issues and challenges in implementing stored grain integrated (insect) pest management programs in...
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Issues and Challenges in Issues and Challenges in Implementing Stored Grain Implementing Stored Grain
Integrated (Insect) Pest Integrated (Insect) Pest Management Programs in the Management Programs in the
USUS
Bhadriraju Subramanyam (Subi)Bhadriraju Subramanyam (Subi)Department of Grain Science and Department of Grain Science and
IndustryIndustryKansas State UniversityKansas State UniversityManhattan, KS 66506Manhattan, KS 66506
[email protected]@ksu.edu
Presented at the 9Presented at the 9thth International Working Conference on International Working Conference on Stored-Product Protection, 15-18 October 2006, Campinas, BrazilStored-Product Protection, 15-18 October 2006, Campinas, Brazil
Farm storage Flour millFarm storage Flour mill
Country ElevatorCountry Elevator Livestock Livestock
Terminal ElevatorTerminal Elevator
Export ConsumerExport Consumer
Grain (Wheat) Flow PatternsGrain (Wheat) Flow Patterns
IPM toolsIPM tools• Bin/silo sanitation Bin/silo sanitation • Residual products for empty structuresResidual products for empty structures• Grain sanitationGrain sanitation• Use of grain spreaders, leveling, coringUse of grain spreaders, leveling, coring• Application of a protectantApplication of a protectant• Temperature monitoringTemperature monitoring• Grain turningGrain turning• Exclusion practicesExclusion practices• Biological controlBiological control• FumigationFumigation• Many of the tactics are underutilized by Many of the tactics are underutilized by
producers (farmers) and commercial grain producers (farmers) and commercial grain managersmanagers
The true meaning of IPMThe true meaning of IPM
• Use of multiple tactics that are Use of multiple tactics that are compatiblecompatible
• Use of sampling information for Use of sampling information for decision-making (treat or fail to decision-making (treat or fail to treat)treat)
• Use of insecticides as a last resortUse of insecticides as a last resort• Evaluation of costs and benefits of Evaluation of costs and benefits of
tactics usedtactics used
Management of insects in stored grain Management of insects in stored grain on the farm and in the marketing on the farm and in the marketing system is with insecticides system is with insecticides (protectants and fumigants)(protectants and fumigants)
Pesticide Use on Wheat – USDA-Pesticide Use on Wheat – USDA-National Ag. Statistics Service National Ag. Statistics Service
Survey 1997Survey 1997
14 states surveyed; 1956 reports; 82% of US production in the marketing system
USDA-NASS SurveyUSDA-NASS Survey1997 Crop1997 Crop
• Did not include on-farm usageDid not include on-farm usage• 3.6 billion bushels of wheat 3.6 billion bushels of wheat
handled in the 14 states surveyedhandled in the 14 states surveyed• 14.21% of wheat treated with 14.21% of wheat treated with
insecticidesinsecticides• 175,300 lb of insecticides applied175,300 lb of insecticides applied
USDA-NASS SurveyUSDA-NASS Survey
• Aluminum phosphide (Phosphine)Aluminum phosphide (Phosphine) 11.56% 11.56%• Chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan)Chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan) 1.35% 1.35%• Lindane (seed treatments)Lindane (seed treatments) 0.02% 0.02%• MalathionMalathion 1.47% 1.47%• Methyl bromideMethyl bromide 0.35% 0.35%• Diatomaceous earthDiatomaceous earth 0.22% 0.22%
Pesticide Residues in Pesticide Residues in WheatWheat
• USDA’s Pesticide Data ProgramUSDA’s Pesticide Data Program• Started 1991Started 1991
– Respond to food safety and marketing Respond to food safety and marketing concernsconcerns
– Protect public healthProtect public health– Provide data to the EPA to assess Provide data to the EPA to assess
dietary risks posed by pesticidesdietary risks posed by pesticides
USDA’s PDP Data, 1995USDA’s PDP Data, 1995
600 samples were analyzed for residues
309 out of 340 samples (91%) had pesticide residues
USDA’s PDP Data, USDA’s PDP Data, 19961996
USDA’s PDP Data, 1997USDA’s PDP Data, 1997
500 out of 623 samples (80%) had pesticide residues
Conflicts between surveysConflicts between surveys
• NASS survey shows only 15% of grain was NASS survey shows only 15% of grain was treatedtreated
• PDP surveys show 80-91% of the grain had PDP surveys show 80-91% of the grain had detectable residuesdetectable residues
• 1) A substantial amount of farm-stored grain1) A substantial amount of farm-stored grain
was treatedwas treated• 2) A high degree of blending occurred during 2) A high degree of blending occurred during
marketing and detectable residues were marketing and detectable residues were transferred to all of the bulktransferred to all of the bulk
Possible reasons why we do Possible reasons why we do not have viable IPM programsnot have viable IPM programs
Hard and agonizing factsHard and agonizing facts
• Fewer institutions involved in stored grain Fewer institutions involved in stored grain researchresearch– Purdue, Oklahoma State University, Kansas Purdue, Oklahoma State University, Kansas
State University, USDA, Grain Marketing & State University, USDA, Grain Marketing & Production Research CenterProduction Research Center
– Entomologists, Ag. Engineers, Mycologists, Ag. Entomologists, Ag. Engineers, Mycologists, Ag. EconomistsEconomists
• Fewer people involved in stored grain Fewer people involved in stored grain extensionextension– Direct link to end users is missing, unless you Direct link to end users is missing, unless you
are working on a research projectare working on a research project– Decreased extension funding over the yearsDecreased extension funding over the years
Research projects have a Research projects have a narrow focusnarrow focus
• Research on insect management is limited to a Research on insect management is limited to a single option single option
• Most research “ideas” are funding driven, and not Most research “ideas” are funding driven, and not necessarily identified by the “end-users”necessarily identified by the “end-users”
• Emphasis on publications rather than on altering Emphasis on publications rather than on altering bad practices followed by grain managersbad practices followed by grain managers
• Research is not implemented as “end-user Research is not implemented as “end-user managed trials” (no stakeholder input)managed trials” (no stakeholder input)
• Some integrated projects (combining 2 tactics)Some integrated projects (combining 2 tactics)• Some success stories to reduce number of Some success stories to reduce number of
fumigations-but still reliance is on insecticidesfumigations-but still reliance is on insecticides– Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University– Areawide projectAreawide project
Technology transferTechnology transfer
• Our pest profile has not changed in more Our pest profile has not changed in more than 30 yearsthan 30 years
• Lack of an effective infrastructure to Lack of an effective infrastructure to impart stored grain IPM principles and impart stored grain IPM principles and practices to end userspractices to end users
• Information provided on individual rather Information provided on individual rather than on a combination of tacticsthan on a combination of tactics
• Little understanding of what it takes to Little understanding of what it takes to change behavior of grain managers to change behavior of grain managers to adopt proper pest management practicesadopt proper pest management practices– Level of education versus adoptionLevel of education versus adoption– Is it cost or is it lack of commitment to change?Is it cost or is it lack of commitment to change?
Some possible solutionsSome possible solutions
• 1) Are research questions identified by 1) Are research questions identified by producers, elevator managers, or the grain producers, elevator managers, or the grain industry?industry?– Focus groups (12-15 individuals)Focus groups (12-15 individuals)– Conduct relevant research based on needsConduct relevant research based on needs
• 2) Do we need more research or just 2) Do we need more research or just become better at using existing knowledge?become better at using existing knowledge?– End-user managed trialsEnd-user managed trials– Educational sessionsEducational sessions– Follow-up surveys to determine if suggested best Follow-up surveys to determine if suggested best
management practices were implementedmanagement practices were implemented
The new face of IPMThe new face of IPM
• Driven by multinational corporationsDriven by multinational corporations• Specific set of IPM practices Specific set of IPM practices shallshall be be
implemented implemented • IPM may be driven by preferences of IPM may be driven by preferences of
consumers (organic products)consumers (organic products)– We have not even addressed needs of We have not even addressed needs of
organic grain managers-a real organic grain managers-a real challenge!challenge!