joba trainees? · 2020. 10. 8. · 33% 6% 85% 15% 84% 16% ... over 70% of joba students are from...
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WHO ARE JOBA TRAINEES?SUMMARY OF ENROLMENT (2018)
THIS PULSE SUMMARIZES THE KEY DETERMINANTS AND CHARACTERISTICS THAT HELP US UNDERSTAND THE ENABLERS AND BARRIERS TO ACCESS TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATIONAL TRAINING IN MOZAMBIQUE.
Young Africa
1,146
1,125
344
516
200
288
152
128
570
486
Enroled in 2018 across all JOBA grantees
Target Enrolment
Mission Educate
FUNDE*
Nacuxa/Mezope
Beluluane Industrial Park
ENROLMENT SUMMARY
1284
MISSION EDUCATE
FUNDE TETE
Construction/Engineering
Hospitality Agriculture Farming Admin/ICT
FUNDE NAMPULA
NACUXA
YOUNG AFRICA
SECTORS COMPETENCY LEVEL
MEZOPE
BIP
1&2
3&5
3,4,5
3,4,5
3,4,5
5
1&2
TRAINEE TARGETS +
1
* FUNDE Tete & FUNDE Nampula
This report/pulse summarizes JOBA-supported trainees enrolled in 2018 and early 2019. We summarize the cohort of trainees by the key determinants and characteristics that help us understand both the enablers and barriers to access for technical and vocational training in Mozambique.
Trainees supported by the JOBA- programme span across five grantees on seven institutional campuses throughout Mozambique (four of ten provinces; and in the city of Maputo).
During 2018, 1284 JOBA-supported trainees enrolled across five sectors to study in 30+ diverse courses (Figure 1). One grantee (Nacuxa/Mezope) reached 50% of their total grant enrolment target in 2018, followed by Young Africa (46%), and the remaining grantees (FUNDE and Mission Educate) having achieved <40% of their target enrolment (Page 01).
TRAINING SECTOR
SECTOR
A more balanced distribution of women and men out of their traditional sectors of agriculture and construction respectively
+
Construction/Engineering
Farming
Agriculture
Hospitality
Administration
Females Males
ICT
40%
21%
26%
10%
1% 1%
1%2%
5%
47%
25%
20%
2
* Females sum to 99% due to calculation rounding. Only those percentages that are >0.51 are rounded up.
FIGURE 1. TRAINEE TRAINING SECTORS, BY GENDER
FIGURE 2. HOW MANY TRAINEES DID EACH GRANTEE ENROL IN 2018 AND WHAT WERE THEY STUDYING?
Grantee programs vary considerably in design and length-of-courses and as a result, so do the targets for, and number of, trainees enrolled in annual cohorts. FUNDE, split between two campuses have the least number of trainees (N=76, for both sites), compared to Young Africa (N=516). Courses are highly diversified due to the specialization of many courses to fit the local market demand or specialization of the institution. However, institutions with highly diversified course offerings also experienced unusually small class sizes for some courses. For instance, a total four to six trainees per cohort at Young Africa in Rural Construction, Piggery, and Farm Management. Similarly, a total of six trainees at Nacuxa enrolled in Water & Drainage.
56Funde Nampula
Funde Tete
Young Africa
Mezope
Mission EducateNacuxa
BIP
Industrial Electric
ity
Master Builder
Mechanics
Mechanical Constructio
n
Roads and Bridges
Crop Yields
Livestock
Horticultura
Rural Construction
Suinocultura
Agricultural Mechanics
Farm Management
Civil Construction
Agro-processing
Rural Electri�cationAvicultura
Tractor Operator
Special Agriculture
Horticulture
Agro-processing
Civil Construction
Gardening and ornamental plants
Food processing & preservation
Rural extensionAnimal breeding
Seed Production & Soil
Agricultural Mechanics
Horticulture
Rule & water/drainage
63
76
76
141
516
200
1284Trainees
147
Internships*
Agriculture
Hospitality
Human Resources
ICT
Construction/Mechanics
Bakery and confectionary
128
GRANTEE ENROLEMENT
3
* BIP only have internships. The topics of study/sub-sectors listed refer to internships only.
FIGURE 3. COURSE ENROLMENT BY GENDER
Construction and engineering courses constitute nearly one-half of the enrolled male trainees compared to less than a quarter of female trainees enrolled in construction and engineering courses. Female trainees show greater distribution across courses, although two-thirds are enrolled in agriculture and farming courses.
WOMEN
2%
8%
1%
5%
2%
0%
1%
-
16%
13%
7%
1%
2%
3%
2%
-
8%
3%
5%
1%
1%
2%
1%
3%
-
2%
8%
0%
1%
1%
Course Enrolment
-
Industrial Electricity
Construction
Master Builder
Mechanical Engineering
Civil Construction (Road, Bridge)
Rural Construction
Rural Electrification
-
Argo-livestock
Special Agriculture
Argo-processing
Agricultural Mechanics
Gardening & ornamental plants
Soil improvement
Agriculture (Conservation)
-
Poultry Farming
Farm Management (Association)
Horticultural
Tractor Operator
Pigery
Rural extension
Livestock
Small animal (Care)
-
Bakery and confectionery
Food processing and preservation
Hospitality (Assorted)
Human Resources
ICT
MEN
CONSTRUCTION
3%
16%
2%
9%
4%
2%
14%
AGRICULTURE
9%
8%
1%
8%
3%
1%
4%
FARMING
2%
1%
3%
9%
1%
2%
0%
2%
HOSPITALITY
1%
1%
2%
1%
1%
ADMIN/ICT
MORE WOMEN ARE ENROLED IN NON-TRADITIONAL COURSES, LIKE ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION, COMPARED TO BEFORE THE JOBA PROGRAM.
KEY
Less females than males (difference greater than 5%)
More females than males (difference greater than 5%)
+
GENDER DIFFERENCES
4
FIGURE 4. HOW OLD ARE JOBA TRAINEES?
MEZOPE
Age, by Gender *
47 98
32 44
91 109
206 310
XX
141
28 48
Total Students
71%
10%
18%
60%
17%
23%
76%
5%
19%
81%
7%
12%
83%
9%
7%1% <1%
10%
59%
3%
28%
74%
9%
9%
71%
15%
14%
60%
33%
6%
85%
15%
84%
16%
Women
Women
Men
53 75
47%
50%
3%
56%
2%
2%
40%
Women Men
Men
Women
Women
Women
Women Men
Men
Men
MISSION EDUCATE
YOUNG AFRICA
FUNDE NAMPULA
NACUXA
BELULUANE INDUSTRIAL PARK
FUNDE TETE
In general, the cohorts across grantees are young (between 18-24 years, for both women and men). There are a few notable exceptions. Mezope is an all-female program targeted at an older demographic (28% aged 44-59 years). FUNDE Tete and Nampula have the highest percentage of students who are 18 or younger, which aligns with their course offerings and geography. BIP has a slightly older cohort (50% of females and 40% of males aged 25-44), which is likely a result of the pre-qualification (high-level of technical education), prior experience, and matching process to ensure ‘fit’ between intern and company.
Total Enrolled
WOMEN MEN
598 684
<18 years
19-24 years
25-44 years
44-59 years
60+ years
9%
61%
6%
25%
7%1% 1%
72%
17%
AGE CATEGORIES
5
AGE, OVERALL
Note: * Age categories are the same as the key for ‘Age, Overall’ diagram. Nacuxa is located in Nampula province, and Mezope is a sub-program of Nacuxa.
57
33
2
80
MAPUTO
MAPUTO (CITY)
INHAMBANE
3 CABO DELGADO
2 NIASSA
60ZAMBEZIA
MANICA
2GAZA
70 TETE
611
315
SOFALA
NAMPULA
FIGURE 5. WHERE ARE JOBA TRAINEES FROM?
Trainees typically originate from the province where the training provider is located. Two training providers are located near one another (Young Africa in Dondo and Mission Education in Beira) and have enrolled the majority of their 716 trainees from Sofala province. Nacuxa, Mezope and FUNDE Nampula have similarly driven the density of trainees from Nampula. All but 7 trainees from Maputo province are enrolled by BIP (cohort I).
MAP NOTES Note: This map does not include cohort II of BIP, N=46. Not all students responded to the survey response on district of origin (N=3 non-response)
GEOGRAPHY
6
FIGURE 6. WHICH DISTRICTS ARE JOBA TRAINEES FROM?
Over 70% of JOBA students are from rural districts of the country, originating from many of the poorest districts in Mozambique (Tete, Sofala, and Nampula, see Figure 6)
Poverty map show comparatively that most of the trainees are from districts with >50% poverty (Source: World Bank 2010)
Rural
Urban/Peri-Urban
KEY
KEY
<37%
37%-62%
63%-68%
69%-73%
74%-89%
Poverty Headcount
FIGURE NOTES
MAPPING POVERTY
GEOGRAPHY (DISTRICTS)
7
FIGURE 7. HOW EDUCATED ARE JOBA TRAINEES?
Males overall are more educated than their female counterparts, and 75% of trainees are less than 24 years of age. The majority of the females without any previous education are enrolled in the Mezope program which focuses on second chances for women to become smallholder agriprenuers and farmers. Significantly more males hold higher-level certificates; however, 2% of women compared to 1% of men hold university degrees (previous university degrees are only observed in BIP interns). The trend from trainees who are 18 or younger and those who are 19-24 years show a clear upwards trend in Secondary I and II completion. Conversely, when jumping from 19-24 to 45-59 years, the trend shows the divide in access to primary education of the past generation, with more trainees on the far ends (meaning either no school or advanced certificates/degrees depending on socio-economic status).
PREV
IOU
S ED
UCA
TIO
N
5%
67% 87% 85% 96%
50%
82% 82% 93% 96%
Young Africa NacuxaMission EducateFUNDE Nampula
None
High School
Primary Education
Professional/University
FUNDE Tete BIPMezope
1%
6% 4%
2%
43% 60%
55% 40%
18%
79%90%
1%
1%
17% 18%
3%
9% 13%
6%
2% 4%
9%
Males (left side)
KEY
Females(right side)
A majority of trainees have achieved secondary education, with men achieving higher levels of education before initiating a JOBA-supported course.
+
EDUCATION LEVEL
8
Nearly half of all trainees made nothing (0 MZN) in the month before their initiation of a JOBA-supported training course. 89% of trainees made less than £17.79 (500-1500MZN is equivalent to £5.83-£17.79) in the month leading up to their TVET course. Only 5% of trainees reported incomes at or above the minimum wage (approximately 4500MZN per month).
FIGURE 8. WHAT EXISTING INCOME DO JOBA TRAINEES HAVE ONE MONTH PRIOR TO ENROLMENT?
25%
47%
Male Female
1%
6%
6%
15%
18%
47%
<1%
<1%
<1%
4%
Nothing
500-1500MZN
0-500MZN
1501-3000MZN
3001-4500MZN
4500+MZN
INCOME & GENDER Nearly half of trainees earned no money in the month prior to course initiation. This trend is true for females and males.
+
9
Note: 28% of female trainees did not respond to the question on ‘previous income’.
Beluluane Industrial Park (BIP) has the highest number of trainees both males and females that report >4501MZN. 75% of the trainees who report >4501MZN are male, demonstrating the pay gap and gender skew of opportunities for formal employment writ large in Mozambique.
FIGURE 9. WHAT EXISTING INCOME DO JOBA TRAINEES HAVE ONE MONTH PRIOR TO ENROLMENT?
5%
68% 91%
71%
82%
47%
31%
YoungAfrica NacuxaMission
EducateFUNDE Nampula
Nothing
500-1500MZN
0-500MZN
1501-3000MZN
3001-4500MZN
4500+MZN
FUNDETete BIPMezope
5%
44%
34%
90%
1%
1% 8%
1% 1% 1%
2%1%
1%
1%
1%
10%
4% 4%
4%
4%
5%7%
9%
15% 15%
16%
14%
16%
9%
4%
14% missing 10% missing 1% missing 2% missing 1% missing 11% missing
4%
25%
41% 41%
The majority of trainees have achieved secondary education, with men achieving higher levels of education before initiating a JOBA-supported course.
+
INCOME BY GRANTEE
10
SCH
OLA
RSH
IPS
Given the findings on the previous income of trainees in Figure 8 & 9, scholarships have been included by JOBA grantees as a crucial strategy to help trainees from poorer homes access training, finish training, and develop the skills needed in the labor market. Overall, more JOBA scholarships were awarded to women. 74% of women received some kind of scholarship (compared to 55% of male trainees). 26% more women received full scholarships (meaning their tuition is fully paid). BIP is the one exception to this as all interns (both men and women) receive stipends of 7000MZN per month so we classify that as ‘full scholarships’. Of those trainees receiving partial scholarships, a majority of women received 50-75% coverage of tuition, compared to men which are split between 25-50% and 50-75%. Women who received partial scholarships also reported help from their families and other NGO’s supporting the remaining tuition costs (not shown). More trainees from rural districts reported receiving full or higher percentage partial scholarships.
Scholarship eligibility, selection, and award amount all differ by the grantee; however, overall more rural trainees receive more scholarships with higher percentage coverage for tuition costs. The exception is urban and educated trainees from Maputo city & province, which is due to the living stipend they are paid during their 3-6 month internships at BIP. Tete has the highest percentage of trainees receiving scholarships compared to all trainees enrolled, followed by Manica, Nampula, and Sofala. While the last two provinces have large urban centers, many of the trainees originate from rural districts within the province.
FIGURE 7. WHICH TRAINEES RECEIVED SCHOLARSHIPS AT ENROLMENT?
MISSION EDUCATE
FUNDE TETEFUNDE NAMPULA
NACUXA
YOUNG AFRICA
MEZOPE
BELULULANE
Total Enrolled:
WOMEN MEN
580
74% 55%
649
Complete: 54%
Partial: 46%
% received scholarships:
Type of scholarship
Who covered the remaining costs?
Of those who received scholarships
0%-25% 27% 23%
47%
30%
25%-50%
50%-75%
Complete: 28%
Partial: 72%
Family
NGO
Other
26 93%
Women Men
63%
98% 98%
22
46 Women Men
96
55 60%
Women Men
61% 66
108
51%
Women Men
26%
83
53 100%
Women Men
100% 78
141 100%
Women
2589%
Women Men
98% 47
Total Enrolled
Gender
KEY
% received scholarships
12%
61%
75% 88%
9%24%1% 3%
11
In 2018 JOBA trainees exemplified a diverse trainee population pool throughout Mozambique. Trainees in JOBA-supported courses are training in five priority sectors of critical importance to current labor market demands, and gaining specialized skills in these sectors through 30+ courses. Traditional careers and trainings for men, such as construction and engineering, and women in agriculture, remain the trend in JOBA-supported courses, however, significantly more women are enrolled in non-traditional sectors than have been in the past.
A notable majority of trainees are from rural districts in all 11 provinces of Mozambique where poverty levels are over 50%. This findings is validated in the reported previous income of trainees leading up to their TVET course. Nearly half of trainees (46%) reported no income at all, while the remaining majority (43%) reported less than 1500MZN, which remains significantly below minimum wage in the formal sector (4500MZN). One strategy to lower the financial access barrier is scholarships. Scholarships were preferentially awarded to women across grantees, with more women receiving complete (100% tuition subsidy) and higher partial (>50% tuition subsidy) scholarships, although selection, award amounts and coverage varies considerably across grantees.
CONCLUSION
THE END
12
Data Analysis & Design by
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