ix maswavleblis wigniold.eqe.ge/uploads/grifireba/grifirebulebi_2012/qimia/...qimiis swvalebis...
TRANSCRIPT
qimiaIX
maswavleblis wigni
manana vardiaSvili
gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi 2012
grifi mieniWa 2012 wels ssip ganaTlebis xarisxis ganviTarebis
erovnuli centris (brZaneba # 375, 18. 05. 2012) mier
manana vardiaSvili
q i m i a I X
maswavleblis wigni
gamomcemloba inteleqti
Tbilisi 2012
Manana Vardiashvili
CHEMISTRY IX
Teacher's Book
INTELEKTI Publishers
Tbilisi 2012
ยฉ manana vardiaSvili, 2012
ยฉ gamomcemloba `inteleqti~, 2012
ISBN 978-9941-439-31-5
gamomcemloba inteleqtiTbilisi, ilia WavWavaZis gamziri #5225-05-22, 5(99) 55-66-54faqsi: 225-05-22elfosta: [email protected] vebgverdi: www.intelekti.ge
3
sarCevi
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqciaqimiis swavlebis specifika. meToduri orientirebi .......................................4moswavleTa motivireba gakveTilze ................................................................5saxelmZRvanelos struqtura .............................................................................5samuSoa rveulis struqtura .............................................................................6gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi. saswavlo masalis war modgenis fazebis axsna-ganmarteba ....................................................................................6rekomendaciebi moswavleTa SefasebisaTvis .....................................................8aqtivobis Sefasebis nimuSebi ........................................................................... 10kritikul azrovnebaze gamiznuli gakveTilis dagegmva ............................... 16raze unda vifiqroT gakveTilis dawyebamde ................................................ 16ra saxis SekiTxva davsavT ................................................................................. 17rogor gamovikiTxoT gakveTili ...................................................................... 17rogor davgegmoT gakveTili ........................................................................... 18ganmaviTarebeli swavleba da ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba .............................. 19proeqtiT swavlebis forma .............................................................................. 22moswavleebTan diferencirebuli muSaoba ..................................................... 25sakontrolo werebis Sesaxeb ............................................................................ 25standarti .......................................................................................................... 26Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka ............................................................................. 32saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli kiTxvebisa da savarjiSoebis pasuxebi ......... 100
4
saxelmZRvanelos daniSnuleba da misi gamoyenebis instruqcia.qimiis swavlebis specifika. meToduri orientirebi
qimiis swvalebis mizania moswavles ganuviTaros kvlevis unar-Cvevebi.erovnuli saswavlo gegmis mixedviT, sabazo safexurze moswavle ecnoba sa-
myaroSi arsebul kanonebsa da kanonzmierebebs, sxvadasxva cdebiT cdilobs molenaTa arsSi wvdomas, modelebiT cdilobs maT aRweras. ganixilavs cnebisa Tu movlenis rogorc Tvisebriv, ise raodenobriv mxares. ecnoba yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi am movlenebis gamoyenebis magaliTebs.
moswavle gansazRvravs kvlevis mizans, gegmavs eqsperiments, atarebs maT maswavleblis damxarebiT, jgufurad da damoukideblad. swavlobs Sedegebis gaanalizebas, sworad formulirebas da sxvadasxva saSualebiT warmodgenas (cxrili, grafiki, fotomasala da sxva). kvlevis procesSi iziarebs sxvaTa Sexedulebebs, afasebs maT, asabuTebs sakuTar pozicias. Sesabamisad saxelmZ-Rvanelos daniSnulebaa xeli Seuwyos erovnuli saswavlo miznebiT gaTval-iswinebuli unar-Cvevebis gamomuSavebas.
miznis miRwevisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmZRvanelos struq-turas, Sinaarssa da meTodikas.
masalis mowodebis ZiriTadi meToduri orientiria problemuri Txroba.Sin da gakveTilze Catarebuli cdebis Sedegebis analiziT, arsebuli codnis
safuZvelze, mosalodneli Sedegebis prognozirebiT, logikuri dasabuTebiT nabij-nabij mivdivarT yovel axal cnebamde da debulebamde.
gakveTilze cdebis Catarebisas, winaswar vkiTxoT moswavleebs, ra Sedegs moelian isini. cxadia, klasSi iqneba azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, xSirad ramdenime alternatiuli pasuxia. moswavleebs ainteresebs vis mosazrebebs daadasturebs cda _ am gziT interesi Casaxulia da motivaciac arsebobs, umravles SemTx-vevaSi axali masalis ganxilva cdis saSualebiT mimdinareobs.
cdis Catarebis Semdeg sasurvelia gaimarTos diskusia _ ra Sedegebi miviReT cdis Semdeg da ra daskvna gamomdinareobs.
axali masala moswavleebs mivawodoT etapobrivad, cnebebi TandaTan Semovi-tanoT. saxelmZRvanelos yovel paragrafSi TiToeuli cnebis ganxilvas mos-devs misi praqtikuli ganmtkiceba Sidateqsturi davalebebis saxiT. Tumca zo-gierT SemTxvevaSi Sidateqsturi davaleba problemebze dafuZnebul SekiTxvas Seicavs, romelic samotivacio masalaa axal cnebebis ganxilvaze gadasasvle-lad.
umravles SemTxvevaSi paragrafis teqstSi etapebi gamoyofilia Sidateqs-turi davalebebiT.
saxelmZRvanelos axlavs samuSao rveuli, romelSic mocemulia Sidateqs-turi davalebebi da is samuSao, rac moswavlem gakveTilze unda Seasrulos. samuSao rveuli saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom moswavle mudmivad CarTuli iyos sagakveTilo procesSi.
moswavle samuSao rveulSi pasuxebs afiqsirebs werilobiT, rac xels uwyobs sakiTxis ufro Rrmad gaazrebas da xangrZlivad damaxsovrebas.
samuSao rveulSi aris Tavisufali adgili rubrikiT `SeasruleT paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebi~, sadac moswavle imuSavebs rogorc klasSi. aseve Seasrulebs saSinao davalebebsac.
5
samuSao rveulSi Cawers agreTve rogor Seasrula saSinao cda, upasuxebs saSinao cdasTan dakavSirebul SekiTxvebs. moswavleTa codnis Semowmeba da Semajamebeli samuSaoebis Catareba SegviZlia testuri davalebebis krebuliT, sadac TiToeul Semajamebeli samuSaosTvis (sakontrolo werisaTvis) testu-ri davalebebis sam-sami variantia mocemuli. testuri davalebebi gaTvlilia imdeni Semajamebeli samuSaosaTvis, ramdeni Semajamebeli samuSaoc unda Cat-ardes mocemul klasSi wlis ganmavlobaSi.
rogori daxvewilic ar unda iyos saxelmZRvanelo, ra Tanamedrove meTodeb-iTac ar unda vaswavloT maT, ra didi profesionalebic unda viyoT, yovelTvis iqnebian Zlieri da SedarebiT susti moswavleebi. SedarebiT ZlierebisaTvis SeiZleba davalebebi SevarCioT amocanaTa krebulidan, sadac sxvadasxva tipis da sirTulis amocanebi da savarjiSoebia.
saxelmZRvanelos axlavs maswavleblis wigni, sadac mocemulia standarti, Sinaarsisa da miznebis ruka, tipuri gakveTilis scenarebi, zogierTi Taname-drove meTodikis mimoxilva, saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli davalebebis pasuxebi ganmartebebiT.
moswavleTa motivireba gakveTilze
moswavleTa motivireba niSnavs ganxiluli masalis sasargeblod iseTi ar-gumentebis moyvanas, mis iseT interpretacias, rom moswavle ganawyos axali masalis Sesaswavlad.
moswavleTa motivireba SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva xerxiT. yoveli paragrafi saxelmRvaneloSi iwyeba samotivacio masaliT. es SeiZleba iyos damaintrige-beli Sesavali, istoriuli faqti, cda, problemuri SekiTxva, ilustracia, ST-ambeWdavi statistikuri monacemebi da sxva.
Semdeg paragrafi grZeldeba ZiriTad cnebebze saubriT. umravles SemTxveva-Si isini asruleben kvleviT samuSaos _ atarebel cdas, an aanalizeben infor-macias Sidateqturi davalebebiT _ es Sinaarsis realizebis stadiaa. am dros _ moswavleebi muSaoben am wyvilebad, an jgufurad. resursi ki ZiriTadad aris paragrafis teqsti, ilustracia, qimiuri formulebi, reaqciaTa tolobebi, grafikebi cxrilebi, samuSao rveuli.
Sinaarsis realizebis Semdeg ganvixilavT paragrafis bolos mocemul dava-lebebs, romelic emsaxureba masalis ganvrcobas, refleqsias.
saxelmZRvanelos struqtura
saxelmZRvanelos Sinaarsi dayofilia Tavebad, Tavebi dayofilia para-grafebad.
yoveli Tavis dasawyisSi miTiTebulia Tu ra Sedegs miaRwevs moswavle cod-nis SeZenisa da unarebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT am Tavis Seswavlis Semdeg.
yovel paragrafs aqvs saTauri, romliTac gacxadebulia paragrafSi ganxi-luli sakiTxebis ZiriTadi idea.
yoveli paragrafi iwyeba samotivacio masaliT, grZeldeba Sinaarsis realize-
6
bisaTvis saWiro informaciiTa da Sesabamisi aqtivobebiT. paragrafi mTavrdeba masalis SejamebiT. paragrafis bolos aseve aris refleqsiis stadiis Sesabamisi aqtivobebi.
saxelmZRvaneloSi Sesabamisi aRniSvna migvaniSnebs romel savarjiSos Ses-ruleba mizanSewonili jgufurad, romlis wyvilebad da romlis individualu-rad
saxelmZRvanelos axlavs danarTi, sxvadasxva cxrilebi, perioduli sistema da sxva saWiro masala.
aris agreTve ganmartebiTi leqsikoni.
samuSao rveulis struqtura
samuSao rveulSi Setanilia is aqtivobebi, romlebic moswavleebma da-moukideblad an jgufurad unda Seasrulon axali gakveTilis axsnis procesSi.
aseve iseTi aqtivobebi, romliTac moswavle kidev erTxel gaiazrebs axal masalas, maswavlebels ki aZlevs saSualebas naTlad dainaxos ramdenad kargad gaerkva moswavle axal masalaSi, ra xarvezebia mis codnasa da unarebSi.
moswavle samuSao rveulSi asrulebs saSinao davalebebsa da paragrafis Sem-dgom davalebebsac. amrigad, samuSao rveuli, masSi warmodgenili moswavlis Canawerebis mixedviT, maswavlebels aZlevs saSualebas moswavle Seafasos ro-gorc saSinao davalebis komponentSi, ise gakveTilze CarTulobis komponen-tSic.
davalebebi, romlebic axali masalis axnas emsaxureba da xels uwyobs az-rovnebis ganviTarebas, Setanilia samuSao rveulSi, sasurvelia SekiTxvebs mo-swavleebma individualurad, jgufurad an damoukidelblad upasuxon, weril-obiT Camoayalibon Tavisi mosazreba. cxadia, maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs dros pasuxis gasacemad, Semdeg moismens ramdenime pasuxs Tu aqtivoba indi-vidualuria, Tu jgufuria moismens yvela jgufis pasuxs, Seajerebs da daaf-iqsirebs swor pasuxs. moswavleebs rveulSi SeaqvT swori pasuxi, romelic did daxmarebebs gauwevs maT axali masalis momzadebaSi.
paragrafis bolos mocemul davalebebze muSaobisas, ar aris aucilebeli yvela moswavlem yvela davaleba Seasrulos, aq SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT mo-swavleTa SesaZleblobebi da am sakiTxebs diferencirebulad mivudgeT.
Tu maswavlebelma ver moaswro romelime misi azriT saintereso davalebis ganxilva, aZlevs moswavleebs saSinao davalebad damatebiT, radgan moswavlee-bma isedac unda Seasrulon is davalebebi, romlebic saxelmZRvaneloSi moce-mulia rubrikiT `saSinao davaleba~.
yvela moswavle valdebulia samuSao rveuli Sevsebuli hqodes.
gakveTilis dagegmvis zogadi principebi. saswavlo masalis warยญmodgenis fazebis axsnaยญganmarteba
cxadia, umjobesia yoveli gakveTilis Catareba winaswar mofiqrebuli da gaazrebuli gegmis mixedviT.
gakveTilis gegmas SesaZloa, maswavleblis survilis mixedviT, sx-vadasxva forma hqondes. es SeiZleba iyos teqsti, sadac danomrilia
7
gakveTilis ZiriTadi etapebi, an cxrili, romlis TiToeul grafaSi asaxulia gakveTilis TiToeuli etapis miznebi, pedagogiuri procesis Sinaarsi, meTodebi. muSaobis formebi, TiToeuli etapis xangrZlivoba (dro), davalebebi moswavleTaTvis, resursebi. mTavaria _ gegmaSi gaT-valiswinebul iyos gakveTilis yvela ZiriTadi komponenti da gakveTilis agebis logika.
yoveli gakveTili saswavlo miznis dasaxviT, sakiTxis dasmiTa da amocanis gansazRvriT iwyeba, es gakveTilis pirveli etapia. am etapze saswavlo procesSi moswavleTa CarTuloba ukve uzrunvelyofili unda iyos.
gakveTilis momdevno etapia moswavleTa motivireba, `motivi~ franguli sityvaa da risame moqmedebis, saqcielis gamomwvev mizezebs gulisxmobs.
motivi aris mosazreba risame sasargeblod. motivacia da motivireba ki aris mosazrebebis moyvana risame sasargeblod.
pirdapiri gagebiT, moswavleTa motivireba gulisxmobs iseTi argu-mentebis moyvanas, romelic moswavles ganawyobs axali masalis Sesaswavlad.
sazogadod, pedagogikaSi cnobilia moswavleTa motivirebis ram-denime xerxi: es SeiZleba iyos damaintrigebeli fraza, problemuri situacia, naxati, istoriuli ambavi, cda, peizaJi, romlis komponentebsac kavSiri aqvs saswavlo masalasTan da a.S. (yvela es momenti saxelmZRvaneloSi gaTvaliswinebulia).
momdevno etapi axali cnebisa da Sesabamisi unarebis aTvisebis etapia.gakveTilis am etapis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia paragrafis teqstze
moswavleTa damoukidebeli muSaobiT, Sidateqsturi davalebis SesrulebiT, es davalebebi umetes SemTxvevaSi kvleviTi xasiaTisaa da emsaxureba ama Tu im sakiTxis (cnebis) TandaTan gaazrebas.
sasurvelia, rom moswavleebma imuSaon rogorc individualurad, ise wyvilebad da jgufebad. es ukanaskneli forma gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maSin, rodesac samuSao kvleviTi xasiaTisaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi moswav-leebs gamoaqvT daskvna, rasac win uZRvis diskusia, azrTa Sejereba, Sedegebis analizi.
gakveTilis mesame etapi codnisa da unarebis ganvrcoba-gaRrmavebis etapia. misi ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia paragrafis bolos mocemuli davalebebiT. am etaps ekuTvnis saSinao davalebac.
8
rekomendaciebi moswavleTa SefasebisaTvis
moswavleTa codnisa da unarebis Sefaseba gulisxmobs codnisa da unarebis kontrols da kontrolis Sedegebis asaxvas TvalsaCinod _ qulebis saSualebiT.
swavlis procesSi, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba ori saxis Sefaseba. ganmsaz-Rvreli da ganmaviTarebeli.
ganmsazRvreli Sefaseba gansazRvravs konkretul komponentSi moswavlis miRwevis dones standartiT gansazRvrul misaRwev SedegebTan mimarTebaSi.
fasdeba ara mxolod codna, aramed unar-Cvevebic, romelic mJRavndeba saSinao davalebiT, gakveTilze CarTulobiT, proeqtis raime etapis das-rulebiT, sxvadasxva tipis aqtivobebis ganxorcielebiT da a. S. es yvelaferi mimdinare Sefasebaa.
ganmaviTarebeli SefasebiT fasdeba igive komponentebi, magram Se-faseba orientirebulia ara standartze, aramed sakuTriv moswavlis SesaZleblobebze. ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba unda Camoyalibdes sityvebiT da masSi aRniSnuli unda iyos ra progresi aqvs moswavles da ra unda gaaumjobesos ukeTesi Sedegis misaRwevad.
moswavleTa codnisa da unarebis Sefaseba xdeba sxvadasxva kompo-nentis mixedviT:
ganvixiloT codnis da unar-Cvevebis, agreTve maTi Sefasebis Ta-viseburebani, romelic Sedis TiToeul komponentSi.
1) saSinao davalebis komponentSi vgulisxmobT ara mxolod weriT dava-lebas, Tu saSinao cdas, aramed zogadad, wina gakveTilze damuSavebuli masalisa da unarebis aTvisebis xarisxs. Sesbamisad, qulebi SeiZleba daiweros Semdegi principiT:
1-3 4-5 6-7 8-9 10weriTi
da va leba
(Tu aris
saSinao
cdac)
weriTi dava-
leba
ara aqvs an
arasworia
davaleba
nawilobriv
sworadaa
Sesrule-
buli
davaleba swora-
daa Sesrulebuli.
mxolod umniSvne-
lo xarvezebiT
davaleba swo-
radaa Sesrule-
buli. xarvezebis
gareSe
davaleba sworadaa Ses-
rulebuli. organizebulia
TvalsaCinod
paragrafis
Sesabamisi
Zi riTadi
cne bebi da
unarebi
ar SeuZlia
gakveTilze
ganxiluli
ZiriTadi cne-
bebis CamoTvla.
ar SeuZlia
maTi adekvatu-
ri gamoyeneba
ZiriTadi
cnebebis
Sesaxeb
bundovani
warmodgena
aqvs. uWirs
am cnebebis
adekvaturad
gamoyeneba
ayalibebs Ziri-
Tad cnebebs. msj-
elobs TiToeuli
cnebis Sesaxeb.
iyenebs maT adek-
vaturad zogierT
SemTxvevaSi
ayalibebs Ziri-
Tad cnebebs. msj-
elobs TiToeuli
cnebis Sesaxeb.
ukavSirebs am
cnebebs erT-
maneTs. iyenebs
maT adekvaturad
(rogorc msagavs,
ise axal situa-
ciebSi)
ayalibebs ZiriTad cne-
bebs. msjelobs TiToeuli
cnebis Sesaxeb. akavSirebs
am cnebebs erTmaneTTan,
agreTve wina gakveTilze
ganxilul cnebebTan.
iyenebs am cnebebs yvela
situaciaSi. sakiTxis
gadawyvetas udgeba
SemoqmedebiTad. davaleba
gamdidrebulia sxvadasxva
sainformacio wyaroebidan
mopovebuli masaliT. gaaC-
nia sakuTari xedva.
saSinao davaleba fasdeba Semdegi unarebiT:_ weriTi unari
9
_ namuSevris organizebis unari_ modelirebis unari_ dakvirvebisa da aRweris unari_ cnebaTa arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyofis, Sedarebis, klasifikaciis,
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis damyarebis unari._ informaciis moZiebis unari. unari fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:_ sxvadasxva sainformacio wyaros gamoyeneba (miekuTvneba SemoqmedebiTi
unarebis jgufs)_ Sesabamisi informaciis moZieba da analizi_ saSinao davalebis Sesrulebis sistematuroba_ weriTi samuSao_ martivi kvleva_ modelis Seqmna_ proeqti (moklevadiani, grZelvadiani).2) sagakveTilo procesSi CarTuloba.es komponenti gulisxmobs Semdegi unarebis Sefasebas:_ yuradRebis mobilizebis unari_ kvleviTi unarebi_ TanamSromlobis unarisabunebismetyveli sagnebis swavlebis ZiriTadi funqcia kvleviTi un-
arebis formirebaa, saxelmZRvaneloSi kvleviTi samuSaoebi umravles SemTxvevaSi isea organizebuli, rom moiTxovs yuradRebis mobilizebis, da TanamSromlobis unars, radgan xSiria jgufuri da wyviluri sa-muSaoebi. sakuTriv samuSao, aseve dakvirvebasa da analizs moiTxovs, rac yuradRebis mobilizebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amitom gakveTilzec mizanSewonilia Sefasdes kvleviTi unarebi maTi Sesabamisi aqtivobebis gamovlenis intensivobis TvalsazrisiT.
kvleviTi unarebi fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:_ problemis formulireba (pirobebis gaanalizeba, misi arsis gageba)_ dasmuli problemis gadaWris gzis SeTavazeba_ eqsperimentis Catareba_ eqsperimentuli monacemebis Cawera_ usafrTxoebis wesebis dacva_ jgufur muSaobaSi monawileoba_ diskusiaSi monawileoba (ganxilul sakiTxebze kiTxvebis dasma, pa-
suxis gacema da dasabuTeba)_ ganxiluli movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sakuTri damokidebulebis
gamoxatva.
10
aqtivobis Sefasebis nimuSebi
11
3) Semajamebeli samuSaocxadia, moswavleTa SefasebisTvis saWiroa sadiagnostiko saSualebebi,
amitom saxelmZRvanelos axlavs testebisa da praqtikuli samuSaoebis nakrebi, romlis gamoyenebac SesaZlebelia moswavleTa gamokiTxvisas (testebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sakontroli weris drosac).
maswavleblebi xSirad sTavazoben moswavles iseT aqtivobas, rogoricaa prezentacia. gTavazobT meTodur rekomendaciebs am aqtivobis mixedviT moswavlis SefasebisaTvis.
sityva `prezentacia~ laTinuria. qarTulad niSnavs `wardgenas~.pedagogikaSi prezentacia emsaxureba pirvel rigSi sakuTari codnis
efeqturad warmoCenis unaris formirebas. moswavlis Sefasebis am for-mas, maswavlebelma SeiZleba mimarTos kvlevis Sedgebis, proeqtis ganx-orcielebis, individualuri an jgufuri muSaobis Sedegebis ganxilvisas.
amitom wardgena SeiZleba iyos Semdegi saxis:_ kvlevis Sedegebis wardgena_ proeqtis wardgena_ individualuri (jgufuri muSaobis) wardgena_ saSinao davalebis wardgenawardgenisas fasdeba Semdegi unarebi:_ azris Camoyalibebisa da miwodebis unari_ monacemebis organizebisa da warmodgenis unari_ SemoqmedebiTi unariunari fasdeba Semdegi aqtivobebiT:_ auditoriasTan urTierToba_ Sesabamisi terminebis floba da adekvaturi gamoyeneba_ monacemebis sxvadasxvagvari saSualebiT (grafiki, sqema, cxrili,
diagrama, CamonaTvali, naxazi, naxati, fotosuraTi, warmodgena).gTavazobT am aqtivobebis diferencirebuli Sefasebis models:
1-3 4-5 6-7 8-10
Sesabamisi terminis
floba da adek-
vaturi gamoyeneba
ver iyenebs termins
saTandod
nawilobriv flobs
termins da uWirs
misi adekvaturad
gamoyeneba
flobs terminebs,
iyenebs adekvatu-
rad. umravles
SemTxvevaSi
flobs terminebs,
iyenebs adekvatu rad.
yvela SemTxve vaSi
monacemebis sx-
vadasxvagvari
saSualebebiT war-
modgena
ar SeuZlia monace-
mebis warmodgena
monacemebs war-
moadgens mxolod
sityvierad
monacemebis war-
modgenisas iyenebs
erT TvalsaCino
saSualebas
monacmebs warmoad-
gens sxvadasxva
saSualebiT
auditoriasTan
urTierToba
auditoria ar us-
mens (cxadia!)
auditoriasTan
amyarebs kontaqts
nawilobriv
ipyrobs audito-
riis yuradRebas
ipyrobs auditoriis
yuradRebas. axdens
zegavlenas
swavlebis zogierTi Tanamedrove strategiis mokle mimoxilvaukanasknel periodSi saqarTveloSi farTod gavrcelda swavlebis axali
teqnologia `kiTxva da wera kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis~. am
12
teqnologiis mixedviT saswavlo qmedebebi zedmiwevniTaa gawerili gakve Tilis TiToeul etapze: gamowvevis, gaazrebisa da refleqsiis stadiaze.
cnobilia, rom moswavleebi ukeTesad iZenen maTTvis aqtualur codnas. codnis aTvisebisadmi interesis stimulirebis erT-erTi gzaa axali masalidan moswavleTaTvis ukve nacnobi codnis gamowvlilva da mis garSemo wamoWril SekiTxvebze moswavleTa yuradRebis koncentrireba, radgan, rogorc wesi, es SekiTxvebi Seicaven problemebs, romelTa gadaWra moiTxovs axali codnisa da unarebis aTvisebas. amrigad, gamowvevis etapi amzadebs moswavleebs, ganawy-obs maT im codnisa da unarebis asaTviseblad, rac moeliT maT saswavlo saqmianobis momdevno etapze. es etapi xels uwyobs moswavleTa motivirebas.
gaazrebis, anu Sinaarsis realizebis stadia gulisxmobs axali codnis mopovebas sxvadasxva gziT (teqstze muSaoba, dakvirveba, cda, dialogi, sxva sainformacio wyaroebi...).
kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis teqnologiebis sabazo modelSi ukanaskneli stadia refleqsia, anu gansja-ganvrcobaa. es stadia gansaku-TrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan am periodSi xdeba axali codnis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSaveba.
gakveTilis yvela stadia urTierTkavSirSia da erTmaneTiTaa gansaz Rv ruli.kritikuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis yoveli strategia miznad isaxavs
moswavleTa SemoqmebiTi potencialis gaxsnasa da ganviTarebas.kritikuli azrovnebis xelSmewyobi meTodi aris is, rac moicavs samive
fazas. strategia aris is rac gaTvlilia mxolod erT fazaze.erT-erTi aseTi meTodia: `vicodi, gavige, midna gavigo!. gakveTilis modeli,
romelic am strategias efuZneba, mocemulia cxrilis saxiT.
maswavleblis qmedebani moswavlis aqtivobebi
gakveTilis miznis gansazRvra
gamowvevis stadiaatarebs frontalur saubars, dafaze avsebs cxrils: vicodi, gavige, minda gavigo
avsebs cxrilis pirvel grafas
Sinaarsis realizebis stadia
a) organizebas uwevs teqstze muSaobas. aregulirebs teqsturi davalebebis Ses-rulebasb) organizebas uwevs moswavleTa mier eqsperimentuli davalebis Sesrulebas
kiTxulobs teqsts, iyenebs saTanado aRniSv-nas (V _ vici) (gavige +) individualurad avsebs grafas `gavige~. jgufTan erTad msjelobs Ses-rulebuli samuSaos Sedegebis Sesaxeb
refleqsiis stadia
a) svams SekiTxvebs axali gakveTilis irgvlivb) axdens teqtis bolos mocemuli dava-lebebis Sesrulebis organizebas
monawileobs frontalur saubarSi. asrulebs davalebebs individualurad, wyvilurad da jgufurad (muSaobis forma nakarnaxevia dava-lebis SinaarsiT)
ganvixiloT kidev erTi meTodi `pauzebiT kiTxva~.strategia gulisxmobs masalis Seswavlas pauzebiT. Sinaarsi iyofa
13
azrobriv erTeulebad (nawilebad). TiToeuli nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg maswavlebeli awyobs mis ganxilvas, specialurad winaswar SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT. moswavleebi maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT teqstSi aRniSnaven axal cnebebs, gamoyofen ZiriTads meorexarisxovanisagan, aya-libeben wakiTxulis ZiriTad ideas.
maswavleblis qmedebani moswavlis aqtivobebi
gakveTilis miznis gansazRvra maswavlebelTan erTad ayalibebs gakveTilis
mizans
gamowvevis stadia
svams SekiTxvas, savaraudod, ris Sesaxe-
baa gakveTilSi saubari?
gamoTqvams varauds Sinaarsis Sesaxeb
Sinaarsis realizebis stadia
a) axdens teqstis nawilis wakiTxvis orga-
nizebas. svams kiTxvebs teqstis irgvliv
kiTxulobs teqsts, monawileobs frontalur
saubarSi. ayalibebs teqstis am nawilis ZiriTad
ideas
refleqsia
a) svams SekiTxvebs _ ra Sinaarsis unda
iyos teqstis momdevno nawili?
gamoTqvams varauds momdevno nawilis Sinaarsis
Sesaxeb
am SemTxvevaSi teqstis pirveli nawilis refleqsia aris gamowveva teqstis momdevni nawilisTvis, danarCeni meordeba iseve, rogorc pirvel SemTxvevaSi. yvela nawilis wakiTxvis Semdeg xdeba Sejameba da diskusia wakiTxulis irgvliv.
gTavazobT kidev erT meTods. am meTodis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia maSin, rodesac Semodis ram-
denime axali, mniSvnelovani cneba. meTodi da masze dafuZnebuli gakveTilis modeli aseTia:sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia
kvle viTi unarebis formirebasTan erTad, cnebiTi azrovnebis ganviTa-rebaa. amave dros, es ori komponenti mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakav-Sirebuli, radgan cnebis sworad da adekvaturad gamoyeneba upirobodaa dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi unar-Cvevebis formirebasTan.
maswavleblis qmedebani moswavlis aqtivobebiI etapi
maswavlebeli dafaze wers gakveTilis sa-
Taurs da moswavleebs mimarTavs, gaixsenon _
saTaurTan dakavSirebuli ra codna aqvT maT
(maT Soris yofiTi an sxva saganSi naswavli)
aanalizebs sakuTar codnas. eZebs masSi mo-
cemuli monetisaTvis aqtualurs, ayalibebs
mokle winadadebebis saxiT da wers dafaze
(sakmarisia ori-sami saintereso azri).II etapi
axdens moswavleTa mier teqstis kiTxvis or-
ganizebas
kiTxulobs teqsts, gamoyofs masSi sakvanZo si-
tyvebs da iwers rveulSi.III etapi
14
dafaze saTauris irgvliv wers moswavleTa
mier moniSnul sakvanZo sityvebs. sTavazobs
moswavleebs Seadginon winadadebebi
adgens winadadebebs (konspeqtis am sityvebis
gamoyenebiT)
am sityvebis gamoyenebiT
(SesaZloa Seadginon konspeqti)sityvebi
IV etapiorganizebas uwevs codnis integracias ukve
arsebul codnasTan Semdegi xerxiT: moswav-
leebs mimarTavs: I etapze gamoTqmuli mo-
sazrebebi Camoayalibon an daakavSiron axal
masalasTan sakvanZo sityvebis gamoyenebiT
ayalibebs sxva sagnebidan da yofiTi gamoc-
dilebidan cnobil mosazrebebs
axali sakvanZo sityvebis gamoyenebiT
stratagia _ T sqemaes aris informaciis organizebis xerxi, romelic saSualebas iZleva
TvalsaCinod warmovadginoT problemebis gadaWraze muSaobisas wamoWrili argumentebi da kontrargumentebi.
T sqemas aqvs aseTi saxe
argumentebi
(damadasturebeli argumentebi)
kontrargumentebi
(uarmyofeli argumentebi)
cxrilSi Caiwereba problemis gadasaWrelad gamoTqmuli azris momxre da sawinaaRmdego argumentebi. amas mohyveba warmodgenili argumentebisa da kontrargumentebis ganxilva. moswavleebi swavloben sapirispiro poziciaze dafiqrebas, gaanalizebas, Sefasebas, sakuTari azris dacvas, gadawyvetilebis miRebas.
strategia Venn-is diagrama is Sedgeba ori an meti gadajaWvuli wrisagan da mkafiod aCvenebs cnebebis,
monacemebis Sedarebis Sedegebs. gadakveTaSi iwereba msgavseba, marcxniv-marjvniv gansxvaveba.
am strategiis gamoyeneba moswavleebisagan moiTxovs Sedarebis unaris flobas, romelic gulisxmobs
โข pirveli cnebis arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyofasโข meore cnebis arsebiTi niSnebis gamoyofasโข gamoyofil niSnebs Soris urTierTmsgavsebis monaxvasโข urTierTmsgavsebis monaxvis Semdeg rCeba gansxvavebuli niSanTvisebebi,
15
saWiroa maTi dafiqsireba โข Sedarebis Sedegebis werilobiT (an sityvierad) Camoyalibeba.
problemuri Txroba
problemuri Txroba gulisxmobs masalis axsnis dros SekiTxvebis gamoyenebas: `ratom, ras fiqrob, ris safuZvelze gamoitane daskvna?~ am dros moswavleebs evalebaT damoukideblad, kritikulad gaiazron movlenis arsi, gamoTqvan Tavisi argumentirebuli azri.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs awvdis informacias, aRwers faqtebs, cnebebs, movlenebs, moswavles ki gamoaqvT daskvnebi logikuri msjelobis safuZvelze.
ra Tqma unda maswavleblis mier dasmuli problemis sirTule unda Seesabamebodes moswavleTa SesaZleblobebs.
maswavleblis mier dasmuli SekiTxvebi SesaZloa sxvadasxva tipis iyos.
SekiTxvis tipi moswavlis qmedeba
hipoTeturi
moswavle gamoTqvams
varauds, uviTardeba
warosaxvis unari
Semajamebeli
moswavle axdens codnis
aqtualizebas, arkvevs ra
gaigo sworad da ra vera
gansjiTi
moswavle msjelobs
damoukideblad, fiqrobs
axdens informaciis
interpretirebas
kvleviTi
moswavles moeTxoveba
analizis unari. sakuTari
azris dasabuTeba
unari aris raimes Sesrulebis SesaZlebloba, individis mier ama Tu im aqtivobis efeqtianad Sesruleba garkveuli pirobebisa da amocanebis Sesabamisad. Cveva miiRweva raime aqtivobis mravalgzis gameorebiT. is yalibdeba swvala-aRzrdis procesSi. unaris CvevaSi gadasvla codnis aTvisebis maRali donis maCvenebelia.
unarebis formirebis procesSi gamovyofT sam etaps:I etapi _ unarebis pirveladi Semotana, gacnobiereba moswavlis mier.II etapi _ unaris gamoyeneba saswavlo amocanis gadaWrisas nimuSis
mixedviT da msgavs situaciaSi, rac emsaxureba SeZenili unar-Cvevebis ganmtkicebas.
III etapi _ unarebis gamoyeneba axali amocanis gadasaWrelad, axal pirobebSi.
amrigad, kontretuli unaris formirebisaTvis aucilebelia:
16
_ vaqcioT esa Tu is unari specialuri aTvisebis sagnad._ ganvaxorcieloT unaris formireba etapobrivad da Tanmimdevrulad._ ganvaxorcieloT unarebis aTvisebis xarisxis kontroli (isev da
isev miznobrivad SerCeuli davalebebiT).saintereso meTodur da samecniero informacias gaecnobiT Semdeg
misamarTebze:www.rsc.org http://pubs.rsc.orgwww.york.ac.uk/chemistry/undergraduate/teaching/http://www.scribd.com/doc/46548836/trends-and-techniques-in-teaching-chemistrywww.ั ะธะผะธะบ.ru www.ethology.ru www.bookfair.1september.ru www.porfolio.1september.ru www.hij.ru
kritikul azrovnebaze gamiznuli gakveTilis dagegmvaraze unda vifiqroT gakveTilis dawyebamde
motivacia _ riT aris Rirebuli es gakveTili, ra kavSiri aqvs ganvlil masalasTan da imasTan ris swavlebasac vapirebT? rogor uwyobs gakveTili xels konkretuli azrovnebis ganviTarebas.
miznebi _ ra codnas gadavcemT moswavleebs. rogor gamoiyeneben am codnas moswavleebi.
winapirobebi _ ra icis moswavlem, ra safuZveli aqvs imisaTvis, rom Tavi gaarTvas codnis miRebas aseTi tipis gakveTilidan.
Sefaseba _ rogor davrwmundeT, rom moswavleebi warmatebiT iRebdnen codnas.
organizeba _ moswavleTa organizebis ra forma avirCioT, jgufuri, wyviluri Tu individualuri?
dro _ rogor gavanawiloT dro sxvadasxva aqtivobebze? raze unda vifiqroT gakveTilis procesSi.
mexsierebis provocireba _ rogor SevuwyoT xeli moswavleebs kiTxvebisa da saswavlo miznebis CamoyalibebaSi?
Sinaarsis realizeba _ rogor Cawvdebian moswavleebi Sinaarss, ra strategia gamoviyenoT am mizniT.
gaazreba _ rogor gamoiyeneben moswavleebi gakveTilze SeZenil codnas?SeZleben Tu ara pasuxi gascen darCenil kiTxvebs da gadaWrian Tu ara
damoukideblad sakamaTo sakiTxebs.raze unda davfiqrdeT gakveTilis Semdeg.ganvrcoba _ SemdgomSi rogori codnis SeZenas Seuwyobs xels es gakveTili?
ra unda moqmedeben moswavleebma gakveTilis dasrulebis Semdeg?zogadad, yoveli gakveTilis mizania, moswavlem.
โข miiRos informaciaโข gaigosโข gamoiyenosโข gaanalizosโข gaamTlianos _ sinTeziโข Seafasosblumis taqsonomiis ZiriTadi doneebia
17
I done _ codna. am doneze xdeba Seswavlili masalis gaxsenebaII done _ gageba. am doneze xdeba SeZenili codnis arsSi wvdoma.II done _ gamoiyeneba. am doneze xdeba naswavli masalis axali da konkretuli
situaciaSi gamoyenebaIV done _ analizi. am doneze xdeba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis damyareba.V done _ sinTezi _ am doneze xdeba nawilebis dakavSirebs da erT mTlianobad
Camoyalibeba.VI done _ Sefaseba. mocemuli miznis misaRwevad masalis gansazRvra ideis
Sesabamisad.
ra saxis SekiTxva davsavTSekiTxvis dasma swavlebis mniSvnelovani momentia. faqtobrivi codnis
gaxsenebaze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi yvelaze dabal safexurad aris miCneuli. Sefasebasa da daskvnebze orientirebuli SekiTxvebi ki _ azrovnebis yvelaze maRal safexurad. maswavlebelma SekiTxvebi unda SearCios moswavlis donisa da interesebis Sesabamisad. SekiTxva formulirebuli unda iyos ise, rom moswavles gauadvildes varaudis gamoTqma, ganuviTaros wrmosaxvis unari, Seuqmnas fiqrisa da gansjis atmosfero. arsebobs ori tipis SekiTxvebi: Ria da daxuruli . daxurul SekiTxvas aqvs pasuxi ฬ diax` an ฬ ara~, an raime konkretuli, calsaxa pasuxi. magaliTad, alumini ufro rbili metalia Tu rkina? pasuxia `alumini~.
Ria SekiTxva moiTxovs vrcel, dasabuTebul pasuxs. swored Ria SekiTxvaze pasuxisas swavlobs moswavle varaudis gamoTqmas, msjelobas. am dros uviTardeba warmosaxvis, damoukideblad azrovnebis, fiqris, analizis, daskvnis gamotanis unarebi. swavlebis procesSi orive tipis SekiTxva gamoiyeneba. daxuruli SekiTxvebis gamoiyeneba codnis Sesamowmeblad, an maSin rodesac gvsurs moswavles raime gavaxsenoT.
magaliTad, Tu moswavles vekiTxebiT _ `urTierTqmedebs Tu ara rkina spilenZis sulfatTan~ _ es daxuruli SekiTxvaa da moswavle pasuxobs _ `diax~. Tu SekiTxvas davamatebT `daasabuTe Seni varaudi~ an `axseni Seni pasuxi~, maSin SekiTxva ukve aRar aris daxuruli, radgan pasuxi msjelobas moiTxovs.
rogor gamovikiTxoT gakveTilixSirad maswavleblebi da moswavleebic interesdebian _ unda moyves Tu ara
moswavle gakveTils da rogor unda moyves.migvaCnia, rom gakveTilis Tavidan bolomde moyola saWiro ar aris. ician
TuU ara moswavleebma gakveTili, sxvadasxva meTodiT SeiZleba Semowmdes.yoveli axali gakveTilis ganxilvis procesSi moswavle pasuxobs calkeul
SekiTxvebs, asrulebs sxvadasxva aqtivobebs, riTac swavlobs konkretul sakiTxze azris gamoTqvmas, msjelobs da daskvnebis gamotanas. gamokiTxva ise unda warimarTos, rom moswavlem SeiZinos da ganiviTaros SekiTxvaze pasuxebis, maswavleblis komentarebis, teqstis Sesabamisi nawilisas da daskvnebis gaerTianeba. erT sakiTxad Camoyalibebisa logikurad dagadmocemis uanri yoveli paragrafis azrobrivi erTeulebis, nawilebis erTobliobaa.
gamovikiTxoT calkeuli nawilebi. ase ufro meti moswavle miiRebs monawileobas. miTumetes, rom moswavles azris mkafiod da naTlad, gaazrebulad Camoyalibebis unari sxva aqtivobebis drosac uviTardeba. magaliTad, jgufuri samuSaos, proeqtis prezentaciisas, saSinao cdis Sedegebis warmodgenisas,
18
eqsperimentis aRwerisas, misi Sedegebis gaanalizebisas, varaudis gamoTqmisas, ganxiluli cnebebisa da movlenebisadmi sakuTari damokidebulebebis gamoxatvisas.
rogor davgegmoT gakveTiliklasSi yovelTvis arian moswavleebi, romlebsac gansxvavebuli
SesaZleblobebi da unari aqvT. Sesabamisad, maT sxvadasxvanairi midgoma esaWiroebaT. savaraudod, klasSi SesaZloa iyvnen
โข `Cveulebrivi~ moswavleebi, romlebic met-naklebad swavloben qimias.โข gansakuTrebuli niWiT dajilodebuli moswavleebi.โข moswavleebi, romlebic SedarebiT metad interesdebian qimiis SeswavliT.โข raime mizeziT saswavlo programas CamorCenili moswavleebi.โข SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis moswavleebiโข Znelad arsazrdeli moswavleebi.yoveli gakveTilis win unda gaviazroT, rogor SevZlebT gakveTilis
warmarTvas ise, rom yvela tipis moswavle iyos CarTuli gakveTilis procesSi.yoveli gakveTilis win ganvsazRvroT gakveTilis saswavlo miznebi, romelic
unda Seesabamebodes standarts da faravdes Sedegis konkretul indikators, an indikatorebs. CamovayaliboT, ra codna da unar-Cvevebi unda SeiZinos moswavlem am konkretuli gakveTiliT. Semdeg ganvsazRvroT ra aqtivobebs gamoviyenebT gakveTilze, ra dros davuTmobT TiToeul aqtivobas, moswavleTa organizebis ra formaa ukeTesi TiToeuli aqtivobisaTvis.
winaswar ganvsazRvroT Sefasebis ra formas gamoviyenebT. aseve saWiroa winaswar movemzadoT cdis Casatareblad _ gaviazroT ra aRWurviloba dagvWirdeba, ra TvalsaCinoebas gamoviyenebT.
davfiqrdeT, sakmarisia Tu ara saxelmZRvanelosa da samuSao rveulSi mocemuli savarjiSoebi miznis misaRwevad.
yovelTvis SegviZlia SevcvaloT an movifiqroT damatebiTi savarjiSoebi, SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT amocanaTa krebulic.
Cveni mizania xeli SevuwyoT `aqtiur swavlas~, anu swavlas moqmedebiT, sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, fiqriTa da gansjiT.
saklaso davalebis micemisas, Tu namdvilad viciT, rom moswavle romelime konkretul davalebas Tavs ver gaarTmevs, SearCioT ufro martivi, is dakavebulic iqneba da TviTrwmenac Seemateba.
saSinao davalebis micemisas gaviTvaliswinoT amocanaTa krebulis davalebebic, es saSualebas mogvcems diferencirebulad, moswavleTa SesaZleblobebis mixedviT davtvirToT isini.
Tu moswavle acdenda gakveTilebs, saWiroa aRadginos gacdenili gakveTilebi. mas damoukideblad mouxdeba mecadineoba. mas vurCevT samuSao rveulSi Seavsos TiToeuli paragrafis Sesabamisi masala, da dro da dro SevamowmoT, ramdenad kargad arTmevs Tavs, mivuTiToT Secdomebi da avuxsnaT gaugebari.
paragrafis bolos mocemuli daskvnebi moswavles daexmareba gaiazros, ra codna unda miiRos TiToeuli paragrafidan.
vecadoT, aseTi moswavle axali masalis ganxilvis procesSi umoqmedoT ar iyos.
moswavleebma am Tu im sakiTxis Sesaxeb saWiro informacia SeiZleba moipovon sxvadasxva enciklopediebSi, Tematuri Sinaarsis periodul gamocemebSi. aseve SeiZleba gamoiyenon vebgverdebi:
19
www.chemistrylecturenotes.comwww.rsc.org/learn-chemistryhttp://chemistry.about.comhttp://www.polymer-search.com/covalent/high-school-chemistry-guide.htm/
ganmaviTarebeli swavleba da ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis koncefciaSi ganviTareba warmodgenilia, rogorc erTi procesis dialeqtikurad dakavSirebuli mxareebis sistema. swavleba gani-xileba mozardis fsiqikuri ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad.
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi l. vigodskim wamoayena swavlebis idea, romelic win uZRvis ganviTarebas da orientirebulia mozardis ganviTarebaze. vogodskis hipoTezis Tanaxmad, codna swavlebis saboloo mizani ki ar aris, aramed moswavleTa ganviTarebis saSualebaa. mecnierTa mier ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis hipoTezis damuSavebisas wina planze wamovida moswavle, rogorc adamianTa saqmianobis mravalferovani formisa da saxeebis subieqti.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis erT-erTi mimarTuleba, romelic 60-ian wlebSi Camo yalibda, iTvaliswinebs moswavlis inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebis ganviTarebas, romelic efuZneba pirovnebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs. pirovneba dinamikuri cnebaa _ cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi is mudmivad icvleba, rasac ganviTareba ewodeba. ganviTareba SesaZloa iyos progresuli da regresuli.
progresuli ganviTareba _ es aris procesi, individis fizikuri da fsiqikuri cvlileba droTa ganmavlobaSi, romelic gulisxmobs srulyofas, misi nebismieri Tvisebisa da parametris gadasvlas mciredan didisaken, martividan rTulisaken, dabali safxuridan maRli safexurisken.
pirovnebis formireba gulisxmobs, erTi mxriv, ganviTarebas, pirovnebis Sinagani cvlilebis process da, meore mxriv, aRzrdasa da socializacias _ pirovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro garemo pirobebis Seqmnasa da realizebas.
bavSvis fizikuri ganviTareba metismetad TavalsaCinoa, is mimdinareobs genetikuri programiT da gamoixateba ConCxis, kunTebis masis zrdaSi da sxva. aseve naTelia, rom garemo pirobebi gansazRvravs bavSvis fizikuri ganviTarebis diapazons _ bavSvi SesaZloa iyos met-naklebad janmrTeli, iyos an ar iyos navarjiSevi da sxv.
rac Seexeba fsiqikur ganviTarebas, is damokidebeulia, erTi mxriv, swavlebasa da socialur pirobebze da, meore mxriv, bunebriv asakobriv momwifebaze.
Tanamedrove mecnierebiT dadgenilia, rom fsiqikuri ganviTarebis nebismieri aqti dakavSirebulia Tavis tvinSi garemos asaxvasTan, is moicavs Semecenebis da moqmedebis gamocdilebis SeZenas da am niSniT ganviTareba gulisxmobs swavlebas.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis koncefciis mixedviT mozardis ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet rols swavleba asrulebs. sazogadoebasa da TviTon pirovnebis interesebidan gamomdinare, swavleba ise unda iyos organizebuli, rom minimaluri drois ganmavlobaSi miRweuli iyos ganviTarebis maqsimaluri Sedegi. swavleba win uswrebs ganviTarebas, maqsimalurad iyenebs genetikur, asakobriv winamZRvrebs da Seaqvs masSi arsebiTi koreqtivebi.
es yvelaferi miiRweva specialuri pedagogiuri teqnologiiT, romelsac ewodeba kidec ganmaviTarebeli swavleba.
20
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis pirobebSi moswavle moiazreba srulfasovan su-bieqtad, romelic TvioTon moqmedebes, TviTon swavlobs, maswavlebeli ki aqezebs da exmareba mas am saqmianobaSi.
Tumca am hipoTezaSi aris metismetad sadavo sakiTxi, es moswavle-subieqtis motivaciis sakiTxia.
mecnierTa mosazrebiT, motivaciis safuZveli SesaZlebelia gaxdes sxvadasxva moTxovnileba, SesaZleblobebi da pirovnebis sxva Tvisebebi.
magaliTad, motivacia SesaZloa daefuZnos:_ SemecnebiT interess._ pirovnebis pirad gamocdilebas._ SemoqmedebiT moTxovnilebas._ socialur instinqtebs.ganmaviTarebeli swvaleba gulisxmobs mozardis pirovnuli Tvisebebis
farTo speqtris formirebas. mniSvnelovania ara mxolod codnis SeZena, aramed am codnis SeZenis xerxebisa da saswavlo informaciis gadamuSavebis xerxebis floba, SemecnebiTi Zalebisa da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis ganviTareba.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis teqnologiis SemuSavebaSi didi roli Seasrula l. vigodskis naSromebma. bavSvis ganviTarebaSi vigodski gamoyofda or dones:
1) aqtualuri ganviTarebis done _ ukve formirebuli Tvisebebi da is, risi gakeTebac bavSvs damoukideblad SeuZlia.
2) uaxlesi ganviTarebis zona _ is qmedebebi, romelTac bavSvi jer damouki-deblad ver asrulebs, magram SeuZlia Seasrulos ufrosebis daxmarebiT.
uaxlesi ganviTarebis zona es aris mcire, an SesaZloa didi SesaZlebloba sai mi sod, rom moswavle im qmedebidan, romelsac is asrulebs damoukideblad, gadavides im qmedebaze, romelTa Sesrulebasac is SeZlebs TanamSromlobis pirobebSi.
ganviTarebisaTvis Zalian efeqturia, rom mudmivad gadailaxos aqtualur da amoucnob, magram SemecnebisaTvis potenciurad misawvdom, uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonas Soris arsebuli zRvari.
ganmaviTarebeli swavleba xorcieldeba mozardis uaxloesi ganviTarebis zonaSi.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis meTodikis safuZvelia mizanmimarTuli saswavlo qmedebebi.
gavrcelebulia azri, rom moswavlis monawileoba saswavlo procesSi aris saswavlo saqmianoba, es is aris, rasac moswavle gakveTilze akeTebs. sinamdvileSi ganmaviTarebeli koncefciis mixedvid ase ar aris.
mizanmimarTuli saswavlo aqtivoba sxva saxis aqtivobebisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mimarTulia ara garegani Sedegebis miRwevaze, aramed Sinagani Sedegebis, azrovnebis Teoriuli donis miRwevaze.
mizanmimarTuli saswavlo qmedeba, aqtivobis gansakuTrebuli formaa, romelic mimarTulia TviT moswavlis, rogorc saswavlo subieqtis Secvlaze.
mizanmimarTuli saswavlo aqtivobis gansaxorcieleblad aucilebelia Warbobdes SemecnebiTi motivebi, romelic momdinareobs SemecnebiTi interesidan.
erTi da imave moqmedebis Sesrulebisas moswavles SesaZloa amoZravebdes sruliad sxvadasxva motivi: Tavi moawonos maswavlebels, Tavidan aicilos mSoblis sayveduri, an misgan moipovos kargi niSnisaTvis daTqmuli jildo.
21
Seasrulos movaleoba an eZios pasuxi Tavisive SekiTxvebze. mxolod am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba CaiTvalos moswavlis qmedeba mizanmimarTulad. miznebsa da aqtivobebSi Warbobs iseTi miznebi da aqtivobebi, rodesac moswavles gaazrebuli aqvs, rom man TviTon unda Secvalos sakuTari Tavi, TviTon unda iswavlos, ganviTardes. moswavle igebs da saTanadod iRebs saswavlo amocanas.
tradiciul midgomasTan SedarebiT es ase gamoiyureba.
tradiciuli midgoma ganmaviTarebeli swavleba
funqciuri swavleba moswav les
aswavlis saswavlo amocanis
gadawvetas. moswavle imyofeba
im individis mdgo mareobaSi,
romelsac aswavlian
moswavles aswavlian
miznis dasaxvas sakuTari
ganviTarebisaTvis
moswavle imyofeba im
subieqtis mdgomareobaSi,
romelic TviTon aswavlis
Tavis Tavs.
mizanmimarTul saswavlo saqmianobas ver gavaigivebT aqtivobasTan. aqtivoba SesaZloa arsebobdes erTi romelime operaciis, an operaciebis doneze, mocemul SemTxvevaSi ki aqtiurdeba saswavlo qmedebis, anu aqtivobis zogadi saSualebebis Zieba, kanonzomierebebisa da principebis dadgena.
moswavle imyofeba mkvlevaris, Semoqmedis poziciaSi, marTlac, imisaTvis, rom man aiTvisos principi, aRmoaCinos, daadginos, unda Caataros gamokvleva. am TvalsazrisiT mizanmimarTuli saswavlo saqmianoba analogiuria kvleviT saqmianobasTan. yvela principi da kanoni moswavles gamohyavs, adgens sakuTari ZalisxmeviT.
moswavlis mizanmimarTuli saswavlo saqmianobis organizeba sakmaod rTuli meToduri amocanaa. misi gadaWra SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva meTodisa da meToduri xerxebis saSualebiT _ problemuri Txroba, saswavlo amocanis meTodi, jgufuri meTodi, codnis Sefasebis axleburi gzebi da sxva.
saswavlo masalis problematizebisas maswavlebeli moswavles amcnobs ara mecnierul daskvnebs, aramed SeZlebisdagvarad mihyavs isini aRmoCenis gziT, aiZulebs maT gahyvnen azris dialeqtikur moZraobas WeSmaritebisaken. aseTi midgoma moswavles xdis mecnieruli aRmoCenis nawilad. es Seesabameba azrovnebis, rogorc procesis bunebas, romelic mimarTulia moswavleTaTvis ucnobi kanonzomiere be bis, SemecnebiTi da praqtikuli problemebis gadaWris gzebis aRmoCenisaken.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis farglebSi SesaZlebelia agreTve saswavlo amocanis meTodis gamoyeneba. termini `saswavlo amocana~ farTo gagebiT aris is, rasac maswavlebeli aZlevs moswavles Sesasruleblad, an moswavleebi TviTon wamoWrian da wyveten swavlis procesSi Semecnebis mizniT.
ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis konteqtSi saswavlo amocana hgavs problemur situacias. es aris raRac axlis, Seucnoblis Secnoba, Tumca saswavlo amocanis gadaWra gulisxmobs ara konkretuli gamosavlis monaxvas, aramed moqmedebis zogadi wesis moZiebas, mTeli rigi analogiuri amocanebis amoxsnis zogadi principis dadgenas.
22
sagangebod SevexebiT moswavlis Sefasebas ganmaviTarebeli swavlebis farglebSi.
tradiciulTan SedarebiT ganmaviTarebeli swavleba gulisxmobs moswavlis saswavlo saqmianobis Sefasebis sruliad gansxvavebul xasiaTs. moswavlis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi da moculoba fasdeba ara erTiani, zogadi kriteriumebiT, aramed moswavlis subieqturi SesaZleblobebis mixedviT, mocemul momentSi Sefaseba asaxavs moswavlis personalur ganviTarebas, misi saswavlo saqmianobis srulyofis xarisxs.
amitom, Tu moswavle swavlobs da moqmedebs Tavis SesaZleblobebis zRvarze, is aucileblad imsaxurebs umaRles Sefasebas, maSinac ki, Tu sxva moswavlesTan SedarebiT misi miRwevebi friad mokrZalebulia, aseT SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovania ara aTianebi, rogorc aseTi, aramed rogorc raRaca saSualeba, romliTac stimuli eZleva moswavlis saqmiaobas, radgan aseTi Sefaseba arwmunebs `sust~ moswavles, rom mas aqvs ganviTarebis unari. pirovnebisa da maT Soris moswavlis ganviTarebis tempebi Rrmad individualuria, maswavleblis amocana is ki ar aris, rom man yvela moswavle gaiyvanos codnisa da unarebis garkveul doneze, aramed yoveli moswavle pirovnulad moaqcios ganviTarebis reJimSi, gaaRviZos maTSi Semecnebisa da TviTganviTarebis instinqti.
ganmaviTarebeli Sefaseba iTvaliswinebs: a) moswavlis ukve arsebuli miRwevebis aRniSvnas, rac gamoixateba ganmsazRvreli SefasebiT. b) rekomendaciebi imis Taobaze, Tu momavalSi ra unda gaaumjobesos.
proeqtiT swavlebis forma
mecnierTa da praqtikosi pedagogebis mier SemoTavazebuli sabune bismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebis axali midgomebis analizi cxadyofs: qimiisadmi mozardebis interesis daqveiTeba saskolo ganaTlebis saerTo tendenciaa mTels msoflioSi.
ucxoeTSi, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebis swavlebisas did yuradRebas uTmo-ben praqtikul mimarTulebas: saswavlo kursis safuZvelia ara Teoria, aramed yofiTi movlenebi. es asec unda iyos, radgan dRes adamians sWirdeba samyaros erTiani suraTis aRqma, kulturul memkvidreobasTan Sexebis, cxovrebiseul procesebSi pirdapiri monawileobis gancda.
adamianTa saqmianobis Sedegi, arcTu iSviaTad, ganisazRvreba kulturis im specifikuri komponentiT, romelic qimiis codnasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
amitom, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisa da, maT Soris, qimiis swavlebis umTavresi amocanaa:
mozardebs gamoumuSavdeT gare samyaroze dakvirvebis unari, raTa dafiqrdes mis arsze, im mizezebze, romelic am cvlilebebs iwvevs, gaaanalizos pirobebi, romlebic gansazRvravs samyaros ganviTarebis tendenciebs.
am miznis miRweva gakveTilze SesaZlebelia qimiuri procesebis modelirebis gziT.
qimiuri procesebis modelirebas SemecnebiTi xasiaTi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi eqneba, Tu igi gaiSleba gare samyarosTan praqtikuli kavSiris mimarTulebiT.
swored am konteqstSi ganvixilavT swavlebis Tanamedrove, efeqtur meTods, romelic cnobilia `proeqtiT swavlebis~ saxelwodebiT.
proeqtiT swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebisas gaTvaliswinebulia:
23
_ proeqtis Sinaarsi avsebs da aRrmavebs bunebismetyvelebis ZiriTad kurss da erTdroulad gulismxmobs bunebismetyvelebis sxvadasxva sawyiss _ qimiurs, biologiurs, fizikurs da zogierT SemTxvevaSi geografiulsac.
_ Sesaswavli masalis arsebiT mxareebs Soris kavSiris gamovlena.swavlebis Sinaarsi orientirebulia iseTi aqtivobebis formirebaze, romelic,
Tavis mxriv. warmoiSoba Sesaswavli masalis arsebiTi mxareebs Soris gamovle-nili kavSiris safuZvelze.
_ bunebismetyveleba aris sinamdvilis Secnobis safuZveli, amitom aucilebe-lia moswavleTa mier iseTi meTodebis aTviseba, rogoricaa: sinTezi da analizi, eqsperimentuli meTodi da sxva, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs:
vaswavloT mozards rogor unda iswavlos, anu vaswavloT saswavlo qmedebis (aqtivobis) ganxorcieleba _ rac niSnavs imas, rom gakveTilze moswavlem Tavi igrZnos saswavlo procesis aqtiur monawiled da ara maswavleblis survilis pasiur Semsruleblad.
am meTodis arsSi ukeT garkvevis mizniT Semogvaqvs `proeqtuli moqmedebis~ _ cneba.
am cnebaSi igulisxmeba is, rom mozardma iswavlos moqmedeba sakuTari Canafiqris mixedviT damoukideblad, dasaxuli miznis Sesabamisad da ipovos sakuTari proeqtis xorcSesxmis gza.
proeqtirebis RerZi swored es aris _ Canafiqris kavSiri misi ganxorcielebis gzasa da saboloo SedegTan da ara ubralod, Sedegis miRweva damoukideblad. swored aseTi kavSiri aRZravs mozardSi pasuxismgeblobas sagnis Seswavlasa da sakuTari moqmedebebis Sedegze.
proeqtiT swavlebis meTodis gamoyenebisas mozards aqvs sakuTari qmedebebiT eqsperimentirebis, mcdelobebis, poziciis Secvlis saSualeba _ Canafiqridan orientirebul moqmedebamde, orientirebuli moqmedebidan Sedegamde da ori-entirebuli moqmedebisa da Sedegis _ `CanafiqrTan sworebis~ analizi.
yovelive es mkafiod miuTiTebs, rom proeqtiT swavlebis ZiriTadi mizania _ SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTareba.
rogorc wesi, proeqtiT swavlebis forma moicavs eqvs etaps.
1. momzadeba:proeqtis es stadia gulisxmobs Temisa da proeqtis miznis gansazRvras.maswavlebeli amcnobs moswavleebs `proeqtuli qmedebis~ arss da exmareba
pro eqtis miznis gansazRvraSi. Semdeg ki xdeba proeqtis Sinaarsis mimoxilva moswa vleebTan erTad. aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi maswavleblisagan iReben dam-atebiT informacias.
2. dagegmva.es stadia ramdenime etaps moicavs:a) informaciis wyaros gansazRvra.b) informaciis mopovebis xerxebisa da informaciis analizis saSualebebis
gansazRvra. g) Sedegebis warmodgenis xerxis gansazRvra (angariSis forma).d) proeqtis Sefasebis procedurisa da kriteriumebis dadgena.e) amocanebis (movaleobebis) ganawileba momuSave jgufis wevrebs Soris. maswavlebeli moswavleebs awvdis ideas (cxadia umjobesia, Tu ideis avtori
24
iqneba moswavle), gamoTqvams varaudebs. moswavleebi ki SeimuSaveben moqmedebis gegmas, sa xaven amocanebs, gamoTqvamen hipoTezebs, romelic dadasturebul an uaryofil iqneba muSaobis Semdgom etapze.
3. gamokvlevaes aris informaciis Segrovebisa da Sualeduri amocanebis gadaWris sta-
dia. is SeiZleba daiyos or nawilad: jer mimdinareobs Teoriuli samuSao, rac aucilebeli momentia mecadineobis praqtikuli nawilis dasawyebad; zogjer saWiro informacias moswavles awvdis maswavlebeli, ufro xSirad ki moswavleebi moipoveben damoukideblad. am informaciis ganxilvis Semdeg (minikonferencia, diskusia ama Tu im Teoriuli problemebis irgvliv) moswavleebi iwyeben kvl-evas da wyveten Sualedur amocanebs. kvlevis ZiriTadi instrumentia _ azris gamokiTxva, dakvirveba, eqsperimenti da a. S. eqsperimentis Catareba sagangebo momzadebas moiTxovs. saWiroa: eqsperimentis dagegmva, eqsperimentuli masalis damuSaveba, procesebisa da obieqtebis modelireba. maswavlebeli akvirdeba mo-swavleTa qmedebebs, iZleva rCevebs, xelmZRvanelobs maT qmedebebs.
4. Sedegebi da daskvnebi:moswavleebi aanalizeben Sekrebil informacias (Teoriuls an eqsperimen-
tuls), aformeben kvlevis Sedegebs, ayalibeben daskvnebs.
5. Sedegebis warmodgena.Sedegebis warmodgenis forma SesaZloa iyos sxvadasxva: zepiri angariSi, ma-
salis gaTvalsaCinoeba (sqema, grafiki, cxrili) romelime xerxis gamoyenebiT, weriTi angariSi. modelis wardgena da a.S. maswavlebeli moswavleebTan erTad msjelobs proeqtis irgvliv, svams SekiTxvebs.
6. Sedegis Sefaseba.proeqtis SefasebaSi monawileoben moswavleebi: msjeloben da axdenen TviTSe-
fasebas, maswavlebeli exmareba moswavleebs saqmianobaSi, sainformacio wyaroe-bis xarisxis, gamouyenebeli SesaZleblobebis SefasebaSi, aanalizeben proeqtis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobasa da potencials, warmodgenili angariSis xarisxs.
swavlebisadmi teqnokratiuli midgomis paralelurad, romlis arsic aris romelime konkretuli, pragmatuli unaris gamomuSaveba-formireba (wera, kiTxva, eqsperimentis Catareba da a.S.), aucilebelia sxva saganmanaTleblo amocanebis gadaWrac, pirveli rigSi, es aris SemoqmedebiTi unarebis ganviTareba.
proeqtiT swavlebis meTodi _ es aris konkretuli amocanebis gadasawyvetad mowodebuli saswavlo-SemecnebiTi xerxebisa da saSualebebis sistema. sinamdvi-lis aTvisebisaTvis (SemecnebisaTvis) saWiro Teoriuli da praqtikuli xasiaTis operaciebisa da meTodebis erToblioba.
proeqtiT swavlebis formaze msjelobisas saWirod migvaCnia SemovitanoT termini `swavlis kultura~. radgan swored swavlis kulturis formirebasa da ganviTarebas uwyobs xels aseTi midgoma. swavlis kulturaSi ki, vgulisxmobT ara mxolod ukve nacnobis gamoyenebas, aramed realur saswavlo qmedebaTa (aqtivo-baTa) axali formebis aRmoCenas, romelic xels uwyobs azrovnebis mobilizebas, uzrunvelyofs sakuTari saswavlo saqmianobis organizebas, sainformacio gzebis aTvisebis, pirovnuli potencialis gamoyenebis unarebis formirebas.
SemoqmedebiTi azrovnebis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa azrovnebis
25
zogadi kulturis ganviTareba, rac, pirvel rigSi, gulisxmobs inteleqtualuri unarebis ganviTarebas: analizisa da sinTezis unari, mizezSedegobrivi kavSirebis monaxvis unari, ganzogadebis, klasifikaciis, Sedarebis daskvnis gamotanisa da sxva unarebi. magram, garda amisa, saswavlo-SemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi CarTuli unda iyos iseTi inteleqtualuri SesaZleblobebi, rogoricaa hipotezis da-muSaveba, azrovnebis siswrafe da moqmedeba (erTi ideidan meoreze gadasvlis (gadarTvis unari), azrovnebis originaloba (sayovelTaod aRiarebuli Sexedule-bebisagan gansxvavebuli ideis wamoyeneba). asociaciis unari (analogiis SemCnevis unari iseT SemTxvevaSi, sadac tradiciulad gaTvaliswinebuli ar aris).
am unaris ganviTarebas ganapirobebs saswavlo procesSi SemoqmedebiTi xasi-aTis davalebebis CarTva.
SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis davalebebs ganekuTneba problemuri amocanebi da divergentuli tipis (Ria tipis) savarjiSoebi, romelTa ZiriTadi Taviseburebaa is, rom aqvT swori pasuxis ramdenime varianti.
moswavleebTan diferencirebuli muSaoba
moswavleebTan diferencirebuli muSaobis erT-erT saSualebad gvesaxeba portfeli. am SemTxvevaSi moswavle muSaobs Tavisi SesaZleblobebisa da interesebis farglebSi. mas aqvs saSualeba saukeTeso kuTxiT daenaxos maswavlebelsa da Tanaklaselebs.
maswavlebeli moswavleebs aZlevs zogad davalebebs portfelisTvis. magaliTad, _ moamzados referati trimestris ganmavlobaSi gavlil romelime Temaze.
_ konspeqtis saxiT Sekras masala._ ramdenime ZiriTadi cnebis Sesaxeb moipovos damatebiTi informacia._ gaakeTos ZiriTadi cnebebis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni._ Seadginos SekiTxvebis nusxa, romliTac Tanaklaselebs codnis Semowmebasa
da SejamebaSi miexmareba da sxva.moswavle am davalebebidan irCevs misTvis saintereso davalebas.sust moswavleebTan samuSaod SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes wyvilebad
muSaobis forma. wyvili formirebulia Zlieri da susti moswavlisagan. jer pasuxobs susti moswavle, pasuxs azustebs Zlieri moswavle, am SemTxvevaSi Zlieri moswavle muSaobs sustTan.
cxadia, es meTodebi ar gamoricxavs tradiciul meTods, maswavleblis individualur muSaobas CamorCenil moswavleebTan.
sakontrolo werebis SesaxebsaxelmZRvanelos calke erTeulad axlavs sakontrolo werebis krebuli.
masSi mocemulia davalebebis sam-sami varianti yoveli sakontrolo werisaT-vis. krebulSi mocemulia agreTve sakontrolo weris Sefasebis kriteriumebi.
26
IX แแแแกแแฅแแแแ
แกแขแแแแแ แขแแฌแแแก แแแแแก แแแกแแฆแฌแแแ แจแแแแแแแ แแแแแ แแฃแแแแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ:
แแแชแแแแ แฃแแ แแแแแแ-แซแแแแ แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแแแ
แแแ. IX.1.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแก แแแแแแแก แกแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแก แแขแแแแแ.แแแ. IX.2.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแชแแแฃแ แแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแ/ แแแแแชแแแแแแก แแฆแ แแชแฎแแ.แแแ.IX.3.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแชแแแแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แกแแแแแฃแแแแแชแแ แกแแจแฃแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแ .
แแแ.IX.4.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแชแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแ แจแแคแแกแแแ.
แฅแแ.IX.5.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแขแแแแ แแ แแ แแแแขแแแแ แแแแกแแแแแแก แแแแแแ.แฅแแ.IX.6.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แแฌแแ แแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแ.แฅแแ.IX.7.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแ แแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแฃแแ แแแแแชแแแแแแก แจแแคแแกแแแ แฅแแแแแก แแแแแกแแแ แแกแแ.แฅแแ.IX.8. แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแฆแฌแแ แแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แ แแแ แแฎแแแ แแแกแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแกแ แแ แแแแ แแแแก แแแฆแแแแจแ.แฅแแ.IX.9.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแฌแแ แแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแแแแ แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแชแแแแก แแแแแกแแญแ แแแแ.
แฌแแแก แแแแแก แแแกแแฆแฌแแแแก แจแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแ แแแแแแแขแแ แแแ:
แแแแแ แแฃแแแแ: แแแชแแแแ แฃแแ แแแแแแ-แซแแแแ
แแแ.IX.1.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแก แแแแแแแก แกแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแก แแขแแแแแ.แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแงแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแก แแแแแแก;โข แแแแแแฅแแแแก แแแกแแแ แแแแก/แแแ แแฃแแก;โข แแ แฉแแแก แแแแแชแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแก แแแแแก (แแแ., แชแแแ, แกแแแแแ แกแแแฃแจแแแก
แฉแแขแแ แแแแ, แแแแแแแแฎแแแ, แกแแแแแฎแแก แแ แแแแแ แแแขแแ แแขแฃแ แแก แแแซแแแแแ);โข แแแแแ แฉแแแก แแแชแแแฃแแ แแแแชแแแแกแแแแก แแฃแแแแ แแ แชแแแแ (แแแแแฃแแแแแแแ,
แแแแแแแแแแฃแ) แแแ แแแแขแ แแแก; โข แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแแก แแแแแแแแ แแฅแขแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ แแแแก;โข แแ แฉแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แฎแแแกแแฌแงแแแแก/ แแฆแญแฃแ แแแแแแแก/แแแกแขแ แฃแแแแขแแแก.โข แแ แฉแแแก แแแแแชแแแแแแก แแฆแ แแชแฎแแแก แคแแ แแแแก (แชแฎแ แแแแแ, แแ แแคแแแแแ, แกแแแแ,
แคแแขแแแแ, แฉแแแแฌแแ แแแ).
แแแ.IX.2.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแชแแแฃแ แแก แแแแฎแแ แชแแแแแแ/แแแแแชแแแแแแก แแฆแ แแชแฎแแ.
แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ:
27
โข แแงแแแแแก แจแแกแแแแแแก แแแกแแแแก แแ/แแ แแฆแญแฃแ แแแแแแแก แแ แแขแแ แแแก แแแแแแแแ แชแแแก แฃแกแแคแ แแฎแแแแแก แฌแแกแแแแก แแแชแแแ;
โข แแฌแแ แแแแแก แแแแแแ แแแแแก แแ/แแ แแแแแแแแแก, แแฆแ แแชแฎแแแก แแแแแชแแแแแก;โข แแแแแ แแแแ, แแแแแแก, แแงแแแแแก แแแคแแ แแแชแแฃแ-แกแแแแแฃแแแแแชแแ แกแแจแฃแแแแแแแก
แแแแแชแแแแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แกแแแฃแกแขแแ แ แแแแกแขแ แแ แแแแกแแแแก (แแแ., แชแแแแแแแแก แแแแจแแแแแแแแแแก แแฆแ แแชแฎแแ แฅแ แแแแแแแแฃแ แแ);
โข แแงแแแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แฌแแกแแแก แกแแแฃแแแ แ แแ แกแฎแแแแ แฃแกแแคแ แแฎแแแแแก แฃแแ แฃแแแแแกแแงแแคแแ.
แแแ.IX.3.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแชแแแแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แกแแแแแฃแแแแแชแแ แกแแจแฃแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแ.
แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแงแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แฎแแ แฎแก (แแแแแ แแแแแก, แชแฎแ แแแแแก, แแ แแคแแแแแก, แกแแแแก)
แแแแแชแแแแ แฌแแ แแแกแแแแแแแ; โข แแงแแแแแก แกแแแแคแแ แแแชแแ-แกแแแแแฃแแแแแชแแ แขแแฅแแแแแแแแแก แแแแกแแแ แแแ แแ
แ แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแชแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแกแแแแแแแ.
แแแ.IX.4.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแแแชแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแ แจแแคแแกแแแ.
แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแงแแแแแก แแแแแ แแแแแก, แชแฎแ แแแแแก แแ แแ แแคแแแแแก แแแแแชแแแแแก แแ แชแแแแแแแก
แจแแ แแก แแแแแแแแแแฃแแแแแก แแฆแกแแฌแแ แแ;โข แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแชแแแแแก แแ แแแแแแขแแแก แแแกแแแแแแก; โข แแแแ แแแก แแแกแแแแแแก แแแแแแฅแแฃแ แแแ แแฃแแก;โข แแแแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแ แแแแแกแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแก แแ แแก แแแแแแแแแแ
แแแฃแแแแแแแแแแแก, แชแแแแแแก แแแ แแฎแกแแแก.
แแแแแ แแฃแแแแ: แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแแแ
แฅแแ.IX.5.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแขแแแแ แแ แแ แแแแขแแแแ แแแแกแแแแแแก แแแแแแ. แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แแแขแแแแ แคแแแแแฃแ แแแแกแแแแแแ (แแแ., แแแแแแแขแแ แแแ,
แแแแฅแขแ แแแแแขแแ แแแ) แแแกแแแแแ แแแแแแ; แแกแฏแแแแแก แแแขแแแแ แกแฎแแ แแแแกแแแแแแ (แแแ., แแแฆแแแ แแฆแแแแก แขแแแแแ แแขแฃแ แ, แแแแแแแ แแแ, แญแแแแแแแ, แจแแแแแแแแแ แฌแแ แแแฅแแแ, แแแแแแขแฃแ แแแ);
โข แแแแแแแก แแ แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แแแแแแแแแฃแ แแแแแแแแแ แแแขแแแแแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแกแแแแแแแ; แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแคแแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแก แแแชแฃแแแแแก แแ/แแ แ แแแแแแแแแก;
โข แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก, แแแแแแแก แแแขแแแแ แแแ แแแแแขแแแแกแ แแ แแแแแแแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแแก. แแแแแแก, แ แแ แแแแแงแแคแแแ แแแแ แแ แแก แแแฎแจแแ แแ แแแแแ;
28
โข แแคแแฅแขแแแแแ แแงแแแแแก แแแแแ แแขแแ แแฃแ แแฆแญแฃแ แแแแแแแก แแ แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แแแ แแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแแ (แแแ., แคแฃแซแแแ แแแแแแก แแแแแขแแแ, แแแแแแแแก แแแฅแแแแแแ แแแขแแแแ แแฅแกแแแแแแแ) แแแกแแฆแแแแ; แฌแแ แก แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แขแแแแแแแก แกแแแแแแแแแแ แแ แกแแขแงแแแแ แแ (แแแ., แแแแแ + แขแฃแขแ แแแ แแแ + แฌแงแแแ); แแกแแฎแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแ แแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแก แกแคแแ แแแแก;
โข แแงแแแแแก แแแฆแแแฃแ แชแแแแแก แแ แแแแแแฅแแแแก แแแ แแฃแแก แฃแชแแแแ แแแแแแกแ แแ แคแฃแซแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแแก แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ;
โข แแแแแแแแแแแก แจแแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ (แแแ., แแ แแคแแแแแ, แกแฅแแแแแ) แกแแฎแแ, แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแแก แแแแแกแแแแแแ แชแแแแแแแก (แแแ., แแแขแแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ, แแแแแแก แแแชแฃแแแแ, แแแแแงแแคแแแ แแแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ);
โข แแกแแฎแแแแแก แแ แแแแขแแแแ แแแแแแ แ แคแแแแแฃแ แแแแกแแแแก (แแแ., แแแ แแแแฃแแ แแแจแแแแแ แแกแแแแกแแแ-แแแแกแฎแแแแแแ, แแฆแแแแกแ แแ แแฃแฆแแแแก แแแแแแ แขแแแแแ แแขแฃแ แ, แชแฃแแ แกแแแแ- แแ แแแแฅแขแ แแแแแขแแ แแแ); แแฎแแกแแแแแแก แแ แแคแแขแก, แ แแแแ แช แแ แแแแขแแแฃแ แแแแขแแ แก;
โข แแแแแกแฎแแแแแแก แแแแแ แแ แคแฃแซแ แแฅแกแแแแแก; แแกแฏแแแแแก แแแ แฅแแแแฃแ แแแแกแแแแแแ (แคแฃแซแ แแฅแกแแแแแ แจแแแกแแแแแแแ แคแฃแซแแแแก, แแแแแ แแฅแกแแแแแ - แแแแแแแก);
โข แฌแแ แก แแ แแแแขแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแแก แแแกแแฎแแแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแก; แแแ แแแแฃแแแแแก แขแแแฃแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแ แแแแแแก แแแกแแแแก แฃแชแแแแ แแ แแแแขแแแแแแก แแฅแกแแแแแแก แคแแ แแฃแแแแก;
โข แแกแแฎแแแแแก แแแแแแ แ แแแ แแแก, แแแแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก แกแคแแ แแก แงแแคแ-แชแฎแแแ แแแแจแ (แแแ., แแแขแ แแฃแแแก แฅแแแ แแแ - แกแฃแคแ แแก แแแ แแแ, แแแแแฃแแแก แแแขแ แแขแ -แจแแแชแแแก แจแแแ แแแแแ, แกแแแแแแซ(II)-แแก แกแฃแแคแแขแแก แแ แแกแขแแแฐแแแ แแขแ - แจแแแแแแแแ, แแแแแแฃแแแก แกแฃแแคแแขแแก แแ แแกแขแแแฐแแแ แแขแ - แแแแแแกแฃแ แ แแแ แแแ, แแแ แชแฎแแแก แแ แแแแแ - แจแแแชแแแก แคแแขแแคแแ แ);
โข แแแแแแแก แแ แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแก แแแแแแแแ แแแแแก แแแแแแแกแขแฃแ แแแแแ แแแจแแแแแก (แแแ., แแแแแก แแแแแงแแคแ, แกแแแแแก แแแแแงแแคแ/แจแแแแแฅแแ, แคแแ แแก แจแแชแแแ) แแแแแกแแแแแแแแ;
โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แแแขแแแแแแก แแแแแแ แ แกแแแ แแ แแแจแแแก (แแแ., แกแแแขแแแชแ, แแ แแแแแแแ, แแแ- แแ แแแแฅแขแ แแแแแขแแ แแแ), แ แแแแแแแช แแแแแแแ แแแแแก แแแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก; แแแแแแแแแก แแแคแแ แแแชแแแก แแแขแแแแ แจแแแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ;
โข แแแแแแแแแก แแแคแแ แแแชแแแก แกแแฅแแ แแแแแแจแ แแแแ แชแแแแแฃแแ แแแขแแแแแแกแ แแ แแ แแแแขแแแแแแก แแ แแแแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ, แแแกแแแแแแก แแฃแแแขแแ แแแก แฌแแแแจแ แฌแแ แแแแแแกแแก แแแแแแแขแฃแ แแ แแงแแแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แขแแ แแแแแแก.
แฅแแ.IX.6. แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แแฌแแ แแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแ. แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแขแแ แแแก แกแแแแแแแ แชแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแขแแแแก แฌแงแแแแแ
แแแฅแแแแแแแก, แแแแแแขแแแก แแแกแแแแแก; โข แแแแแ แแแแ แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแขแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแ แฉแแขแแ แแแฃแแ แชแแแแแก แแแแแแแ
แแแแแแแแแก (แแแ., แแแแก แฌแแ แแแฅแแแ/แแ แฌแแ แแแฅแแแ แฌแงแแแแแ แ แแแฅแชแแแก แแ แแก,
29
แแแแแก แแฃแจแขแฃแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแฅแแแ, แกแแแแแก แแแแแงแแคแ ) แแ แแกแฏแแแแแก แแแ แจแแ แแก แแกแแแแกแแแ - แแแแกแฎแแแแแแแแ, แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแ แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแก;
โข แแแแแ แแแแ แแ แแฆแฌแแ แก แแแขแแแแ แชแแแแแแแแก แฐแแแ แแก แแแแแฅแแแแแแแก แจแแแแแแ (แแแ., แ แแแแ แแแแแแแแ, แแแ แชแฎแแ แแฅแ แฅแแแแแแ, แกแแแแแแซแ แแฃแฅแแแแ). แแแแกแแแฆแแ แแแก, แ แแแแแ แแแขแแแ แแแแแชแแแก แแแ แแแแแก แแแแแแแ, แ แแแแแ - แแ แ;
โข แแงแแแแแก แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แ แแแก แกแแแแแแแ แแแ แแฃแแแก แแแแแกแแแฅแแแแแ (แแแ., แแแขแ แแฃแแ แฃแคแ แ แแแแแ แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ, แแแแ แ แกแแแแแแซแ); แแแแแแแก แแ แกแแแแแแแ แฌแแกแแแแก แแแชแแแ แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แแแ แแฃแแแก แจแแกแแแแฌแแแแแแ;
โข แแขแแ แแแก แชแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแฃแ แแแแแแแแแ แแแขแแแแแแก แแแฅแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแ แแแแแกแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแกแแแก;
โข แฌแแ แก แแ แแแแแแแแแแแแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แขแแแแแแแก แกแแขแงแแแแ แแ (แแแขแแแ + แแแแแ ) แแ/แแ แกแแแแแแแแแแ.
แฅแแ.IX.7.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแแ แแแแแ แแแแแแ แแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแฃแแ แแแแแชแแแแแแก แฅแแแแแก แแแแแกแแแ แแกแแ แจแแคแแกแแแ. แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ:
โข แแงแแแแแก แแแแแแแแก, แคแฃแซแแแแแกแ แแ แแแแขแ แแแแแแชแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ แแแฆแแแฃแ แชแแแแแก แแ แแแกแแฎแแแก แแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแแก แจแแกแแแชแแ แแแแแ/แแแกแแแ แแแแแ;
โข แฌแแ แแแแแแแแก แแแแแ แฌแแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแฅแแแแก แแ แแชแแกแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแแแแกแแฎแแแแแแแแ แกแแจแฃแแแแแแแแ (แแแฎแแขแ, แแแแแ แแแ, แ แแแฅแชแแแก แกแฅแแแแแ);
โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แแแแแ แฌแแแแแแแก แแแฅแแแแแแแก แฃแแ แงแแคแแ แจแแแแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแแแกแ แแ แแแกแแแแแแ แแ แกแแฎแแแก แแแแแ แฌแแแแแแแก แแแแแแฌแแแแ แแฅแกแแแแแแก แแแแแงแแคแแก แจแแแชแแ แแแแก แแแแแก;
โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แฐแแแ แแกแ แแ แฌแงแแแก แแแแแแซแฃแ แแแแก แจแแกแฌแแแแแก แแ แแแแขแ แแแแก แแแแแแแแก, แแแแแแฅแแแแก แแแกแแแ แแแแแก แฌแแ แแแฅแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแก แแแแแญแ แแก แแแแแแ;
โข แแแแแแแแแก แแแคแแ แแแชแแแก แแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแแก/แกแแแแฃแ แแก แแคแแฅแขแแก/แแแแแแก แฎแแ แแแแแแก แจแแกแแฎแแ, แแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแก (แแแ., แกแแฌแแแแแก แฌแแ), แแแฐแงแแแก แกแแแแแแแ แแขแแแชแแแฃแแแแแแ, แแแแฃแจแแแ แแก แฌแแ แแแแแแกแแก แแแแแแแขแฃแ แแ แแงแแแแแก แขแแ แแแแแแก.
แฅแแ.IX.8.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแฆแฌแแ แแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แ แแแ แแฎแแแ แแแกแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแกแ แแ แแแแ แแแแก แแแฆแแแแจแ.
แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แแ แแคแแกแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แขแแแแก แกแแฌแแแแก แแแแฃแแแ แแแแแแแก แแแฎแแแแแ;
โข แแแแแจแแ แแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแขแแแแก แแแแแฌแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แ แฉแแแแชแแแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แจแแแแแแ แแแแแงแแคแแ แแแแ แแแแแก แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แแฌแแ แแแจแ แแ แแแขแแแแแแก แแแแแแ แแแแแกแแแ (แแแ., แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แแฌแแ แแแจแ แแ แแแแแแแแกแแแ แฃแคแ แ แแแขแแ แแแชแแแแแฃแแ แแแขแแแแแแก แฌแงแแแแแก, แแแแแแฃแแแกแ แแ แกแแแแแแซแแก, แแแแแฌแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แ
30
แฉแแแแชแแแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแแจแ แฃแคแ แ แแแขแ แแแแ แแแ แแแแแแงแแคแ, แแแแ แ แแแแแแแแ แแแชแแแแแฃแแ แฌแงแแแแแก, แ แแแแแกแ แแ แกแแแแแแซแแก, แแแแแฌแแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แ แแแแแแแแฃแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแจแ);
โข แแกแแฎแแแแแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แแแแ แแแแก แฌแงแแ แแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแก (แแแ., แแกแแแแ, แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแขแ, แแแขแแ แแ);
โข แแแแแกแฎแแแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแแกแแแ แแแแแแแ แแฃแ แแ แแแแแแแ แแฃแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแก;
โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แแ แแขแ แแแแชแแฃแแ แกแแฌแแแแแก (แแแ., แฌแงแแแแแแ) แแแแแงแแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แแ แฃแแ แงแแคแแ แแฎแแ แแแแก (แแแ., แแแแแแแแ โ แแ แแแแแฐแงแแคแก แแแฎแจแแ แแ แแแแแก, แกแแแแแแแก, แฃแแ แงแแคแแแ โ แคแแแฅแแแแแกแแจแแจแแ, แจแแแแฎแแแกแแแแก แกแแญแแ แแแแก แจแแแฃแแจแแแก);
โข แแกแฏแแแแแก, แ แ แแแแ แแแแ แฌแแ แแแแฅแแแแแ แแแฎแจแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแแแก แฌแแแกแแก;
โข แแแแแแแก แฌแแแก แแแแแแแแแ แแกแฏแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแแ แแแแจแ แแแฎแจแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแแแก แฌแแแก แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแแแ (แกแ แฃแแ แฌแแแกแแก แฌแแ แแแแฅแแแแแ แฌแงแแแ แแ แแแฎแจแแ แแแแแก แแแแฅแกแแแ, แแ แแกแ แฃแแ แฌแแแกแแก _ แฌแงแแแ แแ แแแฎแจแแ แแแแแก แแแแแฅแกแแแ, แฃแฐแแแ แ แกแแแ แชแแจแ แฌแแแกแแก _ แฌแงแแแ แแ แแแฎแจแแ แแแแ);
โข แแแแแจแแ แแแก แแแแแแแแก แแแแ แแแแก แฌแงแแ แแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแก แจแแแแแแแแแแแจแ แแแฎแจแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแแแก แแ แกแแแแแแกแแแ;
โข แแฆแฌแแ แก แกแแฌแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแก แแแแแก (แแแ., แแฃแแแแ แแแ แแแแแก แแแแแแแแ, แแแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแ);
โข แแแแแแแแแก แแ แฌแแ แแแแแแแแก แแแคแแ แแแชแแแก แแแแแแแแก แ แแแแ แคแแ แแ แแแฎแแแ แแแแก แกแแแแแแแก แฌแแ แแแแแแจแ; แแกแฏแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แแแแก แ แแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแแแก แชแฎแแแ แแแแจแ, แแแแ แแแแแงแแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แแ แฃแแ แงแแคแแ แแฎแแ แแแแแ;
โข แแกแฏแแแแแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แ แแแแ แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแก (แแแ., แฌแแแแแแแก, แแแแกแขแแแกแแแแก, แฅแกแแแแแแแแก, แกแแแแแแแก) แฌแแ แแแแแแจแ.
แฅแแ.IX.9.แแแกแฌแแแแแก แจแแฃแซแแแ แแฌแแ แแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแแแแแแ แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแชแแแแก แแแแแกแแญแ แแแแ.
แจแแแแแ แแแแแกแแฉแแแแ, แแฃ แแแกแฌแแแแ: โข แแขแแ แแแก แแฅแกแแแ แแแแแขแก, แแแแแชแแแแแแก แกแแคแฃแซแแแแแ แแแแแแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแแก
แขแแแแแแก, แแขแแ แแแก แ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแก;
โข แแฌแแ แแแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแแแก แกแฎแแแแแกแฎแแ แขแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแก แแแแแกแแญแ แแแแ (แแแ., แฃแชแแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแก แแแแแแแแแแ, แแแกแ แคแแ แแฃแแแก แแแแแแแ);
โข แแแแแแแขแฃแ แแ แแงแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แแแแก แ แแแแแแแแแก แแ แแแฃแแก _ แแแแก, แแแแฃแ แแแกแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แ แแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแฎแแกแแแแแแแกแแแแแก แแ แแฌแแ แแแแแก แจแแกแแแแแแก แแแแแแแแแแก;
โข แแงแแแแแก แจแแกแแแแแแก แขแแ แแแแแแแแแแก, SI แกแแกแขแแแแก แแ แแแฃแแแแก แฅแแแแฃแ แ
31
แแแแแแแแแแก แแฆแฌแแ แแกแแก;
โข แแฃแ แแฃแแแแแกแ แแ แฆแแ แแแแแก แแแแแงแแแแแแ แฅแแแแก แแแกแแแแก แแแชแแแแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แ แแแแแแขแแแแกแ แแ แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแแแก แแแแแแแแก แแ แแงแแแแแก แแแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแแก แแ แแก แแแกแแก แฃแชแแแแแแแแก แแกแแฎแกแแแแแ;
โข แแงแแแแแก แแแแแแแ แแก แแแแแแก แแ แแแแแแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแจแ แแแแแฌแแแ แแแแแก แแแแฃแ แแแชแฃแแแแแก.
แแ แแแ แแแแก แจแแแแแ แกแ
แแแแแแแ แแแแก แ แแแแแแแแแก แแ แแแฃแแ - แแแแ; แแแแแแแ แแก แแแแแแ; แแแ แแแแก แแแแฃแ แ แแแชแฃแแแแ. แแแ แแแแก แคแแ แแแแแแ แกแแแแแ แแแ.
แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแแแแขแแแ: แแแขแแแแแ แแ แแ แแแแขแแแแแ; แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แจแแแแแแแแแ; แแแขแแแแ แแ แแ แแแแขแแแแ แแฅแกแแแแแ.
แแแ แแแแแ. แ แแ แแแแกแฎแแแแแแแ แแแ แแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแแกแแแ. แแแแแ แฌแแแแแแ, แแแแ แแแแแแฌแแแแ แแแแแแแแ แแ แแแแแแแ แแชแแแแแแก แแแแแ.
แแแขแแแแแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแ แฌแงแแแแแ, แแแแแแแแแ.
แฉแแแแชแแแแแแก แ แแแฅแชแแแแ.
แแแขแแแแ แแแ แแแแแขแแแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแ; แแแขแแแแ แแฅแขแแฃแ แแแแก แแฌแแ แแแ; แแแขแแแแ แแฅแกแแแแแแก แฃแ แแแแ แแฅแแแแแแ แแแแแแแแแ.
แแแคแแขแแ แแแแก แชแแแแ.
แฌแแ แแแแแแแ แแ แแแแฃแ แแแแ แแแ แแกแฃแ แกแแแแ, แแแ แแแ, แแฎแแแแแ, แแงแแ แ แกแแแแแแ; แกแแฌแแแแแก แฌแแแก แแ แแแฃแฅแขแแแ.
แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแ _ แแแแ แแแแก แฌแงแแ แ: แแแแแแแ แแฃแแ แแ แแแแแแแ แแฃแแ แ แแแฅแชแแแแ;แฅแแแแฃแ แ แแแแก แแแแ แแแ; แฅแแแแฃแ แ แ แแแฅแชแแ _ แแฎแแแ แแแแแแแ แแแแแแก แแแฆแแแแก แกแแจแฃแแแแแ.
แแแฎแจแแ แฌแงแแแแแแแแแก แแแแแแ แแแฎแแกแแแแแแ.
32
IX klasi
Sinaarsisa da miznebis rukadrois ganawileba Temebis mixedviT:
mimarTuleba qimiuri movlenebi66 akademiuri saaTi, maT Soris sarezervo dro 7 sT
I Tavi. raodenobrivi gaangariSebebi qimiaSi 10 sT.
#Temis
saxelwodebastandartis Sesabamisi
Sedegebi da indikatorebi
indikatoris Sesrulebis saSualebebi
saswavlo drois
xangrZlivoba (akademiuri saaTebis
raodenoba)
1.1.1. nivTierebis raodenoba, moli
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* adekvaturad iyenebs nivTierebis raodenobis erTeuls _ mols, molur masas reaqciebis raodenobrivi daxasiaTebisaTvis da awarmoebs Sesabamis gamoTvlebs.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.
informaciis damuSaveba
eqsperimenti.miznobrivad SerCeuli
daavadebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
33
2. 1.2. moluri masa
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* adekvaturad iyenebs nivTierebis raodenobis erTeuls _ mols, molur masas reaqciebis raodenobrivi daxasiaTebisaTvis da awarmoebs Sesabamis gamoTvlebs.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi.
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad SerCeuli
daavadebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
3.
1.3. airad nivTierebebs
Soris mimdinare reaqciebi
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* iyenebs avogadros kanons da gamoTvlis reaqciaSi monawile gazis molur moculobas. kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba,
eqsperimenti. informaciis damuSaveba, miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba.
1 sT
34
4. 1.4. airis moluri
moculoba
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* iyenebs avogadros kanons da gamoTvlis reaqciaSi monawile gazis molur moculobas.
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba.
eqsperimenti. informaciis damuSaveba, miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba.
1 sT
5. 1.5. romeli airia
ufro mZime
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* iyenebs avogadros kanons da gamoTvlis reaqciaSi monawile gazis molur moculobas.
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba.
informaciis damuSaveba, miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba.
1 sT
6.
1.6. ra raodenobrivi TanafardobiT
urTierTqmedebs nivTierebebi
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* iyenebs avogadros kanons da gamoTvlis reaqciaSi monawile gazis molur moculobas.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimenti. informaciis damuSaveba. miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba.
1 sT
35
7.
1.7. rogori amovxsnaT gasaangariSebeli amocana qimiaSi
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* adekvaturad iyenebs nivTierebis raodenobis erTeuls _ mols, molur masas reaqciebis raodenobrivi daxasiaTebisaTvis da awarmoebs Sesabamis gamoTvlebs.
informaciis damuSaveba. miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
8.
eqsperimentuli samuSao. reaqciis produqtis gamosavlianobis gansazRvra
qim. IX. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimenti 1 sT
9.SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
10. moswavleTa codnis donis Semowmeba
miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
sul 10 sT
36
II Tema. metalebi da arametalebi 11 sT
#Temis
saxelwodebastandartis Sesabamisi
Sedegebi da indikatorebi
indikatoris Sesrulebis saSualebebi
saswavlo drois
xangrZlivoba (akademiuri saaTebis
raodenoba)
1 2 3 4 5
11.
2.1. sad mdebareobs. metalebi perioduli sistemaSi
qim. IX. 5.1. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, TuU moswavle:* atarebs cdebs metalTa fizikur Tvisebebze (mag., Tbogamtaroba, eleqtrogamtaroba) dasakvirveblad; msjelobs metalTa sxva Tvisebebze (mag., maRali lRobis temperatura, bzinvareba, Wedadoba, SenadnobTa warmoqmna, magnituroba);
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba, modelis
ganxilva. miznobrovad
SerCeuli davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
12. 2.2.. metalis fizikuri Tvisebebi
qim. IX. 5.1. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* atarebs cdebs metalTa fizikur Tvisebebze (mag., Tbogamtaroba, eleqtrogamtaroba) dasakvirveblad; msjelobs metalTa sxva Tvisebebze (mag., maRali lRobis temperatura, bzinvareba, Wedadoba, SenadnobTa warmoqmna, magnituroba);qim. IX. 5.7. qim. IX. 5.1. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.
informaciis damuSaveba.
eqsperimenti.miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
37
13. 2.3. sufTa metali Tu Senadnobi
qim. IX. 5.12. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, TuU moswavle:* aRwers metalebis zogierT saerTo niSans (mag., simtkice, drekadoba, Tbo da eleqtrogamtaroba), romlebic ganapirobebs maT gamoyenebas; moipovebs informacias metalTa Senadnobebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb;
informaciis damuSaveba.
eqsperimenti.miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
14.2.4. romeli metalia ufro aqtiuri
qim. IX. 6. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivis gamoyeneba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* atarebs cdebs da ikvlevs ganzavebul mJavebTan metalebis moqmedebis kanonzomierebebsa da gamonaklisebs;* wers da ganazogadebs qimiuri reaqciebis tolobebs sityvierad (metali + mJava _ ...) da/an simboloebiT.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis damuSaveba.
eqsperimenti.miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
38
15.2.5. praqtikuli mecadineoba
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* gamokvlevis Sedegebs warmaodgens sxvadasxva (mag., grafikebi, sqemebi) saxiT, gansazRvravs gamosakvlev cvladebs (mag., metalis raodenoba, mJavas moculoba, gamoyofili gazis raodenoba);
miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
16.
2.6. rogor urTierTqmedebs metalebi wyalTan
qim. IX. 6. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivis gamoyeneba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* atarebs saTanado cdebs da ikvlevs sxvadasxva metalis wyalTan moqmedebas, gamoitans daskvnas;* akvirdeba sxvadasxva metalis gamoyenebiT Catarebuli cdebis Tanmdev movlenebs (mag., alis warmoqmna/arwarmoqmna wyalTan reaqciis dros, gazis buStukebis warmoqmna, siTbos gamoyofa) da msjelobs maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebaze gamoavlens zogad kanponzomierebebs;kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimenti. informaciis damuSaveba. miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
39
17. 2.7.. metalebis korozia
qim. IX. 6. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivis gamoyeneba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* akvirdeba da aRwers metalTa cvlilebas haeris zemoqmedebis Sedegad (mag., rkina iJangeba, vercxli mqrqaldeba, spilenZi muqdeba). gansazRvravs, romeli metali ganicdis korozias advilad, romeli _ ara.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
eqsperimenti. informaciis damuSaveba.
1 sT
40
18. 2.8 ganicdis Tu ara korozias yvela metali
qim. IX. 6. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivis gamoyeneba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* akvirdeba da aRwers metalTa cvlilebas haeris zemoqmedebis Sedegad (mag., rkina iJangeba, vercxli mqrqaldeba, spilenZi muqdeba). gansazRvravs, romeli metali ganicdis korozias advilad, romeli _ ara.* iyenebs metalTa aqtiurobis rigs saTanado varaudis gamosaTqmelad (mag., natriumi ufro iolad urTierTqmedebs JangbadTan, vidre spilenZi); gegmavs da saTanado wesebis dacviT atarebs cdebs varaudis Sesamowmeblad. kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba.
eqsperimenti. 1 sT
41
19.2.9. arametalebis Sesaxeb
qim. IX. moswavles SeuZlia metaliTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* asaxelebs arametalTa zogierT fizikur Tvisebas (mag., garegnuli niSnebiT msgavseba-gansxvaveba, lRobisa da duRilis dabali temperatura, cudi siTbo da eleqtrogamtaroba); axasiaTebs grafits, rogorc arametalur gamtars;
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba.
eqsperimenti. 1 sT
20.SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
TvalsaCinoebaze muSaoba.
eqsperimenti. 1 sT
21.moswavleTa codnis donis Semoqmeba
miznobrivad SerCeuli
davalebebis Sesruleba
1 sT
sul 11 sT
42
III Tema. naerTTa klasebi 13 sT
#Temis saxelwo-
debastandartis Sesabamisi Sede-
gebi da indikatorebi
indikatoris Sesrulebis sa-
Sualebebi
saswavlo drois xan-grZlivoba (akademiuri saaTebis ra-
odenoba)
1 2 3 4 5
22.
3.1. oqsidis formula da perioduli sistema. rogor miiReba oqsidi
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* ganasxvavebs mJava da fuZe oqsidebs; msjelobs maT qi-miur Tvisebebze (fuZe oqside-bi Seesabameba fuZeebs, mJava oqsidebi _ mJavebs);* wers arametalebis Jangbad-Tan urTierTqmedebis amsax-vel reaqciebs; periodulobis tabulis gamoyenebiT adgens misTvis ucnobi arametalebis oqsidebis formulebs; kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansaz-Rvros kvlevis sagani da kvle-vis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-nis aqtualizeba
1 sT
43
23.3.2. oqsidebis Tvisebebi
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* ganasxvavebs mJava da fuZe oqsidebs; msjelobs maT qi-miur Tvisebebze (fuZe oqside-bi Seesabameba fuZeebs, mJava oqsidebi _ mJavebs);kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
24. 3.3. ra Tvisebe-bi aqvs mJavebs
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* iyenebs miRebul codnas da gamoTqvams varauds ucnobi mJavasa da fuZis urTierTq-medebis produqtebis Sesaxeb;
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
44
25.3.4. ra Tvisebe-bi aqvs fuZeebs
qim. IX. 5. qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da aramet-alTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* iyenebs miRebul codnas da gamoTqvams varauds ucnobi mJavasa da fuZis urTierTq-medebis produqtebis Sesaxeb;kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
45
26. 3.5. rogor mi-iReba mJava da fuZe
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* iyenebs miRebul codnas da gamoTqvams varauds ucnobi mJavasa da fuZis urTierTq-medebis produqtebis Sesaxeb;* gamokvlevis Sedegebs war-moadgens sxvadasxva (mag., grafikebi, sqemebi) saxiT, gansazRvravs gamosakvlev cv-ladebs (mag., metalis raode-noba, mJavas moculoba, gamo-yofili gazis raodenoba);kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
46
27. 3.6. rogor mi-iReba marili
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* efeqtianad iyenebs labo-ratoriul aRWurvilobas da atarebs cdebs marileb-sis xvadasxva gziT (mag., fuZeze mJavas damateba, mJavebis moqmedeba metalTa oqsidebTan) misaRebad; wers reaqciebis tolobebs simbo-leobiT da sityvierad (mag., mJava+tuteยฎmarili+wyali); asaxelebs sxvadasxva marilis gamoyenebis sferoebs;kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
28.3.7. marilebi praqtikaSi
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* asaxelebs zogierT marils, maTi gamoyenebis sferos yo-fa-cxovrebaSi (mag., natriumis qloridi _ sufris marili, ka-liumis nitrati _ Seicavs Savi denTi, spilenZ(II)-is sulfatis kristalhidrati _ Sabiamani, magniumis sulfatis kristal-hidrati _ inglisuri marili, vercxlis bromidi _ Seicavs fotofiri);
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
47
29.
3.8. ra kavSi-ria martivsa da rTul niv-Tierebebs So-ris.
qim. IX. 5. moswavles SeuZlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* efeqtianad iyenebs labo-ratoriul aRWurvilobas da atarebs cdebs marilebis xvadasxva gziT (mag., fuZeze mJavas damateba, mJavebis moqmedeba metalTa oq-sidebTan) misaRebad; wers reaqciebis tolobebs simbo-leobiT da sityvierad (mag., mJava+tuteโmarili+wyali); asaxelebs sxvadasxva marilis gamoyenebis sferoebs;
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
30.eqsperimentuli samuSao.
qim. IX. 5. 3. moswavles Seu-Zlia metalTa da arametalTa Tvisebebis kvleva.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* atarebs cdebs, ikvlevs metalTa karbonatebisa da mJavebis urTierTqmedebis reaqciebis produqtebs. ad-gens, rom gamoyofili gazi aris naxSirorJangi;kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sx-vadasxva sakomunikacio saSu-alebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefase-ba.
eqsperimenti 1 sT
48
31.
$3.9. gaan-gariSebebi qimi-uri formulis mixedviT
qim. IX. 9. moswavles Seu-Zlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* awarmoebs raodenobriv gamoTvlebs sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad (mag., ucnoboi nivTierebis gamokvl-eva, misi formulis dadgena).
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
32.
$3.10. qimiuri formulis dad-gena elementTa masuri wilis mixedviT
qim. IX. 9. moswavles Seu-Zlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle:* awarmoebs raodenobriv gamoTvlebs sxvadasxva tipis problemis gadasaWrelad (mag., ucnoboi nivTierebis gamokvl-eva, misi formulis dadgena).
informaciis da-muSaveba.
eqsperimenti.winmswrebi cod-
nis aqtuali-zeba.
1 sT
33.SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
miznobrivad SerCeuli dava-lebis Sesrule-
ba
1 sT
34.moswavleTa codnis donis Semowmeba
miznobrivad SerCeuli dava-lebis Sesrule-
ba
1 sT
sul 13 sT.
49
IV Tema. qimiuri reaqcia da energia 14 sT
#Temis saxel-
wodebastandartis Sesabamisi Sedegebi
da indikatorebi
indikatoris Sesrulebis sa-
Sualebebi
saswavlo drois xan-grZlivoba (akademiuri saaTebis ra-
odenoba)
1 2 3 4 5
35.4.1. siTbo da qimiuri reaq-cia
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle.* akavSirebs navTobis energiis wyarod gamoyenebas navTobis SedgenilobaSi naxSirwyal-badebis arsebobasTan;
informaciis damuSaveba.
modelis ganx-ilva. mizno-
brivad SerCeu-li davalebebis
Sesruleba.eqsperimenti.
1 sT
36.
4.2. rodis aris reaqciis toloba Ter-moqimiuri
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle.* akavSirebs navTobis energiis wyarod gamoyenebas navTobis SedgenilobaSi naxSirwyal-badebis arsebobasTan;* msjelobs, ra naerTebi war-moiqmneba naxSirwyalbadebis wvisas;
informaciis damuSaveba.
modelis ganx-ilva. mizno-
brivad SerCeu-li davalebebis
Sesruleba
1 sT
37.4.3. naxSirwy-albadebi da siTbo
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle.* akavSirebs navTobis energiis wyarod gamoyenebas navTobis SedgenilobaSi naxSirwyal-badebis arsebobasTan;* msjelobs, ra naerTebi war-moiqmneba naxSirwyalbadebis wvisas;
informaciis damuSaveba.
modelis ganx-ilva. mizno-
brivad SerCeu-li davalebebis
Sesruleba.eqsperimenti.
1 sT
50
38.4.4. ra aris navTobi
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle: * aRwers da afasebs sxvadasxva tipis sawvavs Tbou-narianobis mixedviT;
informaciis damuSaveba.
modelis ganx-ilva. mizno-
brivad SerCeu-li davalebebis
Sesruleba
1 sT
39.4.5. ra aris Tbounari-anoba.
qim. IX. 8. . moswavles SeuZlia aRweros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoe-basa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswav-le: * moipovebs da warmoadgens informacias navTobis rolze farTo moxmarebis sagnebis war-moebaSi; msjelobs polimerebis rolze Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, maTi gamoyenebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;
informaciis damuSaveba. miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba
1 sT
51
40.4.6. rogor SevafasoT sawvavi
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle: * akavSirebs sxvadasxva metalis monawileobiT mimdi-nare Canacvlebis reaqciebis Sedegad gamoyofil energiebs metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivSi am metalebis mdebareobasTan (mag., metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivSi erTmaneTisgan ufro metad dac-ilebuli metalebis reaqciebSi ufro meti energia gamoiyofa, vidre naklebad dacilebuli wyvilis, rkinisa da spilenZis, monawiloebiT mimdinare analo-giur reaqciebSi);kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoy-enebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
41.
4.7. navTobi da bunebrivi airi rogorc nedleuli
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswav-le: * moipovebs da warmoadgens informacias navTobis rolze farTo moxmarebis sagnebis war-moebaSi; msjelobs polimerebis rolze Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, maTi gamoyenebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
52
42.4.8. wyalbadi da energetika
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswav-le: * aRwers aratradiciuli sawvavis (mag., wyalbadi) gamoy-enebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs (mag., dadebiTi _ ar gamohyofs naxSirorJangs, sina-Tles, uaryofiTi _ feTqebad-saSiSia, SenaxvisTvis saWiroebs SekumSvas);
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
43. 4.9. energia da qimiuri reaqcia
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle: * akavSirebs sxvadasxva metalis monawileobiT mimdi-nare Canacvlebis reaqciebis Sedegad gamoyofil energiebs metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivSi am metalebis mdebareobasTan (mag., metalTa aqtiurobis mwkrivSi erTmaneTisgan ufro metad dac-ilebuli metalebis reaqciebSi ufro meti energia gamoiyofa, vidre naklebad dacilebuli wyvilis, rkinisa da spilenZis, monawiloebiT mimdinare analo-giur reaqciebSi);kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxor-cieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoy-enebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
53
44.
4.10. gal-vanuri el-ementis gamoy-eneba praqti-kaSi
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle: * asaxelebs qimiuri reaqciebis energiis wyarod gam-oyenebis magaliTebs (mag., asan-Ti, qimiuri elementi, batarea);
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
45.4.11. ra aris polimeri
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswav-le: * moipovebs da warmoadgens informacias navTobis rolze farToi moxmarebis sagnebis war-moebaSi; msjelobs polimerebis rolze Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi, maTi gamoyenebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze;
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
46.4.12. qimiuri teqnologia
qim. IX. 8. moswavles SeuZlia aR-weros qimiuri reaqciebis roli axali masalebis warmoebasa da energiis miRebaSi.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu mo-swavle: * msjelobs qimiuri reaqciebis rolze sxvadasxva produqtis (mag., wamlebis, plastmasebis, qsovilebis, sakvebis) warmoebaSi.
informaciis damuSaveba.miznobrivad
SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
47. SeamowmeT Tqveni codna
miznobrivad SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
48.moswavleTa codnis donis Semowmeba
miznobrivad SerCeuli dava-lebebis Ses-
ruleba.
1 sT
sul 14 sT.
54
V Tema. garemo qimiis TvalsazrisiT 10 sT
#Temis saxel-
wodebastandartis Sesabamisi
Sedegebi da indikatorebi
indikatoris Ses-rulebis saSuale-
bebi
saswavlo drois xan-grZlivoba (akademiuri saaTebis ra-
odenoba)
1 2 3 4 5
49. 5.1. ra abi-nZurebs haers
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* moipovebs informacias globaluri daTbobis/saTburis efeqtis/ozonis xvrelebis Sesaxeb, ikvlevs mizezebs (mag., sawvavis wva), mohyavs saTanado mt-kicebulebebi, namuSevris wardgenisas adekvaturad iyenebs terminebs.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
55
50.5.2. saT-buris efeq-ti
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* moipovebs informacias globaluri daTbobis/saTburis efeqtis/ozonis xvrelebis Sesaxeb, ikvlevs mizezebs (mag., sawvavis wva), mohyavs saTanado mt-kicebulebebi, namuSevris wardgenisas adekvaturad iyenebs terminebs.kvl. IX. 1. moswavles Seu-Zlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles Seu-Zlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
56
50.
5.3. ras niS-navs haeris xarisxis kontroli
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* aRwers haerisa da wylis dabinZurebis Seswavlis da kontrolis meTodebs, gamoTqvams mosazrebebs warmodgenili problemebis gadaWris gzebze;
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.eqsperimenti
1 sT
52.5.4. mJava wvimebi
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* warmoadgens mJava wvimebis warmoqmnis pro-cess sxvadasxva gamomsax-velobiTi saSualebebiT (naxati, diagrama, reaqciis sqemebi);
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
57
53.
5.5. rogor SevamciroT niadagis mJavianoba
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* iyenebs mJavebis, fuZee-bisa da neitralizaciis Sesaxeb miRebul codnas da dasaxavs gegmas niadagebis mJavianobis Sesamcireblad/gasazrdelad. kvl. IX. 1. moswavles Seu-Zlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles Seu-Zlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
54.
5.6. ras niS-navs wylis sisufTavis kontroli
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* aRwers haerisa da wylis dabinZurebis Seswavlis da kontrolis meTodebs, gamoTqvams mosazrebebs warmodgenili problemebis gadaWris gzebze;
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.eqsperimenti
1 sT
58
55.
5.7. wylis xarisxis gansazRvra qimiuri ana-lizis meTo-debiT
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* aRwers haerisa da wylis dabinZurebis Seswavlis da kontrolis meTodebs, gamoTqvams mosazrebebs warmodgenili problemebis gadaWris gzebze;kvl. IX. 1. moswavles Seu-Zlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles Seu-Zlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles Seu-Zlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
56.
5.8. rogor aviciloT Tavidan wylis dabi-nZureba
qim. IX. 7. moswavles Seu-Zlia garemoze dakvirveba da mopovebuli monacemebis qimiis TvalsazrisiT Se-faseba.Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle:* aRwers haerisa da wylis dabinZurebis Seswavlis da kontrolis meTodebs, gamoTqvams mosazrebebs warmodgenili problemebis gadaWris gzebze;
informaciis da-muSaveba.
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.
1 sT
57.Seamow-meT Tqveni codna
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.1 sT
58
moswavleTa codnis do-nis Semow-meba
miznobrivad Ser-Ceuli davalebebis
Sesruleba.1 sT
sul 10 sT.saaTebis saerTo raodenobaa 10+11+13+14+10=58 sT
1 sT proeqtisaTvis.sul 58 sT.
8 sT sarezervo dro
59
nimuSi II
1.3. airad nivTierebebs Soris mimdinare reaqciebi
qim. IX. 9. moswavles SeuZlia awarmoos raodenobrivi gamoTvlebi qimiuri amocanis gadasaWrelad. Sedegi TvalsaCinoa, Tu moswavle.* iyenebs avogadros kanons da gamoTvlis reaqciaSi monawile gazis molur moculobas. kvl. IX. 1. moswavles SeuZlia gansazRvros kvlevis sagani da kvlevis etapebi. kvl. IX. 2. moswavles SeuZlia kvleviTi proceduris ganxorcieleba/monacemebis aRricxva.kvl. IX. 3. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa warmodgena sxvadasxva sakomunikacio saSualebis gamoyenebiT.kvl. IX. 4. moswavles SeuZlia monacemTa analizi da Sefaseba.
saswavlo miznebi
meTodebi moswavlis organizeba
drois gaanwileba
resursebi Sefasebis forma
nivTierebis raodenobrivi Sefasebis unaris formireba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris damyarebis, daskvnis gamotanis unaris ganviTareba.*airadi nivTierebis moculobis da molekulaTa ricxvs soris kavSiris damyareba..
paragrafis teqstze muSaoba
davalebebis Sesruleba
diskusia
individualuri
mTeli klasi
jgufuriindividualuri
mTeli klasi
10 wT
15-20 wT
10-15 wT
saxelmZRvanelo.
rezinis buStebi
gasaubreba
moswavleTa Canawerebis gacnoba
dakvirveba
saSinao davaleba
individualuri 5 wT
moswavleTa Canawerebis gacnoba.
gasaubreba