls brama
l - .2 .) .4,5.5 .7, .g .
rsrEss8sr4utopalatinun + DermopalatlnunEntopterygo ldeunEc to pterygold eua!,1e tapterygo l d.eun
n-Is cERocRtsI Invt
S US PET.9ORIUII{
Quadratum + QuadratojugaletArt icu lare ' (Autar t lcu lare'Angulare t
_ (Dermart l culare )'Den ta le ' (Den ta le + Sp len ia le s .Dentale + Inf: iad.eatale )
(+
r. Proc, praeopercularls )Angular e -S upraaugular e )
11. Hyomand.lbu-
PAr,aroeuADnaruu lare(1 ' )
( 11 ,12 )- \ \
\ \ \\
\I1
,/r', ' ft
,t ,,
/
},IAH}IBUI,A.TT -E I
9. Praemarl l lare10. MaxlllarelF a_., Supramarlllane tl-Z )11. IiyonindibulareLZ. Synplecticum
Osga endostea les
Praen6xillare
p1atrl11ar.d
10 &, Sup: ra - . - 'maxlllare
i . 15' ' ! - - '- \
- - - - e -' 12 . Symplcc t icum
"t-- Aagulare i
i0PERCULARIA
]-7. Fraeopereula:s,e,14. Operculanc15. Interoperculare16. Subopeiculara
ffi[f
&. Dentale
Oe sa c.etos teales
f,E.LEOSTEI
./
&idrgo synnphYs icus
OS PRAil,ilt)i1r-LARE s in.
Jd. la tera l is
T .Processus an ter io r '
n( . r
1 .
\\
Pro c e: \tsas cenoenR
1'-g_.
-/.-
Processus ar t icu lar is
Ivlargo d.orsal is,
\- - * 4 . l r o c e g s u s s .\ f l z . i o * a n n q t r
)
)
\ \ // ' t /
if" i*it;{
I
Il l
l 1]-2.
L4, . /Dentes se i f o rmesI0 . Den tes
formes
l l . Den tes\r
eanin i formeq /
\ l . r 'Dent es molari f o-rnies
Dentes con i fo rmes "
/./
./
g. Margo vent ra l i s , '
5 . Corpus
.r':.-*- "
1 ; ..,t- $l
Cof,eronue €.p. ( Corego{r ldae )
TEIEOSTEI
Olupee harengug (Clueeldae )
PRAEMAXILLARE B1a.
H. Latera11s
C$11oaygue lyra ( CalLlonyul dae )
Gadus norhua ( G a d l d a e )
Perca f Iuv1at11ls (Perc tdae )
Sal-ruo aalar (Salmonldae )
Thynallus thynallus (Thymal} ldae)
Esox Iuc1us ( Eeocl-dae )
AbranLe brana (Cyprlnl dae )
I EI.[,OS TEI
l-. Caput mari l lare
7 . Cr is ta a r t ieu la r is\
os
N.
MAXIII,ARE s ln.
la tera l is
5. Procesgnsint errru.s
\ \
g. srfrcusprae-maxil la
-10.- Su]- cuspalat,inl.
11. Cr is ta maxi l lar is'I
proeessus
4. Pars caud.al is
2 . Co l lumnaxil la:ce,
)
)
(
,(
r l s , ' 8 . tuberos i tasext ern i/
5. ? rocessusext ernus
'r{ {r r " ,
IEIEOSfEI
Coregonue ap. ( C,oTegoaSdae )
Saluo salar (salmonldae )
HAXILTARE Fta,
l{. latera}ts
Cltrpea harengue (Fie-pef,a*; I
teuslecus ldus ( Cyprlnldae )
Perca fluvlatll:Le (percldie )
Gadue norhua (eFFl.dae )
lh{Fa11ue thyualluq (Thlsailldae)
EEox luclue ( Eeo cJ-dae )
>- \'----#
Aqgul-lla angu11la (@)
f E"LEOS'rEI
Processusmaxillaris
2.. Pars anterior
6a . Fossa ar t ieu l -a r is
1at era l is
7. Ma:ego & Fac-j-e,s j-nf eriar - -
media l ls
OS PS.IATINUIVI g l_n .
Tuberculum art iculareethmo idale
trJ '
4,. Pars hypoptery-' go j"d.ea
)
)
(
/'t
l . Corpus
i .-\
TEIEOSTEI
/L
r
PALATrIIUU sln.!{, lat eraLte
C1u p ea har engqe ( Cl.u pel da e )
Colegglnu,e 93. (Coregonldae)
SalIlo ealar f LqalEc:t.r de-= \
Thrmallue ( Thynalll dae )
Esox luclue (Esocldqe)
Abranlg brang (Cyprlnldae )
Gadqg uorhua (Gadtdae)
Perca fluvlatl l le (percldae)
NEIEOS TEI
f . ivlargo superior
/
g. Sulcus entJpterygoidal is/ - - .
ECIO]TER.YGOIDEUM -q in.
l-at eral- i"s
'1, . Angulus d orsal is
Sulcus quadxati
3". I{argo pos terior
8. Angulus inf er'ior
OS
Itr..
I\t
\
)
6') Pars Be -AnguJ-usant erl o:r
- t t
'5: c"tJ
\.tI
\
(- - )
4. crus "rrtlirr"
', poster iug s .quad.rat i - : -
\ -\ /- \ - /\
2. Ivlaigo inf etriotr --
I
L . l "
NEI,EOSTEI ffiIOPTERYGOIDEUH Btn.
l f . lateraHg
H-
Clupea barengus (Clueeldae)
\
--e\--Coregonus g!. (Core8o4lga-e )
Salno saLrr (Salqonldae )
Eeor luctue ( Eso cl dae )
Gadue norhua (Gadldae )
Perca fluvlatl l ls (Percl dae )
TEIEO$fEI
3 , la rs an ter iogs . pa la t i n l /
B. Sulcus - -marglnal is
CIS ENTOPTERYGOIIEUM s i-n.
N. Iatera l is4. Ivlargo superio"..
/5 . Pars pos te r io rs . metaptery -
go ida l i s
)
)
5. Margo j_nf eruor_s . ec top te rygo ida l i s /
7 ! Cos ta marginal is (
/
N. med ia l ls4.
5 .
7./1 a
6.
- f l f ,
SEI,EOSTEI
Sqlno rqler (sa1ro41da9 )
Egox luclus (nsocldae)
B[f0PTERYO0IDEtlM E1n.
N. la tera l1s
fIt
fhynalluE thyuallua
(Tbrrnallldae )
Clupea 4arengus (Clupe idae )
.Coregonus gp. (Coreggnl 4ae )
Gadus rorbua (Gadlaae)
Perca f1uv1at1I le ( Percldae )
I.l
Abranls braoe (C:rerlaldE)
fEIEOS IEI
6. lamlna internaI
Sulcus muscularisI
OS I{EIAPTERYGOIDEUM sin.
N. lat .eral- is
'1,. lamina externaI
Ivlargo pos terior's. hyomandibular is
B.
4\
i\
(
)
\)
3.S .
lviargo anterlor'p te rygo ida l1s
III
IIII
5. lv targo in f er io r s .
II
quad rat i
N. med, ial is
4. Z, Fac i esmed ia l i s
trj c
I!tsI,EOSTEI
Salno Ealar
(Salnonldae )
Thysallus t
(TLvlea11ldae )
Esog luclus
IiETAPfEnYgOIDEIJM Eln.
X. lateral le
Cllrpea harengrle ( C]upeldae )
Coregonus gI. (Coregonldae)
\
-?\ \\ '
Oedne norhua (Gadt dae)
Perca fluvl.atllls
(Persldae)
r'1
i
ii
teucleeue l'dus
/
).
/,r
( C:rprlnldae )
TEIEOS TEI
14. Inc lsura
9 . Condy lusL-
)
)
4. Margo superiors. metapterygoid.a l is
/t
OS QUADA.AI UM s rlr.
N. la tera l - is
Angulus superior,pos ter ior '
12 . P roeessuspraeopercuLar is
Inc j .sura sympleet, i ci
6 .
5. Angulus suf_eryant er
\, \\//
,//
3. lvlargo anteriors . ec top te ry -sos*1"
q
l . r
L5.
Angulus inf &1or'- \ -anterior_ *-Y /
8. .*ngulus inf erior pos t erior
15 . Inc i .sura co l l i pos ter io r
.10 . Condy lus la te ra l l s
N. med. la1 is%
\
coLLi - ant er io /
medial ls -- -
- - 11 . Troch lea quadrati - - '
I2 .
i
6t.
7J s .
\
5.
16". Sulcus syripf ectletr
8 . j
L5. '
1 . Fac i -esla t era l is
ei'
TEI,EOSTEI QUADRATUM sln.
}{ . redlal le
Clupea hare4gus
( Clupeldae )
Angu1l1a angull la
(4gsul11ldae )
Coreg.oaue g.p.
( Cors.gonldae )
Salro salar (Salnonldae )
Bhymal-lue tbysallue (Thysal1ldae)
Eeor luclus
( Eeo el_dae )
Leuclecue Ldus
( Cyprlnl dae )
Gadue norhua (Gadldae )
Perca f luvlat1l1e(Percldae )
\ /
, l U14
il"r -/
TETEOS TEI
3 . Procegsus coronoid,eus
4 . Processusanterior
GS ARTICULARE sin.
N. i -atera l is
1 . f ' a c i es art icular is quadrat i
11. Costa superi oT .z ' / '/ . u,/\ - -Rz . /
10.
g .
Costa isfertot' exter:la
Angulus ventral is7, .
,vent ra l is po6-te r i o r
Irrcisulra angularis
,6 . Su lc rus,- Subart i cularis
9. Angulus
(
()
\K. med.ial is
-I2 .. Cos ta i:af erior interna
4.a
/
8 .
5. Processus car t i lagln is wieckel i i
anterior
' 51
TEI,EOS TEI. ARTICULARE s1tr.
l{ . lat eral1s
Clqgea larengus (9lupeldae)
Coreg.onus .gj. (CoJ:egonldae)
Salno ealar (Salnonldae)
Esox luclus ( Es,o c14ae )
Angu11la angullla
(Aneu11u.da_e )
Oadus aorhua
(Gadldae )
Perca fluviatllte
- i . /- r - I
Abranl-e baLlerue ( cteglgrd+e )
( Percldae )
TBIEOSTEI OS IENTAI,E s l-n.
N. la tera l i -s
7, . Processussuper ion
aboral is
4.
5, Inc isura poster iorex.terna
P:eoqessus ahorali s/' iltf er 1o r
9. Dent€s -./ ' \
. / - - -. / \./
/-^ t /L 1 - /
:iymphys is
\- \.
10 . Or i f l c i a '1at era l is
II(Por i ) I lneae
- _
T. Margor inferiorIII
)
)
(
IN. med,ialis
- -&. Ivlar:go guperior'
6) a
6. Inelsrnra pos terior.in terna - - - - - - - - - -
4,
TEI,EOSTEI.OS DENTALE eln'
N. later i l la
Angu j-]1a angull l 'a ( #rgu1 111 aa e )
Cl-uPea harengiue ( glueetdae )
CoreSo-nua gi' ( Coregonldae ) Abranle LT"ns (9YJf1n1dae)
Salno galar (Salnonldae)
gadus norbua (Gadldae)
TlyualLue llrYnallue(fhynall ldae )
- r { o e -
Egox lucluE (Esocldae)perca fluvlatt l la (Percldae)
TETEOSTEtr
9. bs lhya le ,s . G lossohya ldy .s . 0s entoglossun ( imp.
10. Urohyale ( imp. I
ARCUS BYOIDEUS g ln .
N. la tera l ls
1. Eyonand ibulare
terLyale
8. Rad.i ibranchios tegiI r Enanchlo-
s tega l la
.j
TETEOS TET
1. Processugart i culariss pheno ti cus
6 . Cr is ta anter iors r metaptcfy-go ida l is
FIYOMANIIBIILARE s in.
lateral is
Z. Processus ar t i -cular isptero t i c;us
1. Proeessus ar t icu lar ' is---- opereularis
(
5. Cr is ta praeopercular is (
7. uanalls hyomandibula:r.ls
4 . Processus in fe r io rs . symp lec t i c i
o5
N.
)
)
fi3
TEI,EOSTEI
Q1uPe" (Clupeldae )
Salno ealar (Salnoaldae)
Thynallu.e thynallus (Thynall1das)
H3OI{AilDIBULARE sln.
N. la tera l ls
Angull la angull la
( Anepl.ll1 dae )
Abrasls brasa
(Cyprlnt4ae )
Gadus *tLtr*( Gadl. dae )
Perca fluv1atl l ls
(PercLdae )
Coregonue g!. (Coregonldae )
It C'{tr '\'
i \
Eeor luclus ( E e o c l d a e )
fETEOSTEI OS S YillPI,E CT I CUM s i,n.
N. lat,eral is
)
)
Bas is oss is synnp lec t ic i
2 , Apex oss is synp lee t i c i
3 . Corpus oss issymplec t ic i - - - - -
(
(
.bl. ned.ialis
4, Cr is ta anter , ior
5 . Cr is ta pos ter j .o r - - - - - - -
TE],EOSTEI
Clupea harengus
(-crgpg:gee )
Essx luc ius
Abramls brama(Cyprinldae )
Gad.us sorLus,(Gaclldac )
Slnenathus typhle
Isyneq*lhidag)
os syltPlBcflcull
Perca f luviat i l le
Goblus niger(Gs bi lda ce)
Psetta nar.l-rna
( Eso c ldae I
SaLno sala=
T(Sa lmonldac ) (Bothtdrae,)
TEIEOS TE I
N. l -qterel ig
3, fneisuraant erior
3. - - - - - - -
4. Foramenexternum- I
10. Processushypoh-yalisanter ior - . l
l l "P rocessus -d -hypohyal ispos t er io r
\f
0S },IYOIDEUM: EPI - & KERATOHYAI,E
s in "
1 . Ape:c ep ihya l is
1. Sulcus exterinus
: ; -II
It- - l
- -t-I
2. Margo synchondros is
,5 . Por i branchi-os tegale,s
6 ' . Fov eo laebranchios tegalesexternae
)
)
PedrunCuluskeratohyal is
l
(
' 1J .
ItI
T
I
II
I
- -+ - -II
l - -6 .
N . media l is
Margo ant e:r i o:c
14 . Den t i cu l is Jrnc.alondro s is
F oramen lnt erinurn
L2.
'fr.
Margo poster ior 1
Foveola branchio -stega).trs intepna
0---Corpus
IETEOSTEI
C1_upea hareugue (Cl.upetdae )
Coregonus gI. ( Coregonldae )
UPT- & KERATOFTALE 6iN.
Angu_l*a ang$l.I1a
(AnsulLltdae )
Perce fIur1atlI le
(Percldae )
Abranle brana
( Cynrlnldae )
I)\?4
hilAIn/i3
norhua
( Gaalaae )
f\\/t '\| \ l/\\JrD\ ' /\tl/l \{
luctus
( Eso c1 dae )
DX
Gadus
Salno ealar (Sahnonldae )
tFhynallus flynallus
Esox
(TElralltaae )
I ' A
OS UROIIYALE
N. dorso la tera l ls 61n.
6. Angu lussuperlor3 . l{argo do rsalls
11. Planun hor lzontaJe
III
1C.Inclstt raco 111
ub.
\ - i
]-St.Lamlnafnc leurapo st er lo r
5. Ftargopos te r l o r
9.
1 .\\
15. Pro ce6auahypohyalle
ver t lca l te
par6 dorsal-1s
Lamlna vert lcal ls
par6 ventral le
- L4 .a.Crtstadextra
-14b .
lat era11s
Cr ls ta la tera l lsetnt s t ra
1II1tIi l
J
B. .o,ng{tusant erlor
4. l ' largo ventralle
7. Angulus1n fer lor
,I
L2 , Su lcus dorsa l l s II
i lCapltulun t 1 -Zl , - - -
I _ - 5 - / , /
.2 . Co1lun l f l / rZ
TEIEOS TEI
Aloea a losa ( C lupe ldae )
UROIIYALE
Ansu1lle ?Isullla( {nsul1}1 dae )
Gadus aorbua
(e aatdae )
Perca fluv1at1lts( Perct dae )
CoreFonus €p. (CorgFontdae)
Sal-no ealar ( Salnonl da e )
Eeor luc1ue ( E e o c l d a e )
ItI
r
Abranls bralea ( Cyprlul dae )
VISCEROCRANIUFI
OPERCULARIA
Praeo Dercu la re
fnt ero pereular e
O percu lare
Subo p ercu Iar e
35
N . l a t e r a l l s
3. Hargo hyomandlbu-lar ls
7 . P r o c e s 8 u s E o - - -
Llnbue anterlor
-
0S PRAEOPERCULARE t ln.
J . Angu lue super lo r
Margo opercular ls
B. Lfuabus poet erlor
9 . Or t f lc tun (Ponrs) cana l lsa l lneae la tera l ts
10. Foveola nuci fera
N. ned la l l s
rl t a
/
4. I{argo
quadrat l
) 2 .
)
Angulusant er lo r v
5 . Margo lnteropercular ist{
- I 3 . C r l s t ahyonandlbularis
4.J4 . C r l s ta
quadrat l
2 .
1l- .
Lanlnaext erna
[ETEOS fEI PRAEOPER0UIARE sln.
H. lateral le
AqgpJ,lla anguLlla
(Angul11l"dae )
teuet ecue ldue
( 0ypr{.aldae)
Gadus norbua
(8a41dae )
Ferea flnrlatllle
(Percl dae )
Cl.uBea harengue ( 91epe1.d+e )
Salmo g4l4r (.Salnonldae )
Thy.mallue thrBall.us
(rhynal]ldae )
t/
Ego} lnclue
\
l
t\
t '
I
.'
nI
, \ )
(EeoeLdae )
J I
12 . Angul-us superior
9 . fnc isurasupras plnalls
L3. Sp ina v .Angulusposter ior
1"0. f nclsura post eriot /( - f . i n f rasp lna l i s )
S. fnc isura postar t icu lar lsf
I
15. Sp ina postar t ieu lar ls
OS OPERCULARE s ln.
N. media l is
11 . Froceesus v . Angulussu praarti cu laris
Fovea ar t icu lar is
18. Rugae postar t icu lares
-L9. Costa anter lor interna
-3. Margo super ior\t
I/
l lp . Angulus in f er ior
N . l a t e r a l i s1 1 .
'(
{
\ - | I Facl esext erna
, 12 'I4. Margopos te r i o r\tI/
Z .\
\2 Q . C o s t a
Margo anter ior
anter lor externa\ - -
\
l-3.
I
Margo in fer lorJ .
Fac les ln t .supraspinata
16 . C rl st,a ,taccesgor ia - / \
( Cr j .s ta opercu-\ lar ls
7 . Fac iesint erna
o: ]*
IEIEOS TE I
Coregouus gp. (goreeonldae;
Ealao aalar (Salnoaldae )
Th}'ua11ue thynallus
(hyna111dae )
0PERCULARE s1n.
N. nedlalle
Angut l la angul l la (Angul l l ldae)
Gadue norbua (Gadldae )
Pe:ca fluvlatl1ls
teuclesue tdua (Cyprlnldae)
CLupea harengue (C1upeldae) w{
--\*
N?\
-'7
4eox luclus (Eeocldae)
' 1 V
SUBOPIrRCULARE SiN.
la t e ra l i s
Processus unc inatus
Margo superior ( = 'M. opercular ls)/
/
0s
N .
I
3 . Margo Iant er io r
( =,!1. lnt ero Per-cular is ) |
Angulusant erlo r
14a" . M. ln f
O r Anguluspo s t er io r
\
(
)
)qj .
pars ser ra ta
b - 4 . M a r g o i n f e r i o r - q _t
1 . Corpus (Fac ies ex te rna )
TET,EOSTEI
Clupsa harengue ( Clueeld.ae )
Coregonus gp. (Coregonldae)
Salno ealar (Salnonldae)
Thyaallue thynallus (Thyuallldae)
SUB0PERCULARE Eln.
l { . IateraLls
{ngull1g angrrllla
(Ansul11ldae)
Oadus norhua
( Gadl d4e )
Perca fluvlatilla
Itt\- /
\4
_ / / /\:- J/
=-- - -/
(Percl dae )
Abraule brana ( Cyprlnt_dae )
l l i
r) .
N. Ia te ra l l s
Angulus
anter lor
OS ]}, ITEROPERCiJLARE S1N '
IO . Margo in fe r io r
7
Angulus vr Processus
sup er i o r
Margopos te r i o r
Angu 1u s
in fer io r
N. r f ied ia l ls
j .
4.I
I- l
\ J ' Facles ar t l -cu la t ion is
subo percu-lar is
qJ .
Margo -
su p erlo r
l . F a c i e s e x t e r n a
int e rna
TEIEOSTEI
C1upea harengue ( C1uqe1 dae )
Coregonus .e3. (Coregontdae)
Salno (Salnoaldae )
[hyaaIlue thynallus (fnynatttaae)
Eeox Luclue (Esoc ldae )
INTER0PERCULARE sln.
N. lateral i .e
Angu1l1a qggul11a
(Angu1111d.ae)
Gadus norhua (Gadldae )
Perca f luvlat l I le (Percldae)
alar
l-
Leuelecus ldus ( Cyprinl da e )
TETEOSTEI
-branchiale. :
1. Pharyngo-
2, Ep i - (z )
5. 0erato- (z )
Bnanchio ctenia(G i1 l Rake rs , rKiemenreus ea
lv
VIS CERO CRANIU}I
AKCUS BRANC}IIAIBS
l. --:-t-- - )t \ t
,,a---l;.._-^-)
Zdhne ) \?Galreifstdnd"=)
\ f
Ossa pharyngie superioratPharyneobianchialia IV )
t . . - 'ai ' t
t- . . -
j
F l- lamentabranehial ia
0s pharyngi- c:r,rsinferius
t.ecrato'-bnanch.iale' T. )
i
I
4- hypo-(4 ) . /
./a-
5. bs l - (2 )I I I
\
\
I I
\
\
\
\ \Y
II
/
/ /
/_L
CYPRININAE
{.,Angulue -;s uper lor
J o
8 . Po r l r 'basalgs s _-
OSSA PHAR]rSGICA INFERIORA
Os pharyngicus inf,d ex t rum 2 . - - - -
-+
I [ . d .orsal is-
1.
1.- iS ynphys is
4.
' 9 . I largo poster los?
,/-r ' Qs pharyagi-curn laf ,
5..' g lnls trum
*-
")
/ 4- - t 1 '
N. l a te ra l l gmed.1a1 is i(
1.? rocessus d.orsal is\ \ \ _
i.- - {.Angulus superior
- \ -T .Foveo laelaterale..
/- - z,Anguluslnf eri-or
__1 . Dent eslnt ernl
Dentesext erni
2._s. 5 . - - G
'i'-7:4. - -E \
J .Procegsusant erior
. Facles synphyslca__
- - - . 6r. Angulus anterl Qt * ' a I
Os pharyugicus lnferius
\\f s
/ ' 2 .
N6f;ir \
t€.* - i
c)G(
fl
Formula : 5+127+5
TE],EOS TEI
Neurapophys ig-
EFTNEURAIE
EPI CENIRAIE---
Parapophys is -
S eptum trans -vers um
OSSA IN TERIVIUS OUIAN"IA OOS TAE
S e ct io transv ersal i-s
Processus s pinos usi - - - - super io: r
-lvjus culatura epaEoni ca
COSTA SUPERIORs . epiple,iural is
COSTA TNFERIORs . p leu ra l i s
---Mus eulaturahypaxonica
/ - . \
t ' \l ____)t1
[ \, \ r
/
Cavum
abdominale
4 . P roceasust ransv er su s
( - ParapophysisBasapo physis ) -
11 . Fac ies a r t i lcu lar is anter ior
6 . Praezygapophys isi n f e r i o r
/14 . . Cos tae p leu ra les
\ - - - -
Canal- is neura l is
Canal is haemal is
COEUFJHA VERTEBRALIS
N . l a t e r a l i s s l n "
Ver teb ra cauda l i sV ert eb{.a pra e cflr 4a}is(= Ve r teb ra t runc i )
5 , Praezygapophys lssuperLo r- \
2 a .
\\L - - -
. ""9. Canal isneural is r
-7 .l C .Canal ise entra l l
L2 .
oO .
LJ. Canal is zhaemal is
Epural ia
I s -
2. Arcus neural i -s(Arcus super ior )
P rocessussuper io r
s pr-no su s
ab . Neurapophys isI
I
(
IL
7 .Pos tzygapo-- - - -phys is
su p er io r
12 . Faci esar t i cu la r l s
i[
(posf ,err_or
_B.Pos tzygapo-phys I sin ferl-o r
3b.. I laemapophysi-s
3a . P rocessusspino susin fe r io r
3 ' Arcus haemal is(A rcus i n fe r i o r )
7- - - - - - Urosty lus
\\I lypural ia
//
II
Vertehra penult ima
l . C o r p u s
\
Vert ebra uit i roa
IEI'EOSTEf : SadidaeGad.us morhil-
REGIO PRAECAUDAIISMolva molva
IDlnnm.
l l l
6
7
I
I
.- 10
l 1
1 Z
l 3
t4
1S
_16
t7
aort ica
As3mm.
I IDJnnm.
( duplex )
123{ -
5
67.
E
I
1 0
1't
12qI5
rf
il
12
t3
14
1 5
't.6
flfitlt
n
t
17
IE
r9r*DYmm '
( s i rnplex )
\%'(20
'Impressio
lo,j
w11UGlh(
tf>r..-
Jhr(
ilT"t
h"hlh\(
wta(
iWn
TEI,EOS TE I
I ' . a . b . - Fac ies ar tLcu la r isF . & . 9 . - Tac Ies ar t l cu la r ls
exocc ip l ta l l s
bas to cclpl-ta l ig
COIUII{NA T.ERTgBNTI,IS
lertebra p.raecaud.al.L.s,I .
H,crania l ls & latera l leg 1 8 .
Ir.a.b. n\{1tcypguildeg\
F . a .
Cl.upea haregggg ( Cl}rpel.dae )
r - . e , . e .
Sa lmo sa la r tgelsani4ee)
Abranls brana
Esor luei -us
F . a . g
F.a .b i
GEud us norhqa (Ga{ldae )
Pleuronectes p lgtesga
(Pfeuronect ldae )
I ( " )l
Per_ca f luvlat i l ls tSenci- ! ;q@co@)(
F .a . . c .
. 8 . b
?s etta maxima(Bothidae )
: l : :
F . 8 - Q ./ \/
(Sole:.4Ae I
,a\tEt8os [Er
H . la t . I ln . X. ventr . [. cratr.
NB!\ \
AEsull la ansui l la (Aneull l idaa]
Fos sa lat. f,€rs ]-../ -d
y .
COIU}'INA VERTBBN".A,I ISTert,e\*e. praeedrdAl.es .,
trl. gran. . /- - /
[.vgrtr. r ' v' n. at"J.Clupea Sprgagus (Clu,pelefge
.'[ . l a t . g l a .
ffiI A T A F A N
u r/l ,-) ,.1U l - l V - l 7 l
l) r/l L/:jl Zl?, Y?l It) 7)f, Y/t V4 Vl
L '
Fossa
lLiaca tlnca (9vp:rf:ddlaq)
trB!
SBT
B.tubere. ventralleI
I n U .X I I .Xus ert 1o
Fossa la t .ventr. -
)
\
>ra-Fos saventr .medlana
H. lat. B lB.
Ihunnus thyanuer-I-
E. ventr.( Scogklttae)
NB !Porl
Y. lT.
X. lat. I . [. d.or: . l i [ . Tentr.
l{. ventr. Esor luclus (nsgsf@)V. LL.
X. 'ventr .
Bclou.e[ . 1at . g. N. veutr .
-., J. /-h n.$sW7\ <\l> ffi A>ffi-W ry:1-
H' 1at ' g llt' I{. ventr.
H" Ia-t' 81r'' N' veE'ttr'
Srnena.thus typhl-e (Synrupthldae)
ffi@@.lt. lali. I , N. dore , E. ve!.tr.$a._lno _ sa]-arc (Saf no4ldac)
.Q@-@
, ) o
\ \\ \
N. lat . g ln-.
! f . l a t . g .
r -
/ J , r ,- t . t a a
. /
9all i .oaymus lyra (Calllsarynldae ) be1o3.e IBetenla[ag)
TEI.EOSTEI
U. IL
cotuuNAYERIEBRTI IIS
t . T T .
H. rclttr.
T.
ffi
ffi
I 1Iillt,J
WAcaathscol tus sco 1us
w
(fri.etidag)
n . Y I f I .
Merlucci@Cffiimif"* )
v.r t
g-eaudalce
S. la t . s ln . &{z,u///Da o otw
Ct elon labrosus
t{; ,
Iggg,us ,hl lssgEaeqqgaectL
rr&1fi,p
6f52
( " ' ,
f i t
Leuc lscue
COIUMNA VERTEBRALIS:
ldus (Cypr la ldae)
l r T t - \ \
P r o c e g g u g I
pharyng i cus
oes ls bas locc lP l ta l ts
Trlpue( Coe ta v . I I f )
0s 6uEpensori f i i
(Cos ta v . IV )
APPARATU S WEBERIAJ-TU S
I I I N . l a te ra I1s s1n .
N. veat ra l ls
l t
r1 t Bas locc lp l ta le1'Claustrun. In terca lar iun - - - - . ,
t. t
- -Ve r teb ra I .
Ve r teb ra f f .
Ve r t eb ra I I I .
Ver tebra IV.
Ver tebra V
Cranlun:\
Exoocc lp l ta le
0es l cu la Weber l :- - +
(
Cyprlgl !a e.:
Ver t . I
V e r t .
V e r t .
rr -----
I I I
Ver tebrae I - I I I
V e r t . f
V e r t . I I + I I I
Ru tlIu e
Leuc l6cus
Abranls
Barbus
Caraeslu s
Asplus-----
Cbon dro s tona
0.2- -<- - - -
)
T inca
REIESSfEI : CyErinidge
T,abyrinthus membrarteceus ;
ct : earralis transversus
U
sLnus l-rrlEar
1i--=trroC . t rartsv . I
- 1 -
S-proe. t ra l l . .
cos ta IVS r
sE'sFEaFe
---Vesica natatoria
APPARAIUS ITEBEAI
[triculus S Sacculus
I lragena
.Li r - - - -
OSSICUTA WEBERIA$A : claustrutn s
intercalarium s.
tripus s . roalleus( cos ta I I I ? )
. J r J
seaphium s. stapes fY.
i-ncus Weberi
W . : s . parapophysis v. I I I6
\
c
I
t
7\
ffi
VERTEBRAE I-III ( sine ossicula lT. )
vertebra
vertebra I I
ver tebra f I I
RutilustreuciscusB1i ce a
t
-\-+\r)/.'-'--t\ U : ' [ ver telo-"4 \t*_J
rr . ventrali s
AbramisVinbaAspi.usBarbusChondrostoma
bra iII+III
CyprinusCarassiusTlnca
TEIEOSTOMI : Cypl'inida.e APSARATUS HSBENI
TRIPUS
n . l : r t e ra l i s s i n .
NEUROCRANIUH VER383R4E: r-rv
SCAPHIUM
oCTAUSfRMfI
INTERCAI,ARIUI{
,<4
ied
rE],EOS TEI COIUI-INA ITERTEMTIIS
Yert ebra c_Saudal eg gat€riorgg
v er t
A losa a losa@
Itv ' r r r '
/ /
VUIQ\W
\
Abrami-s brama@
Es or. luc l-us@ Salno salan'
Sllurrrs qlanis
(
(
Chelon labrosueBelone belone@
Mullus surmuletus(Mul l idae )
y. XY.
Gad.us norhua
u . YIII ,
\r--l>c@./// :
Ammod,ytes toblanusrr%(An
V . I I I .
Perca f luvlat i l ls(3erc idae )
v e r t . . f I .
u. . XXYIt./ /
@bF
* . I I I .
TEIEOS TEI
Pset ta max ima-
COIUMNA VERTEBRA],IS
Yertebnae caudalesN. la te ra l i s s in .
Cteno labrus .bn idaeJ
N. Ia t .g i n .
fraehlnus d.raeo( Trachlnid ae , l
el lus acarnsnaFEag)
r r . l a te ra l i s s in .
NBt _
N. caud.-
Callionynus lrratcalfigngnldae )
x_/
Gobius nit Go b_i14ee )
lrachurus trachurus( Caraneida€t
v . IY .
Aa:?
/ / \\,,U
:=-alo
\b.
lD.,
I\ |. cran
' l I
t ' / ' '
I 'A
l Iz- )
\ )
Pleuronebtes p la tessaPl eurone et idae I
TEIEOS [EI
Salno salar(Sa lmon ldae /
COIIIMN!. YERfEBRAIIS
le r tebrae caud.a les .pos3.u- Vertebra u l t lna
-}ERIVIONEURAIE (2) - -
i-r't'-i,tR. a '
- \ a - t - - t - - - _ _ _ _ _ - . a
- - - \ - - t i ' - - |_ - - * a ' t t
Es ox luclus -' - i .. -* '.r
' , _ \l Es o cl d.a e )
'..., .\i.t . t i "
- \
.-.' l -'-"u
- --li.lr{
Cl up ea hale ngus" Jl-'_'::::r,
tC lupe ldae )75
'(
(
Acanthocot tus scorplus
, 1 tt / /
Lepld o:"1 .!y *.'.,.
e - ' .
( - - - - - - - - ! ' '
- ' , t " t 1 '
i:---=*-++:1':>;;-';Y ' , t \ . \ " \ '
- - - ' * a r . ' r . r ] t
l 1 / t r t t \\ \ "\ \\ \t t - . t
Auxls roehei (S cqnut ldag )
,I, ',,,
e
t ,t ! ,
ft
' , t - '
{ - z - - -
Perea f luviat i l is
\ - \ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \
\a . \ -
Ps etta mari-'fiajt@
u
\ . t
Eilpo glossus hipgo gloseustP leuronec t ldae l
utl
i:';t*
a t t
i;tK
41Y?----
--'i".
TEIEOSTEI
Sec t lok
transversa
lep ido -tr i ch lum
\- / \
N. la te ra l l s
sattt],o-tri chi.um
l fl lt lf lt lr f, lf ll l1 lt l1 ll l
( )S raperf ici.es
corpor ls
Pterygiophorus
/,i?.Iiil'\j</
HEIOSCEIEIUM: pINNAEMEDIANAE
In teqneura l la l l be ra .-
fn te
nnI I l / . ,U U \vv\I r pterygo_
phori./
/
tercg fluvlati l is
PI,EIIRONECTTFORI4ES
os A$AIE (1)
; Plnrra analle
Splna aaalls -\\
iiiilii i j i i i -_ _Arsus neuratis, t t " t l
- - - . , r_ . t \ r , t .I t I r - - - - - - - -
__i i i i_Corpora ver t .--',tIi-l i'-i i----;_-- . _i f i \ i I i \ 9"* haemalis' r ' l i i l l - - 'Cavum abdomi - iJ
nare rqomr./t i
i i i i j.ril i: i; ii
Qs AEATE -& iu l l ' r ! t !
W I l l t | I t r -
31 euron ec tespJ-at es sa
i i ! i - -Pterysiophori
Pet et ta maxima
- - -- - -
- \ \ r - S . C .
IEIEOSTEI
11. Foramen seapulare
I. ngdrlalls
6. Scapula
. Coraco ideum - - - - - - - i
Os ea end,os teal eg
Ossa ec tos tea les
U ONOS CEIETUI'{ ANTERIUS
& PINNA PECTOR.AIIS sln.
N, la te ra l l sPos ttemporalE
: - - ? . Suprac le l th ra le
-- - 1. Cl e i thrum
- -4 , ?os telelthraledorsalc
Postc le l thra lev entr.al e
PINSA " PECTORATIS-. s. tForaclea
\\
\- \ )
j9 . Ba&lal5-a1
s . Ac t inos tt t
\
10 . l ep id .o t r i ch la \
\xI
i
)
\ _,_
\rr _ n/
a
ffitl
-l
II
l - - -
II
w
- - - - T. &esocoracold.eun
I,eptd.otrl chla
[EIEOSIEI
N. la tera l is
Pars anterior
- ' t -- r ! -
J,4 : Margo ant erior.
U ONOS CEIETUM A.Nf ERI US
OS CIEITHRTJM s in.
Pgrs posterior
t J . Sp ina do rsa l i s
\ L2 . Inc isura\ diors a li s
7. Cr i -s ta externa
15. MargoI poster j -or 'I- f17. Impress io1s upracl e ithra,11 i s
III
JI
B. j.ft:la_i-nt:rlne
4.. -Angulus
at erior
Cris ta-ventral is
\.
/6 . Angulus
\ -' .- 16. Margo
\ . 2
\ . /1 /
5. Anguluspos ter i .or
Lj . rTncisura ventral is
I { . media l is
ventra l is
iaferi or,;. / 'x
)l
Pars pos ter ior
? - -2 j
L5./
Pars ant eri-o:r'
14.
1l-. Ap-erturd-c.anali-s crls taevent ra l isrc(
2< .-.
Cri i ta et icular is- 1 6 o y ' -
i ' r l . l
IilItl
SEI,EOS TE I
Clupea bareugue
( Clu,pelda_g )
Coregpnue gB'
( goreso-g{$ae )
Salno ealar
(Salso,nl,dae )
Bhynallue thYnaDus---.--( EbJrualll da e )
CLEIfI{RUH B l E .
Perca fluvLatllLe
( Percidae )
! f . Iateral le
Aaeqluq *pgullla( a+Fuill$dae )
Gadue norhua
( Gadr+ae;?)
' , l t
ruAbranls braua
Esox luclus( Cyprlnldae )
TEIECISTE I
N" latera l i -s
5, Canal is l ineaeIat eral is
Angulus anterior suPerio:r\ \
2 . . u - -
gONOS CEIETUIq ANTERIUS
0S POS f f EMPORAIE s in .
l . 0orpus 4. Pars art iculari"s" suprac1el thra l is
- 8. Angulus anterior inf er'i.or
Pro ces slrs superiors . ep io t i cus
- 1 . P rocesgus in fe r io r
f,7
L o
1 r ' -
(
(
N. med la11s-
6. Ar t i cu la t io - -supracle i thra l is
(
(
2..
:ih
TEIEOS TE I
C1upea harengus ( Clgneld.ae )
Coregor*ue gI. {Cqre.Sg$!*ae )
$atr,uo salar (Salreoatdae )
Thymallus thymallus (Th{En11ldae )
Esox lu,cius ( Eeogl-d.ae )
Abrante brana (CyprLnldae )
P0STTIHPORALE sln.
$". lat eralls
Gadus norhua
( Gadl dae. )
Perea fluvlatl l ie
(P erct dae )
\t\nII
t"
[EI,ECS TEI
. . / l r n J o
5. Faeies ' ar t icu lau ' ispostdempo:ra l is-
/ l - - J - -
W, 4 oramen. f ac ieiart 1 cularl s
U CINCIS CIHTEtrUM ANTE.R,IUS{3S SUPRACIffTT}iRAIE s in.
N. la te ra l i s
4. iv iargo superior ,_ : - __ _ I.r4a.. Pars s errata
I
I
6. Margo infer iorT. Pars
I
N. media l is-
4._
I2,
/su
2 .
e le i t h ra l l s
Caput ossisprac 1e i thral j -s
t-II
IIt
t /
II
I
1. Co l lum oss is
6, * i:P3*1{tralis
r-"-)L. ,,'\..J.--,''t,Z
l - . Corpus
TEIEOS TE I
ffi!
Supraleaxtl lare I Postelelthrale
Olupea barehsle (6lup3ld*e)
C_oregonlg EFr ( Coregonidae )
Esox laclne (Essctdae)
Abrard-s brana ( CYPIlnldae )
Salno ealar (salnonldae)
T.hymallue thy,lealLus ( Thf'cal1*dae ) Gadue norhna
SUPRACTEITHRATE eln.
H. lateralLs
.4,ngp111a a.agutlla
( Ansrrl11ldae )
( Oadldae )
Poeteletthraledors .
F|B.t
Fgrca f1uv1Ltil1g
( Percldae )
e----<- - - - . .
TEIEOSTEI
Pe lv ls ?
_lq{0scBtErufi POSf ERrus &PilIEA yEt[fRll,rs -" . "Uaonlnalle
Saslpteryglua
\ililt
!
IRad1al1a
Plnna rartralle
0ssa endoeteales
\ - _ _- \ . r ,epidotr iehla\
\\
\\
\\\
- - - -
eo:r-tt\
"q,
\t
i
t
\\IIIII,
t
\ET
i__:lI ,epldotr i chla
TEIEOS TE I
N . dorsa l i s
Z ONOSCEIETUIE POS TARIMSOS EAS IPIEH.YGI UM s i.n.(Pe lv i s ? )
$I. ventral is
Processussymphys icus pos ter lon
, ' 7.. Facies s . fub,ereulumprt icu lare dorsale
+I-DA
IgA
6. TubercuLurnart iculareventra l e
fi!,
5a,-
\
19.
PARS ARTICUTARTS
9, Cr i s taventral is
9a . Cr is taventraJ-:-s.-.aece,ssor ia
i S .Fac ies \/ symphys ica \
5&. P:roces"rr" - - \s yrnphys l cus
anter lo r
Z. lamlnainterna
--]a. Angulusext ernus
Cr is tad.orsal is
PARS I{US CTMARTS\\I
)
3. laminaexterra
/
j
4. Inclsura /api ca1 is
I .Apex ossj -s basipterygoiael ,
ICzuNIAD
I\ l/V
)
J
TEIEOS TEI
CIUEe,q hagensue ( Clupeld+e )
Co {egonu_e EE. ( C.oregonl4ae )
Sz
Salno trut ta far lo (Salnonldae)
Thynallue b,hynallus ( Thyuallid* )
Esox luclus ( Eeo cldae )
BA8IPTERYGntH sLu.
N. vent ra l l -e
Gadue morbua (eaa idae )
Perca f1uvlatl l is
(Percidae )
I-rP
Abranis brama ( CynrLnt da e )
5l r U
\
F PE,/- R / prr \-t"./ ;* II st Ta t\
ms ls ls ls I s \ d ls ls ls q
V'tPcl
op/
Na
TEIEOSTEI
Recen tes & f oss i l es
autopercu lare ( 2)
enoc le i t h rum (2 )
adnasa le s . an to rb i t a le (2 )
c l e i t h rum (2 )
c lav i cu la (Z )
den ta l e ( 2 )
d.ermohyale s. extratemporale
d.ermosphenot ic r rm (2)
frontale (2-2n)
gulare s. gulare laterale s.
gulare med.iana ( 1)
interelavi- cu]-a ( 1)
in f radenta le (2-2n)
in teropercu lare {2)
i -n ter terspora le (2)
j uga le (2 )
lacrj .male ( 2)
max i l la re (2 )
nasale ( 2-%a)
operculare (2)
par ie ta le ( 2 )
prae supracleithral.e
pos tc le i th ra ] .e (2 -4)
praemaxi l lare (2)
pos to rb i ta le (2 )
praeopercrr lare ( 2)
pos tpar ie ta le ( 2 )
pos t ros t ra le ( f -n ;
praefronta le (2)
pos t tempora le (2 )
quadrato jugale (2)
ros t ra le (n )- spiraeu-Lare ( 2n)
submandibulare ( 2n)
sc le ro t i ca le ( 2n)
EX0SCELETUM CRANII &,ZONOSCETETI
OSSIF. SCLERAE OCUTI : ScIOSSIF. TENDI f i . APP.HYOBRANCH.: S l r , U,
s. hyornandibulare aceessor ia (2)
t p r lnc ipa l gu lar p la te t (2)
' sublingua]. rod ' (1)
supranaxillare ( 2n)
suboperculare (2)
supraorbi ta le (2)
squarrosum (2)
supratemperale (2)
tecta le ( 2n)
tabulare ( 2n)
urohyale (f)
a
Ac I
An
C1
C la
D
d.
Des
F
G
Gm
Ic l
trd.ropI tJ
tjrtx
Na
9p
F
Pc
Pc l
Pmx
Po
P'op
Pp
Pr
Pr f
Pt
ajRc
Sb
Sc l
I'llI
ifx
Sl r
Sm(c \* - 'Sop
sprSq
St
T
Ta
u,
Circunorb i ta l ia : Pr f , Spr , Des ,
Po , J ) L
Extrascapularia: Pp, ta
OSTEICHTHYESrEtEostol'1I
R R0Srn}LIA '?OS TAOSfRAIIA
{1-n /
T TECTAI,IA(n )
PE-
AN-EA-
DE
tA-
?P
DO
PT
UEUR0CR-il{1U},[ : SECTUltl( Bxos c eletun )
PR.BETHHOTIEUI{ (e)
ADFASAIE (2 )IIASAIS t ?-n)
DER!,IEIHF0IDBUM ( 1 )
FRSH$II'E {?-u)PI,RIEIAI,E (2-n)
TBF - PBAEFROHTAI,Bs . DERIT{EC$81H1'I0ID8U}1 {2,
so - suPna0RBrtar,E {l-alIrA - ITACRIMI'IE (2 )JU - JUGITE {A)PO - POSl0RBrrurE (e-n)POF r IOSIFROHTILE
s . DEA.HOSPEEFOI ICUI (2 I
QJ- QEADR.IIOJUGILE @)g . Processug praeopercll-
lar is ossl i quadratt)SQ - SQIiAtl0SUl{ {e-a)m - rNrERrEHPomr,E {2 )
Ef - EXlRrfEt{POnlLE tz)q
IABIII,ARE B. iScale bonqfI r t lutercala*'t
P0SE?ARIEIALE t2 )
UERM0SU?RAoCCIPTSATE (1 )
PosmEMPoRArE (.2 )
F-P -
DO
S - SPIRACIII,ARIA tn-)
4#TEI,EOSTOYlI
Os sa qd'os teal-es
Autopalat inun (2 )\ ,
\' - r
N. latgraf ls si tr .
hoeessus e thmolda l i s
VIS C EROCIIANI UI'I
PALAT0Q UADRATUI'l
_-Processus ag cend.ens
l tetapterygoid.eum (Z)
Qr:adrat,un 12 )
Deruometapterygoid.eum tZ )
Quad.rato jugale (Z)
Entopterygoideum lZ)- './
?a
- - 'Prta ed erno -
palat inum(2)
:rnopalatlnurn \2fEctopterysoiut lT- _
Iemina commlssura l ls
Oesa et tostebles
eg
NEI,EOSTOMI
0,e sa end'os teal es
Osueutomeckcrl i tZ)
Cart i lago Meckel l f r
Ossa bctos-t"cAles
VIS CMOSRANIUI'I
I'iAliDISUI"A
-Pro cessus coronoldeus
med.1a l is
Artl culatl,o quadrati"
a - Jnocessusr retroarticrrla:ris
--Art lculare
Iateral ls
Su.praangula:re (2 )
\\
Iuf:radentalla '
I r Sp len la l ia
GuLa\=emedlana (1 )
qz-a)
\\Angulare
- Ds3rartlcularc (2)
(z)
-?
?
(n )
Osea Begamold,.ea
SU&BMBCHIAIIA
. Gular'eld.terale tZ)
Coronoldea [2-E)
P:saeartl cularete)
52TEIEOS fOIVII YIS CEROCRANI uil,l
ARCUS rJS CEBAI,ES
./:Z--Z-z-/- /-z-z-,/ III
I
ARcus '-JS.E*^TES p urar
I
Iq
tI
t I CeratoC.o . - Capsu la o l f ae to : r l a , l _ -a -_ _ E _ _ y y l a e
I
C.op , - Capsu la op t i ea IC . 8 . Capsuld aud l t lva NEUROCR.ANIU}I
' - \ ? ,\ Ilypo -
i asL - ( inp . )
YIS CEROCR..A,NIUYI
I p u H. 8,1 * B3 84 85 Infra \\ _ _ I ,SnFra-
\l \l \l \l \l \l \\ \l \l N l-,* -)'oarvo*o-
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ - \
//////// \ \v
,J
I . t - \t - JI t
t_- -- t .
f - Arcus tcnrnllalls E - Arcus LyoltleusI - . t t" t
" praenandlbularis,
{r - ArcuB nandlbu}a=is Bt-Bf - Arcue branclialcs
*p- l.t: a}topalatl+F_ pQ- palatoquatlratu.m l{.D - l{anrtlbulaAr- ArttcuLare }tq - pars ptervdoouad.rjEa !; : if i; i"cticumI i ln- 0s nentorneckeLi Oh - Oe ly-ofai ir f i - ' St _ Stylohyalc( c f . E .JARVIK.Sas ic s t ruc tu re and Evo lu t lon o f ver tebra tes : yo l .Z ,
p, 74-82, London I98O )
68TEIEOS TOMI ZONOSCEIETUM ANTERIUS
Zonosce le tum an le r i us secund .a r i us ( ec tos t ea l i s )
Post te
Supra-a
Praes upra-e le i th ra le (2 )
- - f - - - C le i t
Ai /- --V cravicula
mpora le ( 2 )
c l e i t h ra l e \ A )
l e i th rum (Z I
Pos tc le i th ra le \2 -Zn)
Coraco i -deurn
Cl_av i c u la (Z I
I n te rc lav i cu la t 1 )
Zonosce le tug an tg r i us p r imar j_us ( endos tea l i s 7
Pa:rs s capular is
Scapu la (Z )
-- - Pars pont i formis
Iv lesoeoraco ld .eurn tZ I- f
\ \
\
Pars "o"i3Jtuea \ P inna pec toraL is
\ \\
h{un (2 )
SSONDROSTEI
AclEenseq q tuT io
R - Rostra l laP:r' - Pos tros tral la
O - Operculare
Supraorbi tal eDernosph eno tl caLos torbi tal e
f ECIUI'{ IrEuRo cRt[r r
- Frontale- Parletale
- Iatertenporale-
lupr.atempotal;- Eabulare- Postternporale
Dog - Dernosupraoceipl_tgl s
So-Xs-Po-
FPItstlaPt
F.A.S l { f t f leg5f ig. 2g6
cNr{ 1950
S.. lat .
N. vent r .BASIS EEUROCR..,|.}UI
1ec tos te l )
t Yomelr.t
Orad
F,#,
^Pos to ee i pl tal65 IJrors omedian J--.
Paraspheno 1d[eun'
<_
CHONDROSIEIAc j-pens er s turlo
Er F .A . SMI t f 1$95
YlS CEROCRA}ITU!{
Me tapt ery€o id. eun Hyonaudlbulare
.Autopalatinuq
!{axil lare - -- ' t
Dentale
l t laxl l lare d.ext.
- -S tylohyale
-- Ceratohyale
- 'Hypohya le
0percular la:
Operculare
t Suboper eulare t- - - - ,
' rteltsgo i'iceum
Synple c-ti cun
I(
\
d
N.ven t ra l i s \
\
l{.. dorsalls
Dentale s in.
7: Iuteroperculare t
CHOMROSTEIAclpegger sSur io
I { . l a t e ra l i s
Pos t t emporale -
-2 ./
- - Supraclelth-
Z0N0SCEIETUM ANIERIUS s ln.
N. med la l i s%
6 .- tSuprascapula t
41 a '
Cleithrun
1 .
6. \ \ \ .'S upras ca: -pula
j'
rale
Pars 54. - -s capularis
5 ,
S CAPUIO-_ryE+qg1}Eg[
Pars 5b. - -coraco lda l i s
{ Clar icula
S CUTAE
Craq,lad Caudad
dorsa l i -s
Fulcrull(Plnnacaud.alis )
&. t C lav lcu la
/ r r - ' ; ' - - - - 'S . 1 1 ^ \ r -
- - \ ' / Z ). - \ r \
t / 'a.-c_..1'...--.. :.-.I i\ 7
)t-..=;3.$P?-1.f"J!a-is(27,;-f 1{! n,=.
1 a tera l i s
\ ' \ /
"
- ' n
" ,
ventral is
PIS CES PTBLOS CEIETUI{ : PINNAE
lat eral ls
S quamapla coldea
tlfl
Sectlo traas-velrsa
2 . - - -
Ad.anantln
K erat ino id.
Chondrln
Osse ln
nfltlf l
5 , - - { lilf ll lf lI Il l
@@
fi
; ' ' l
I r--lo\c"n:;:ilii:E )- \n
\ - Radia l la
{l{t/l , _ _Basa l ia
l ,, ,Y
)
j
LI
p- Pteryglopho ri/
(Pinnae ned.ianae:TEI,EOS TEI }
Wffiffitl
+ Dent in
1. Ceratotr ich lun (p laelostoml)?. Jehthyod.oruti th (plaglsstomi7 - Act inotr lch iun l fe ledstonl4.. Acaathotr lchtum [teleogtoni )! , lepid.otr ich ium ( te leosteml )
-
(6. Camptotr ichlun (Dipneugtl ) l
A. Ichtbyod.orul l th (, Splna plnuaedorsal is : Soualus_acantf i . iass )B. 9le*etricrrl 6oorsal-].s : l lyprinus* carp:.o-J
C. Irepidotr icnf in@
)onog. )
vVvvv'y'
@
t@
OSTEICHTHYESfEIEOS TEI
S quanaac :
INIEGUI{ENTUM : S CI,EF.ITES ( Hard" parte ,Hart. tel le
Glupea harengus Yimba ylmba@)
S cutaa:
Clunea barengus( Clupe ld.ae )
Yentroned. lan
Entq_Iurus jm.gsreus.(svssnqLhidac )
U. dorg .--^\,
I t { ( in It \ v I I
\/
q(
I
I
tI cHorwRlcHnlims
Sqremae: p laeo ld .
N. la t . l t l . do tg .
Dorg,1. Dong . I
-V
-U
Gasterosteus aculeatus(Gasterg_gteidae )
Aeu1e l :
Scyl iortr inus - stel lar ls
lchthyod.orulltbl (.Spinae ) :
rdSq qglus q_canthlaq
Etnopterus epinax(EgueJ:da-el
Raja elavata(Ra J idae )
-A
Chl-gaera nons.trosg( Chtnaertd.ae')
EOI,O CEPIIAII
Etmopterus spinax
, . .":.
H'w//t
(
I\
Cyc 1o 1d. Ctenold-Pa'ca fluvlatll is
sl 'a- - , -- l - ?- " - . =
- l \ -
. . : t \ .s
€:,SCarlnat
N. Ia t .
CHONDRICH[HYES
Sectlo lraps]r:_erga
\ - - - - /
a t \
- s - - - - J ? t '
\IIIIIIII
II
\\III
II
/
\tt
II
II,, l' ll rIt\\
-{ \
/ / - \ - t t i -
S. lat eral is
CAI,CICENTRA
t t , .
- r 1 . . e - Q - - - - t \ r - - . . / /
Cyelos po .s poud.yl
\II
I
As teroB pond.yl
?ectos pondyl
III\
\IItI
I
I,I
ttI\
\ - - ?_ _ _ { , ,
I
{ (\t
\
tIII
I,I
I. l - - -
t
- . - - - - /
- - - - - -
I
IIItt
Ectospond.yL
- - - - - - ,
OSEEICHTHYES
Canal le semlcircu-lar ls anterlo
OTOIITHI(STATOLItHI )
Canalls s eniclf,crl-lar is pos ter io:r
Illlt
1lilt
I ,ap i l lue I r--Utr icu lo l i th - - - - - -
Canalls Eeni-clrcu-la r ls 1a tera l i s B .korlzontal ls
--- f.,agena-- Aetslclgeug, s.
:,ageno 11thSag l t ta s .Saecu lo l l th - - - - -
I,A.BIBI NTHUS FIEMBRANA CEUS (Aurls iate:rnae)
Sacculus