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Jefferson Administration (1801-1809)
• Thomas Jefferson (3d president) cut:– Taxes– Federal bureaucracy (federal depts. & workers)– Size of army
• Tried to stop Adams’ appointment of “midnight judges”.
• Marbury v. Madison:– court ruled for Jefferson: Judiciary Act
unconstitutional; – established principle of judicial review
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Expansion Westward
• Northwest Ordinance –1787 (created process for territories to become states; guaranteed basic rights; slavery banned)
• Land Act of 1800 (encouraged land sales)• Spain gives Louisiana Terr. to France• French controlled New Orleans, taxed
traders
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Louisiana Purchase• Jefferson to Madison: Buy New Orleans• Napolean offers all of Louisiana Territory• Madison offers $15 million for it• “Louisiana Purchase” – doubles size of U.S• Conflict for Jefferson
– A very good deal, but– To accept it, he must exercise expansive
federal and presidential powers
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Lewis and Clark Expedition• Congress pays to have new land
explored
• Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
• Set out from St. Louis
• Make it to Pacific coast of Oregon and back, two years later
• Receive help from Sacajawea, a Shoshone Indian interpreter
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Native American Resistance• Revolutionary war cripples Iroquois nations
in North & Cherokee in South
• Aided by British Canadians, Native Americans continue to fight in Midwest
• Defeat U.S. army at Miamitown - 1790
• General Wayne defeats Native Americans at “Battle of Fallen Timbers” (Ohio) - 1794
• Treaty of Greenville
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Native American Reactionto American Expansion
Possible options:• Assimilate – Merge into and become part of
European American culture (Little Turtle, Handsome Lake)
• Reject non-Indian traditions (Tenskwatawa – “the Prophet”)
• Take military action against U.S. (Tecumseh)– Battle of Tippecanoe 11/7/11 (outside Lafeyette, IN)
– Neither side won; Native American morale sunk, but continue to fight (War of 1812)
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Jefferson and European Troubles• British & France still fighting• British & French ships interfere with
American trading ships• British kidnap American sailors, attack
American ships• Embargo Act of 1807
– Hurts U.S. more than France or G.B.– Hurts Jefferson’s popularity, but
Republicans (Madison) still win next election
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War of 1812
• War Hawks (Henry Clay – KY; John C. Calhoun – SC) blame G.B. for Indian conflicts, push for war
• G.B. continues harrassment, impressment (forcing into military service) of U.S. sailors
• Relatively weak US declares war vs. G.B.
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War of 1812 Battles• U.S. attempts to invade Canada in 1812, fails
• On land in 1813, U.S. wins: – Battle of the Thames (Brits and N.A.) in Canada; – Horseshoe Bend: Andrew Jackson defeats Creek
Indians in Ala.; Creeks forced to leave Ala, Ga.
• On sea: – at first U.S., outnumbered 20 to 1, does OK– Eventually British control the seas, blockade U.S.
ports and strangle U.S. trade
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War of 1812 ends in stalemate• After defeating Napoleon in France, G.B. turns
full attention to U.S.
• G.B. invade, burn Washington, D.C.• Move on Baltimore, stopped;
Star Spangled Banner
• Hartford Convention – N.E. considers seceding
• Treaty of Ghent – Both sides want end to war; borders remain same, so do problems
• Battle of New Orleans – Jackson gets post-treaty win
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Industrial Revolution• Changes caused by Industrial Revolution:
– from agricultural economy to an industrial economy;
– Manual or animal energy, replaced by steam energy, created by the use of coal
– Workers leaving farms for city factories
• Began in Great Britain in 1750s; started in U.S. in 1790s-1810s; occurred more slowly in U.S.
• Interchangable Parts – Eli Whitney – made manufacturing easier
• “Lowell Girls”– young women who worked in the nation’s first factories in Lowell, MA– Left their families, farms
– When they went on strike for more $, replaced by immigrants
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New Methods of Transportation• Erie Canal – from Hudson River to Lake Erie ––
led to faster travel between Midwest and New York and the Atlantic Ocean; many others built
• National Road – from Baltimore to Cumberland, later to Illinois
• Steamboats – invented by Robert Fulton, allowed faster travel on the ocean and on rivers
• Railroads –1830s-1860s- large growth in U.S., replacing the canals
• RESULT: More people move west; more trade, stronger U.S.
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After War of 1812, an “Era of Good Feelings”
• James Monroe, a Democratic-Republican elected in 1816, created a new sentiment of national unity– Went on a goodwill tour of the country
• Established a Second Bank of the U.S., to loan money and resolve problems with state banks --- growth of companies
• “American System” – proposal of Henry Clay– Increase tariffs – help protect Northern factories
– Use the money collected to construct roads, bridges, canals in the West and South (“internal improvements”)
– Was not adopted; West and South weren’t interested
• The “era” didn’t last long – conflicts quickly arose
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First Great Awakening• 1740s; Evangelical: Scripture, personal
belief, demonstrate faith by deeds
• Still believed in predestination
• Breaking apart (Schism) of large religions
• Creation of smaller religious groups
• More attention to personal relationship with Jesus
• Questioning religious authority– Leads to questioning political authority
• Intense religious revival; fearful message
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Second Great Awakening• 1790s-1840s (especially 1820s, 1830s)• Belief in predestination falls; God loves you• One can “perfect” oneself and one’s
relation with God• Millenarianism – Christ is coming soon to
start his 1000-year rule on earth• Can create “heaven on earth”• Very intense revivals – burned over district• Inspired the abolitionist movement• Crazier than First Great Awakening
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New Denominations• Baptists – Baptize only adults, by immersion
• Methodists – Focused on Relationship w/ God
• Unitarians – Jesus was human messenger
• Mormons – NY to IL to UT; allowed multiple marriages
• Millennialists/Adventists–Christ coming NOW
ALSO, growth of Black participation in Evangelical churches