japan symposium 08
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The Perspective ofThe Perspective of
TechnologyTechnology
EducationEducation
The Second International SymposiumThe Second International Symposiumon Educational Cooperation foron Educational Cooperation for
Industrial Technology EducationIndustrial Technology Education
Kariya City, JapanKariya City, Japan
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Presenter:Presenter:
William E. Dugger, Jr.William E. Dugger, Jr.
Senior FellowSenior Fellow
International Technology Education Association (ITEA)International Technology Education Association (ITEA)
&&
Emeritus ProfessorEmeritus Professor
Virginia TechVirginia Tech
USAUSA
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The Study of TechnologyThe Study of Technology
Many countries in the world haveMany countries in the world have
been and are now implementing thebeen and are now implementing the
study of technology.study of technology.
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In the United States as well asIn the United States as well as
in other countries, there isin other countries, there isconfusion about the termconfusion about the term
technology.technology.
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In 2001 and 2004, TheIn 2001 and 2004, The
International TechnologyInternational TechnologyEducation Association (ITEA)Education Association (ITEA)
conducted polls which wereconducted polls which weredone by the Gallupdone by the Gallup
Organization on howOrganization on how
Americans think aboutAmericans think abouttechnology.technology.
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In both polls, a majority ofIn both polls, a majority of
Americans (62% in 2004 andAmericans (62% in 2004 and
59% in 2001) responded that59% in 2001) responded thatscience and technology arescience and technology are
basically one and the samebasically one and the samething.thing.
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When asked how importantWhen asked how importantit is for high school studentsit is for high school students
to understand theto understand the
relationship between sciencerelationship between scienceand technology, 98% of theand technology, 98% of the
Americans stated that theyAmericans stated that theythought that this was verythought that this was very
or somewhat important.or somewhat important.
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Most Americans (68% inMost Americans (68% in
2004 & 67% in 2001)2004 & 67% in 2001)
view technology veryview technology very
narrowly as beingnarrowly as being
computers, electronics,computers, electronics,
and the internet.and the internet.
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There was near totalThere was near total
consensus (98% in 2004 &consensus (98% in 2004 &
97% in 2001) in the public97% in 2001) in the publicsampled that schools shouldsampled that schools should
include the study ofinclude the study oftechnology in the curriculum.technology in the curriculum.
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What is Science?What is Science?
What is Technology?What is Technology?
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Science seeks toScience seeks to
understand the naturalunderstand the natural
world.world.National ScienceNational Science
Education StandardsEducation Standards,,National ResearchNational Research
Council, 1996.Council, 1996.
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What is Technology?What is Technology?
It is the innovation, change, orIt is the innovation, change, ormodification of the natural environmentmodification of the natural environment
in order to satisfy perceived humanin order to satisfy perceived humanwants and needs. (wants and needs. (Standards forStandards forTechnological LiteracyTechnological Literacy, ITEA, 2000), ITEA, 2000)
The goal of technology is to makeThe goal of technology is to makemodifications in the world to meetmodifications in the world to meethuman needs. (human needs. (National ScienceNational ScienceEducation StandardsEducation Standards, NRC, 1996), NRC, 1996)
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What is Technology ?What is Technology ?
(Continued)(Continued) In the broadest sense, technology extendsIn the broadest sense, technology extends
our abilities to change the world: to cut,our abilities to change the world: to cut,shape, or put together materials; to moveshape, or put together materials; to move
things from one place to another; to reachthings from one place to another; to reachfarther with our hands, voices, and senses.farther with our hands, voices, and senses.((Benchmarks for Science LiteracyBenchmarks for Science Literacy, AAAS,, AAAS,1993)1993)
Technology is the process by which humansTechnology is the process by which humansmodify nature to meet their needs and wants.modify nature to meet their needs and wants.((Technically Speaking: Why All AmericansTechnically Speaking: Why All AmericansNeed to Know More About TechnologyNeed to Know More About Technology,,NAE/NRC, 2002)NAE/NRC, 2002)
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ScienceScience vs.vs. TechnologyTechnology
Deals with the naturalDeals with the natural
world.world.
Is very concerned withIs very concerned with
what iswhat is (exists)(exists) in thein thenatural world. (i.e.:natural world. (i.e.:
Biology, Chemistry,Biology, Chemistry,
Physics, Astronomy,Physics, Astronomy,
Geology, etc.)Geology, etc.)
Deals with how humansDeals with how humans
modify, change, alter, ormodify, change, alter, or
control the natural world.control the natural world.
Is very concerned withIs very concerned with whatwhat
can or should becan or should be designed,designed,made, or developed frommade, or developed from
natural world materials andnatural world materials and
substances to satisfy humansubstances to satisfy human
needs and wantsneeds and wants
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ScienceScience vs.vs. TechnologyTechnology
(Continued)(Continued) Is concerned withIs concerned with
processesprocesses that seekthat seek
out the meaning ofout the meaning of
the natural world bythe natural world byinquiry,inquiry,
discovering whatdiscovering what
is, exploring, andis, exploring, and
usingusing the Scientificthe ScientificMethod.Method.
Is concerned withIs concerned with
suchsuch processesprocesses thatthat
we use towe use to
alter/change thealter/change thenatural world such asnatural world such as
Invention,Invention,
Innovation,Innovation,
Practical ProblemPractical ProblemSolving, and Design.Solving, and Design.
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While technology and scienceWhile technology and science
have a common denominatorhave a common denominatorbeing the natural world, theybeing the natural world, they
are similar yet very different.are similar yet very different.
Technology is not any moreTechnology is not any more
applied science than science isapplied science than science isapplied technology.applied technology.
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TechnoTechno--ScienceScience
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Technology EducationTechnology Education
This is the school subjectThis is the school subject
specifically designed to teachspecifically designed to teach
children about the broad field ofchildren about the broad field oftechnology.technology.
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Technology Education (the study ofTechnology Education (the study of
technology) should NOT betechnology) should NOT be
confused with Informationconfused with InformationTechnology or Educational (orTechnology or Educational (or
instructional) Technology!instructional) Technology!
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So what isSo what is
Technological Literacy?Technological Literacy?
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Technological literacy is the abilityTechnological literacy is the ability
to use, manage, evaluate, andto use, manage, evaluate, and
understand technology.understand technology.
Technology Literacy for All:Technology Literacy for All:A Rationale andA Rationale andStudy for the Study of Technology (2006)Study for the Study of Technology (2006)
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Who is a technologicallyWho is a technologically
literate person?literate person?One that understands:One that understands:What technology isWhat technology is
How technology is createdHow technology is created
How the use of technology shapes society andHow the use of technology shapes society andin turn,in turn,
How society shapes the development ofHow society shapes the development oftechnologytechnology
A person who is comfortable with and objectiveA person who is comfortable with and objectiveabout the use of technologyabout the use of technology neither scared ofneither scared ofit nor infatuated with it.it nor infatuated with it.
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Technological literacyTechnological literacyinvolves:involves:
Much more than a knowledgeMuch more than a knowledgeabout computers and digitalabout computers and digital
electronics.electronics.
Gaining a degree of knowledgeGaining a degree of knowledge
about the nature, behavior, power,about the nature, behavior, power,
and consequences of technologyand consequences of technology
from a real world perspective.from a real world perspective.
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There is a growing movement inThere is a growing movement in
the U. S. to teach the integrativethe U. S. to teach the integrative
subjects of Science, Technology,subjects of Science, Technology,Engineering, and MathematicsEngineering, and Mathematics
(STEM).(STEM).
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So how do we educate ourSo how do we educate our
citizens to becitizens to be
technologically literate?technologically literate?
??
??
?? ?
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WhatWhat ContentContent should beshould be
taught in the study oftaught in the study of
technology that willtechnology that willprovide technologicalprovide technological
literacy for all students?literacy for all students?
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Standards for
Technological Literacy
(STL)(ITEA,
2000,2002/2007)presents the content
for what every student
should know and be
able to do in order tobe technologically
literate.www.iteaconnect.org
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StandardsStandards
STL Standards are twenty writtenSTL Standards are twenty writtenstatements about what is valued that canstatements about what is valued that canbe used for making a judgment of quality.be used for making a judgment of quality.
Standards represent fundamentalStandards represent fundamentalconcepts.concepts.
The goal is to meet all of the standards inThe goal is to meet all of the standards inGrades KGrades K--12.12.
STL Standards were written around fiveSTL Standards were written around fivemajor organizers or categoriesmajor organizers or categories..
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Nature of TechnologyNature of Technology
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
thethe characteristics andcharacteristics and scope of technologyscope of technology..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
thethe core concepts of technologycore concepts of technology.. Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
thethe relationships among technologies andrelationships among technologies and
the connection between technology andthe connection between technology and
other fields of studyother fields of study..
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Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
thethe cultural, social, economic, and politicalcultural, social, economic, and politicaleffects of technologyeffects of technology..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofthethe effects of technology on theeffects of technology on theenvironmentenvironment..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofthethe role of society in the development androle of society in the development anduse of technologyuse of technology..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
thethe influence of technology on historyinfluence of technology on history..
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DesignDesign
Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingof theof the attributes of designattributes of design..
Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingofofengineering designengineering design..
Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingof theof the role of troubleshooting, researchrole of troubleshooting, researchand development, invention andand development, invention and
innovation, and experimentation ininnovation, and experimentation inproblem solvingproblem solving..
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Abilities for a TechnologicalAbilities for a Technological
WorldWorld
Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to applyapply
the design processthe design process..
Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to useuseand maintain technological products andand maintain technological products and
systemssystems..
Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to
assess the impact of products andassess the impact of products and
systemssystems..
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The Designed WorldThe Designed World
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofand be able to select and useand be able to select and use medicalmedicaltechnologiestechnologies..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofand be able to select and useand be able to select and use agriculturalagriculturaland related biotechnologiesand related biotechnologies..
Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of
and be able to select and useand be able to select and use energy andenergy andpower technologiespower technologies..
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The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)
Students will develop anStudents will develop anunderstanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use information andinformation and
communication technologiescommunication technologies.. Students will develop anStudents will develop an
understanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use transportationtransportationtechnologiestechnologies..
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The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)
Students will develop anStudents will develop anunderstanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use manufacturingmanufacturing
technologiestechnologies.. Students will develop anStudents will develop an
understanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use constructionconstructiontechnologiestechnologies..
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BenchmarksBenchmarks
Benchmarks inBenchmarks in STLSTL are specificare specific
requirements or enablers for eachrequirements or enablers for each
grade level (Kgrade level (K--2, 32, 3--5, 65, 6--8, & 98, & 9--12)12)
that identify what needs to be donethat identify what needs to be done
in order to meet a given standard.in order to meet a given standard.
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A Sample Standard &A Sample Standard &
BenchmarkBenchmarkStandard 11:Standard 11:
Students will develop abilities to apply aStudents will develop abilities to apply adesign process.design process.
Grades KGrades K--2 Benchmark in Standard 11:2 Benchmark in Standard 11:Build or construct an object using aBuild or construct an object using a
design process.design process.
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In conclusionIn conclusion
The power and promise ofThe power and promise of
technology can be furthertechnology can be furtherenhanced through the study ofenhanced through the study of
technology to assure that alltechnology to assure that all
people are technologically literatepeople are technologically literatein the future.in the future.
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Thank You!
William E. Dugger, Jr.
Senior Fellow and Former Director
Technology for All Americans Project
International Technology Education Association
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A copy of thisA copy of this
presentation can bepresentation can bedownloaded by goingdownloaded by going
to:to:http://www.iteaconnect.org/Resources/http://www.iteaconnect.org/Resources/
PressRoom/JapanSymposium08.pptPressRoom/JapanSymposium08.ppt