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The Perspective ofThe Perspective of

TechnologyTechnology

EducationEducation

The Second International SymposiumThe Second International Symposiumon Educational Cooperation foron Educational Cooperation for

Industrial Technology EducationIndustrial Technology Education

Kariya City, JapanKariya City, Japan


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Presenter:Presenter:

William E. Dugger, Jr.William E. Dugger, Jr.

Senior FellowSenior Fellow

International Technology Education Association (ITEA)International Technology Education Association (ITEA)

&&

Emeritus ProfessorEmeritus Professor

Virginia TechVirginia Tech

USAUSA


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The Study of TechnologyThe Study of Technology

Many countries in the world haveMany countries in the world have

been and are now implementing thebeen and are now implementing the

study of technology.study of technology.


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In the United States as well asIn the United States as well as

in other countries, there isin other countries, there isconfusion about the termconfusion about the term

technology.technology.


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In 2001 and 2004, TheIn 2001 and 2004, The

International TechnologyInternational TechnologyEducation Association (ITEA)Education Association (ITEA)

conducted polls which wereconducted polls which weredone by the Gallupdone by the Gallup

Organization on howOrganization on how

Americans think aboutAmericans think abouttechnology.technology.


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In both polls, a majority ofIn both polls, a majority of

Americans (62% in 2004 andAmericans (62% in 2004 and

59% in 2001) responded that59% in 2001) responded thatscience and technology arescience and technology are

basically one and the samebasically one and the samething.thing.


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When asked how importantWhen asked how importantit is for high school studentsit is for high school students

to understand theto understand the

relationship between sciencerelationship between scienceand technology, 98% of theand technology, 98% of the

Americans stated that theyAmericans stated that theythought that this was verythought that this was very

or somewhat important.or somewhat important.


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Most Americans (68% inMost Americans (68% in

2004 & 67% in 2001)2004 & 67% in 2001)

view technology veryview technology very

narrowly as beingnarrowly as being

computers, electronics,computers, electronics,

and the internet.and the internet.


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There was near totalThere was near total

consensus (98% in 2004 &consensus (98% in 2004 &

97% in 2001) in the public97% in 2001) in the publicsampled that schools shouldsampled that schools should

include the study ofinclude the study oftechnology in the curriculum.technology in the curriculum.


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What is Science?What is Science?

What is Technology?What is Technology?


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Science seeks toScience seeks to

understand the naturalunderstand the natural

world.world.National ScienceNational Science

Education StandardsEducation Standards,,National ResearchNational Research

Council, 1996.Council, 1996.


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What is Technology?What is Technology?

It is the innovation, change, orIt is the innovation, change, ormodification of the natural environmentmodification of the natural environment

in order to satisfy perceived humanin order to satisfy perceived humanwants and needs. (wants and needs. (Standards forStandards forTechnological LiteracyTechnological Literacy, ITEA, 2000), ITEA, 2000)

The goal of technology is to makeThe goal of technology is to makemodifications in the world to meetmodifications in the world to meethuman needs. (human needs. (National ScienceNational ScienceEducation StandardsEducation Standards, NRC, 1996), NRC, 1996)


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What is Technology ?What is Technology ?

(Continued)(Continued) In the broadest sense, technology extendsIn the broadest sense, technology extends

our abilities to change the world: to cut,our abilities to change the world: to cut,shape, or put together materials; to moveshape, or put together materials; to move

things from one place to another; to reachthings from one place to another; to reachfarther with our hands, voices, and senses.farther with our hands, voices, and senses.((Benchmarks for Science LiteracyBenchmarks for Science Literacy, AAAS,, AAAS,1993)1993)

Technology is the process by which humansTechnology is the process by which humansmodify nature to meet their needs and wants.modify nature to meet their needs and wants.((Technically Speaking: Why All AmericansTechnically Speaking: Why All AmericansNeed to Know More About TechnologyNeed to Know More About Technology,,NAE/NRC, 2002)NAE/NRC, 2002)


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ScienceScience vs.vs. TechnologyTechnology

Deals with the naturalDeals with the natural

world.world.

Is very concerned withIs very concerned with

what iswhat is (exists)(exists) in thein thenatural world. (i.e.:natural world. (i.e.:

Biology, Chemistry,Biology, Chemistry,

Physics, Astronomy,Physics, Astronomy,

Geology, etc.)Geology, etc.)

Deals with how humansDeals with how humans

modify, change, alter, ormodify, change, alter, or

control the natural world.control the natural world.

Is very concerned withIs very concerned with whatwhat

can or should becan or should be designed,designed,made, or developed frommade, or developed from

natural world materials andnatural world materials and

substances to satisfy humansubstances to satisfy human

needs and wantsneeds and wants


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ScienceScience vs.vs. TechnologyTechnology

(Continued)(Continued) Is concerned withIs concerned with

processesprocesses that seekthat seek

out the meaning ofout the meaning of

the natural world bythe natural world byinquiry,inquiry,

discovering whatdiscovering what

is, exploring, andis, exploring, and

usingusing the Scientificthe ScientificMethod.Method.

Is concerned withIs concerned with

suchsuch processesprocesses thatthat

we use towe use to

alter/change thealter/change thenatural world such asnatural world such as

Invention,Invention,

Innovation,Innovation,

Practical ProblemPractical ProblemSolving, and Design.Solving, and Design.


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While technology and scienceWhile technology and science

have a common denominatorhave a common denominatorbeing the natural world, theybeing the natural world, they

are similar yet very different.are similar yet very different.

Technology is not any moreTechnology is not any more

applied science than science isapplied science than science isapplied technology.applied technology.


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TechnoTechno--ScienceScience


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Technology EducationTechnology Education

This is the school subjectThis is the school subject

specifically designed to teachspecifically designed to teach

children about the broad field ofchildren about the broad field oftechnology.technology.


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Technology Education (the study ofTechnology Education (the study of

technology) should NOT betechnology) should NOT be

confused with Informationconfused with InformationTechnology or Educational (orTechnology or Educational (or

instructional) Technology!instructional) Technology!


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So what isSo what is

Technological Literacy?Technological Literacy?


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Technological literacy is the abilityTechnological literacy is the ability

to use, manage, evaluate, andto use, manage, evaluate, and

understand technology.understand technology.

Technology Literacy for All:Technology Literacy for All:A Rationale andA Rationale andStudy for the Study of Technology (2006)Study for the Study of Technology (2006)


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Who is a technologicallyWho is a technologically

literate person?literate person?One that understands:One that understands:What technology isWhat technology is

How technology is createdHow technology is created

How the use of technology shapes society andHow the use of technology shapes society andin turn,in turn,

How society shapes the development ofHow society shapes the development oftechnologytechnology

A person who is comfortable with and objectiveA person who is comfortable with and objectiveabout the use of technologyabout the use of technology neither scared ofneither scared ofit nor infatuated with it.it nor infatuated with it.


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Technological literacyTechnological literacyinvolves:involves:

Much more than a knowledgeMuch more than a knowledgeabout computers and digitalabout computers and digital

electronics.electronics.

Gaining a degree of knowledgeGaining a degree of knowledge

about the nature, behavior, power,about the nature, behavior, power,

and consequences of technologyand consequences of technology

from a real world perspective.from a real world perspective.


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There is a growing movement inThere is a growing movement in

the U. S. to teach the integrativethe U. S. to teach the integrative

subjects of Science, Technology,subjects of Science, Technology,Engineering, and MathematicsEngineering, and Mathematics

(STEM).(STEM).


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So how do we educate ourSo how do we educate our

citizens to becitizens to be

technologically literate?technologically literate?

??

??

?? ?


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WhatWhat ContentContent should beshould be

taught in the study oftaught in the study of

technology that willtechnology that willprovide technologicalprovide technological

literacy for all students?literacy for all students?


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Standards for

Technological Literacy

(STL)(ITEA,

2000,2002/2007)presents the content

for what every student

should know and be

able to do in order tobe technologically

literate.www.iteaconnect.org


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StandardsStandards

STL Standards are twenty writtenSTL Standards are twenty writtenstatements about what is valued that canstatements about what is valued that canbe used for making a judgment of quality.be used for making a judgment of quality.

Standards represent fundamentalStandards represent fundamentalconcepts.concepts.

The goal is to meet all of the standards inThe goal is to meet all of the standards inGrades KGrades K--12.12.

STL Standards were written around fiveSTL Standards were written around fivemajor organizers or categoriesmajor organizers or categories..


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Nature of TechnologyNature of Technology

Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of

thethe characteristics andcharacteristics and scope of technologyscope of technology..


thethe core concepts of technologycore concepts of technology.. Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of

thethe relationships among technologies andrelationships among technologies and

the connection between technology andthe connection between technology and

other fields of studyother fields of study..


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Technology and SocietyTechnology and Society Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding of

thethe cultural, social, economic, and politicalcultural, social, economic, and politicaleffects of technologyeffects of technology..

Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofthethe effects of technology on theeffects of technology on theenvironmentenvironment..

Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofthethe role of society in the development androle of society in the development anduse of technologyuse of technology..


thethe influence of technology on historyinfluence of technology on history..


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DesignDesign

Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingof theof the attributes of designattributes of design..

Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingofofengineering designengineering design..

Students will develop an understandingStudents will develop an understandingof theof the role of troubleshooting, researchrole of troubleshooting, researchand development, invention andand development, invention and

innovation, and experimentation ininnovation, and experimentation inproblem solvingproblem solving..


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Abilities for a TechnologicalAbilities for a Technological

WorldWorld

Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to applyapply

the design processthe design process..

Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to useuseand maintain technological products andand maintain technological products and

systemssystems..

Students will develop the abilities toStudents will develop the abilities to

assess the impact of products andassess the impact of products and

systemssystems..


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The Designed WorldThe Designed World

Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofand be able to select and useand be able to select and use medicalmedicaltechnologiestechnologies..

Students will develop an understanding ofStudents will develop an understanding ofand be able to select and useand be able to select and use agriculturalagriculturaland related biotechnologiesand related biotechnologies..


and be able to select and useand be able to select and use energy andenergy andpower technologiespower technologies..


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The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)

Students will develop anStudents will develop anunderstanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use information andinformation and

communication technologiescommunication technologies.. Students will develop anStudents will develop an

understanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use transportationtransportationtechnologiestechnologies..


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The Designed World (Cont.)The Designed World (Cont.)

Students will develop anStudents will develop anunderstanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use manufacturingmanufacturing

technologiestechnologies.. Students will develop anStudents will develop an

understanding of and be able tounderstanding of and be able toselect and useselect and use constructionconstructiontechnologiestechnologies..


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BenchmarksBenchmarks

Benchmarks inBenchmarks in STLSTL are specificare specific

requirements or enablers for eachrequirements or enablers for each

grade level (Kgrade level (K--2, 32, 3--5, 65, 6--8, & 98, & 9--12)12)

that identify what needs to be donethat identify what needs to be done

in order to meet a given standard.in order to meet a given standard.


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A Sample Standard &A Sample Standard &

BenchmarkBenchmarkStandard 11:Standard 11:

Students will develop abilities to apply aStudents will develop abilities to apply adesign process.design process.

Grades KGrades K--2 Benchmark in Standard 11:2 Benchmark in Standard 11:Build or construct an object using aBuild or construct an object using a

design process.design process.


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In conclusionIn conclusion

The power and promise ofThe power and promise of

technology can be furthertechnology can be furtherenhanced through the study ofenhanced through the study of

technology to assure that alltechnology to assure that all

people are technologically literatepeople are technologically literatein the future.in the future.


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Thank You!

William E. Dugger, Jr.

Senior Fellow and Former Director

Technology for All Americans Project

International Technology Education Association

[email protected]


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A copy of thisA copy of this

presentation can bepresentation can bedownloaded by goingdownloaded by going

to:to:http://www.iteaconnect.org/Resources/http://www.iteaconnect.org/Resources/

PressRoom/JapanSymposium08.pptPressRoom/JapanSymposium08.ppt

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