Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)

• Thomas Jefferson (3d president) cut:– Taxes– Federal bureaucracy (federal depts. & workers)– Size of army

• Tried to stop Adams’ appointment of “midnight judges”.

• Marbury v. Madison:– court ruled for Jefferson: Judiciary Act

unconstitutional; – established principle of judicial review

Expansion Westward

• Northwest Ordinance –1787 (created process for territories to become states; guaranteed basic rights; slavery banned)

• Land Act of 1800 (encouraged land sales)• Spain gives Louisiana Terr. to France• French controlled New Orleans, taxed

traders

Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson to Madison: Buy New Orleans• Napolean offers all of Louisiana Territory• Madison offers $15 million for it• “Louisiana Purchase” – doubles size of U.S• Conflict for Jefferson

– A very good deal, but– To accept it, he must exercise expansive

federal and presidential powers

Lewis and Clark Expedition• Congress pays to have new land

explored

• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

• Set out from St. Louis

• Make it to Pacific coast of Oregon and back, two years later

• Receive help from Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian interpreter

Native American Resistance• Revolutionary war cripples Iroquois nations

in North & Cherokee in South

• Aided by British Canadians, Native Americans continue to fight in Midwest

• Defeat U.S. army at Miamitown - 1790

• General Wayne defeats Native Americans at “Battle of Fallen Timbers” (Ohio) - 1794

• Treaty of Greenville

Native American Reactionto American Expansion

Possible options:• Assimilate – Merge into and become part of

European American culture (Little Turtle, Handsome Lake)

• Reject non-Indian traditions (Tenskwatawa – “the Prophet”)

• Take military action against U.S. (Tecumseh)– Battle of Tippecanoe 11/7/11 (outside Lafeyette, IN)

– Neither side won; Native American morale sunk, but continue to fight (War of 1812)

Jefferson and European Troubles• British & France still fighting• British & French ships interfere with

American trading ships• British kidnap American sailors, attack

American ships• Embargo Act of 1807

– Hurts U.S. more than France or G.B.– Hurts Jefferson’s popularity, but

Republicans (Madison) still win next election

War of 1812

• War Hawks (Henry Clay – KY; John C. Calhoun – SC) blame G.B. for Indian conflicts, push for war

• G.B. continues harrassment, impressment (forcing into military service) of U.S. sailors

• Relatively weak US declares war vs. G.B.

War of 1812 Battles• U.S. attempts to invade Canada in 1812, fails

• On land in 1813, U.S. wins: – Battle of the Thames (Brits and N.A.) in Canada; – Horseshoe Bend: Andrew Jackson defeats Creek

Indians in Ala.; Creeks forced to leave Ala, Ga.

• On sea: – at first U.S., outnumbered 20 to 1, does OK– Eventually British control the seas, blockade U.S.

ports and strangle U.S. trade

War of 1812 ends in stalemate• After defeating Napoleon in France, G.B. turns

full attention to U.S.

• G.B. invade, burn Washington, D.C.• Move on Baltimore, stopped;

Star Spangled Banner

• Hartford Convention – N.E. considers seceding

• Treaty of Ghent – Both sides want end to war; borders remain same, so do problems

• Battle of New Orleans – Jackson gets post-treaty win

Industrial Revolution• Changes caused by Industrial Revolution:

– from agricultural economy to an industrial economy;

– Manual or animal energy, replaced by steam energy, created by the use of coal

– Workers leaving farms for city factories

• Began in Great Britain in 1750s; started in U.S. in 1790s-1810s; occurred more slowly in U.S.

• Interchangable Parts – Eli Whitney – made manufacturing easier

• “Lowell Girls”– young women who worked in the nation’s first factories in Lowell, MA– Left their families, farms

– When they went on strike for more $, replaced by immigrants

New Methods of Transportation• Erie Canal – from Hudson River to Lake Erie ––

led to faster travel between Midwest and New York and the Atlantic Ocean; many others built

• National Road – from Baltimore to Cumberland, later to Illinois

• Steamboats – invented by Robert Fulton, allowed faster travel on the ocean and on rivers

• Railroads –1830s-1860s- large growth in U.S., replacing the canals

• RESULT: More people move west; more trade, stronger U.S.

After War of 1812, an “Era of Good Feelings”

• James Monroe, a Democratic-Republican elected in 1816, created a new sentiment of national unity– Went on a goodwill tour of the country

• Established a Second Bank of the U.S., to loan money and resolve problems with state banks --- growth of companies

• “American System” – proposal of Henry Clay– Increase tariffs – help protect Northern factories

– Use the money collected to construct roads, bridges, canals in the West and South (“internal improvements”)

– Was not adopted; West and South weren’t interested

• The “era” didn’t last long – conflicts quickly arose

First Great Awakening• 1740s; Evangelical: Scripture, personal

belief, demonstrate faith by deeds

• Still believed in predestination

• Breaking apart (Schism) of large religions

• Creation of smaller religious groups

• More attention to personal relationship with Jesus

• Questioning religious authority– Leads to questioning political authority

• Intense religious revival; fearful message

Second Great Awakening• 1790s-1840s (especially 1820s, 1830s)• Belief in predestination falls; God loves you• One can “perfect” oneself and one’s

relation with God• Millenarianism – Christ is coming soon to

start his 1000-year rule on earth• Can create “heaven on earth”• Very intense revivals – burned over district• Inspired the abolitionist movement• Crazier than First Great Awakening

New Denominations• Baptists – Baptize only adults, by immersion

• Methodists – Focused on Relationship w/ God

• Unitarians – Jesus was human messenger

• Mormons – NY to IL to UT; allowed multiple marriages

• Millennialists/Adventists–Christ coming NOW

ALSO, growth of Black participation in Evangelical churches