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Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 1. Lesson 32 Vocabulary 2. The Defective Verb Inquam 3. The Verb Possum 4. Infinitives: Forms and Translations 5. Infinitives: Types/Uses a) Complementary b) Subjective c) Objective

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Page 1: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 32

1. Lesson 32 Vocabulary2. The Defective Verb Inquam

3. The Verb Possum4. Infinitives: Forms and Translations

5. Infinitives: Types/Usesa) Complementary

b) Subjectivec) Objective

Page 2: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Lesson 32 Vocabulary

Page 3: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

absum, abesse, āfuī, āfūtūrus

to be absent, be distant, be away

Page 4: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

adsum, adesse, adfuī, adfūtūrus

to be present, be near

Page 5: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

contineō, continēre, continuī, contentus

to hold together, restrain, bound

Page 6: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

dēsistō, dēsistere, dēstitī, dēstitus

to leave off, stop

Page 7: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus

to doubt; hesitate

Page 8: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

gaudium, gaudī, n.

joy, gladness

Page 9: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

inquam, inquis, inquit, inquiunt(defective)

to say

Page 10: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus

to order, bid

Page 11: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

officium, officī, n.

duty

Page 12: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

possum, posse, potuī, -----

to be able, can

Page 13: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

praemium, praemī, n.

reward

Page 14: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

praesidium, praesidī, n.

guard, garrison

Page 15: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

sustineō, sustinēre, sustinuī, sustentus

to hold up, hold in check, withstand

Page 16: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

tergum, tergī, n.

back

Page 17: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Defective Verb Inquam

Page 18: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Inquam• inquam (“to say”) is defective, and only has five

commonly used forms:• Present Tense:

– 1st SG: inquam – I say– 2nd SG: inquis – you say– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it says– 3rd PL: inquiunt – they say

• Perfect Tense:– 3rd SG: inquit – he/she/it said

• N.B.: 3rd SG pres. & perf. are the same in form; use context to help you determine which is being used

Page 19: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Inquam• inquam is only used to introduce direct quotations

• it plays the part of quotation marks, since the Romans had little punctuation

• inquam never comes before the quotation; it comes after the first word or phrase and is followed by the rest of the quotation

Page 20: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum

Page 21: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum

• Possum, Posse, Potuī, ––– is a compound of the word potis (“able”) and sum, esse, fuī (“to be”)

• Like sum, esse, possum only exists in the active voice

• The verb possum cannot stand alone in a sentence/phrase and make sense; it needs an infinitiveto complete its meaning (more on this later…)

Page 22: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Forming

• The present system has the stem pot– to which the present system forms of sum, esse are added– Pres. Tense: pot– + sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

• before forms of sum that begin with “s,” pot– becomes pos–– Impf. Tense: pot– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erānt– Fut. Tense: pot– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

• The perfect system is formed regularly:

– Perf. Tense: potu– + ī, istī, it, imus, istis, ērunt– Plupf. Tense: potu– + eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant– Fut. Pf. Tense: potu– + erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

Page 23: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

Page 24: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd

3rd

Page 25: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd

Page 26: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

Page 27: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

Page 28: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are

able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can

Page 29: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Present Tense

• Possum has the following present tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st possum I am able/ can possumus we are

able/can

2nd potes You are able/can potestis you are

able/can

3rd potest he/she/it is able/can possunt they are

able/can

Page 30: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

Page 31: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd

3rd

Page 32: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd

Page 33: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

Page 34: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

Page 35: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were

able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could

Page 36: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Imperfect Tense

• Possum has the following imperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poteram I was able/could poterāmus we were

able/could

2nd poterās you were able/could poterātis you were

able/could

3rd poterat h/s/i was able/could poterant they were

able/could

Page 37: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st

2nd

3rd

Page 38: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd

3rd

Page 39: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd

Page 40: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

Page 41: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

Page 42: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be

able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able

Page 43: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Tense

• Possum has the following future tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st poterō I shall be able poterimus we shall be

able

2nd poteris you will be able poteritis you will be

able

3rd poterit h/s/i will be able poterunt they will

be able

Page 44: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Perfect Tense• Possum has the following perfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potuī I was/have been able potuimus

we were/havebeen able

2nd potuistīyou

were/have been able

potuistisyou

were/have been able

3rd potuith/s/i

was/has been able

potuēruntthey

were/have been able

Page 45: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Pluperfect Tense• Possum has the following pluperfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potueram I had been able potuerāmus we had

been able

2nd potuerās you had been able potuerātis you had

been able

3rd potuerat h/s/i had been able potuerant they had

been able

Page 46: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

The Verb Possum – Future Perfect Tense• Possum has the following future perfect tense forms:

Singular Plural

1st potuerō I shall have been able potuerimus

we shallhave

been able

2nd potuerisyou will

have been able

potueritisyou will

have been able

3rd potuerith/s/i will

have been able

potuerintthey will

have been able

Page 47: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Cavēte!• be careful not to confuse forms of possum with perfect

system forms of ponō, ponere, posuī, positus, e.g.:

– posuit vs. potuit

– potuerāmus vs. posuerāmus

• be careful not to confuse the various tenses of possum, e.g.:

– poterat vs. potuerat

– poterō vs. potuerō

Page 48: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives: Forms & Translations

Page 49: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives: Basics• infinitives are abstract verbal nouns that are translated

using “to ____” in English

• verbal qualities: tense & voice– present active & passive– perfect active & passive– future active (& passive)

• noun qualities: gender, number, and sometimes case– gender: neuter– number: singular– case: nom. or acc.

Page 50: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Present Infinitives• Present Active Infinitive:

– Form: same as 2nd PP (ending in –re)– Translation: to _______

• Present Passive Infinitive:– Form:

• For conj. 1, 2, & 4, replace –e on act. infin. w/ –ī• laudāre à laudārī / tenēre à tenērī / audīre à audīrī• For conj. 3 (incl. 3 –io), replace –ere on act. infin. w/ –ī• ducere à ducī / capere à capī

– Translation: to be ______ed

Page 51: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Perfect Infinitives• Perfect Active Infinitive:

– Form: perf. stem + –isse• laudāre à laudāvisse• capere à cēpisse

– Translation: to have _______ed• Perfect Passive Infinitive:

– Form: 4th PP + esse [form of PPP must agree w/ subj. of infin. – this will be in the accusative case]• laudāre à laudātum, -am, -um esse• capere à captum, -am, -um esse

– Translation: to have been ______ed

Page 52: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Future Infinitives• Future Active Infinitive:

– Form: drop –us from 4th PP & add –ūrum, -am, -um + esse[participle form must agree w/ subj. of infin.]• laudāre à laudātūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse• capere à captūrum, -ūram, -ūrum esse

– Translation: to be about to _______• Future Passive Infinitive:

– Form: neut. sg. acc. form of PPP/4th PP (–um) + īrī• laudāre à laudātum īrī• capere à captum īrī

– Translation: to be about to be ______ed– **This is VERY rare, but you should know it exists and how to

form and translate it

Page 53: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateForm all infinitives & provide translations for the

following verbs:

• ponō, ponere, posuī, positus: to put, place

• terreō, terrēre, terruī, territus: to frighten

• pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātus: to fight

• cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītus: to desire

• impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītus: to hinder

Page 54: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives Practice – Form & TranslateActive Passive

Present

Perfect

Future

Page 55: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

ponō, ponere, posuī, positusActive Passive

Presentponere

--to place

ponī--

to be placed

Perfectposuisse

--to have placed

positum, -am, -um esse

--to have been placed

Futurepositūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to place

positum īrī--

to be about to be placed

Page 56: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

terreō, terrēre, terruī, territusActive Passive

Presentterrēre

--to frighten

terrērī--

to be frightened

Perfectterruisse

--to have frightened

territum, -am, -um esse

--to have been

frightened

Futureterritūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to frighten

territum īrī--

to be about to be frightened

Page 57: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

pugnō, pugnāre, pugnāvī, pugnātusActive Passive

Presentpugnāre

--to fight

pugnārī--

to be fought

Perfectpugnāvisse

--to have fought

pugnātum, -am, -um esse

--to have been fought

Futurepugnātūrum, -a, -um esse

--to be about to fight

pugnātum īrī--

to be about to be fought

Page 58: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

cupiō, cupere, cupīvī, cupītusActive Passive

Presentcupere

--to desire

cupī--

to be desired

Perfectcupīvisse

--to have desired

cupītum, -am, -um esse--

to have been desired

Futurecupītūrum, -am, -um esse

--to be about to desire

cupītum īrī--

to be about to be desired

Page 59: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

impediō, impedīre, impedīvī, impedītusActive Passive

Presentimpedīre

--to hinder

impedīrī--

to be hindered

Perfectimpedīvisse

--to have hindered

impedītus, -a, -um esse--

to have been hindered

Futureimpeditūrus, -a, -um esse

--to be about to hinder

impedītum īrī--

to be about to be hindered

Page 60: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives: Types/Uses

Page 61: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Infinitives: Types/Uses

• There are FIVE different “types” or “uses” of the infinitive:– complementary– subjective– objective– indirect statement– historical

• we will cover complementary, subjective, and objective in this chapter and will return to indirect statement later

Page 62: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs cannot stand alone and make sense, and thus require an infinitive to fill out their meaning

• these infinitives are called complementary infinitives(<compleō, complēre, complēvī, complētus: to fill out)

Page 63: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Complementary Infinitives

• some verbs that take complementary infins.:

– possum, posse, potuī, –––: to be able, can

– dēbeō, dēbēre, dēbuī, dēbitus: to ought (not when it means “to owe”)

– constituō, constituere, constituī, constitutus: to decide (notwhen it means “to establish” or “to set up”)

– dubitō, dubitāre, dubitāvī, dubitātus: to hesitate (not when it means “to doubt”)

– videor, vidērī, vīsus sum: to seem (= passive of videō, vidēre)

Page 64: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Complementary Infinitivese.g.:

• Cōnsul legēs bōnās facere constituit.

• The consul decided to make good laws.

• Puella intrāre domum antīquum dubitat.

• The girl hesitates to enter the ancient house.

• Pecūnia servīs ab agricolā darī dēbet.

• Money ought to be given to the slaves by the farmer.

Page 65: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Subjective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the subject of a sentence

• these are called subjective infinitives

• subjective infinitives commonly accompany:

– 3rd person forms of sum, esse (especially est)

– impersonal verbs

• these are verbs that have no ‘person’ as the subject

• they appear only in the 3rd SG, with the subject “it”

Page 66: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Subjective Infinitives – Examples

• Errāre est hūmānum.

• To err is human.

• Licetne mihi īre ad latrīnam?

• Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?

• Forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvābit.

• Perhaps one day it will be pleasing to remember even these things.

Page 67: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Common Impersonal Verbs

• impersonal verbs take objects in either the dative or accusative; you must memorize which take which:

• decet (+ acc.): it is proper, it suits

• iuvat (+ acc.), libet (+ dat.), placet (+ dat.): it is pleasing

• licet (+ dat.): it is permitted/allowed

• necesse est (+ dat.): it is necessary

• oportet (+ acc.): it is necessary, it ought/must

• opus est (+ dat.): there is (a) need

Page 68: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Objective Infinitives

• infinitives can also be the direct object of a verb in a sentence

• these are called objective infinitives

• an obj. infin. will usually have a subject accusative:

– Mīlitēs coēgērunt agricolam vīllam relinquere.

– The soldiers compelled the farmer to leave the farmhouse.

– the infin. + subj. acc. is called an infinitive phrase

– think of these like the M.V. having 2 objects (one noun/pronoun and one infinitive)

Page 69: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Objective Infinitives

• the following verbs commonly take an objective infinitive, sometimes with a subject accusative:

– cōgō, cogere, coēgī, coāctus: to compel

– iubeō, iubēre, iussī, iussus: to order (must take a subj. acc.)

– prohibeō, prohibēre, prohibuī, prohibitus: to prevent

– sinō, sinere, sīvī, situs: to allow

– vetō, vetāre, vetuī, vetitus: to forbid

Page 70: Jenney’s First Year Latin Lesson 32 · The Verb Inquam •inquam(“to say”) is defective, and only has five commonly used forms: •Present Tense: –1stSG: inquam–I say –2ndSG:

Objective Infinitives – Examples

• Caesar mīlitēs oppugnāre castra iusserat.

• Caesar had ordered the soldiers to attack the camp.

• Cōnsul senātōrēs facere legēs bonās coēgit.

• The consul compelled the senators to make good laws.

• Amō ambulāre et currere.

• I love to walk and (to) run.

• Tē natāre docēbō.

• I shall teach you to swim.


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