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C O L O N I A L R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

N o . 1 7 4 0

Annual Report on the Social and Economic Progress of the People of

SWAZILAND, 1934

(For Report for igj2 see No. 1654 (Price is. 6d.) and for Report for 19 j 3 see No. 1694 (Price rs. 3d.).)

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ANNUAL REPORT ON THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROGRESS OF THE PEOPLE OF

SWAZILAND, 1934

CONTENTS CHAPTER

I.—GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY

I I . GOVERNMENT

I I I . POPULATION

I V . HEALTH . . .

V . HOUSING

VI. PRODUCTION

V I I . COMMERCE

VIII. WAGES AND COST OF LIVING

IX. EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS

X. COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT

XI. BANKING, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES . . .

XII . PUBLIC WORKS

XIII . JUSTICE, POLICE, AND PRISONS

XIV. LEGISLATION

XV. PUBLIC FINANCE* AND TAXATION

XVI. MISCELLANEOUS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I.—GEOGRAPHY, CLIMATE, AND HISTORY.

Geography.

Swaziland lies between t he eastern slopes of the Drakensberg mounta ins , which form the eas tern border of the Transvaal , and the low-lying lands of Nor the rn Zululand and Portuguese E a s t Africa.

I t is bounded on the nor th , west, and south by the Transvaal , a n d on the east by Portuguese ter r i tory and Tongaland, now pa r t of t he Na ta l Province, and is abou t t he size of Wales, i ts area being 6 , 7 0 4 square miles. A little more t h a n one-third of the terr i tory is nat ive area and the remainder is owned by Europeans .

The te r r i tory is divided geographically into three longitudinal regions, roughly of equal b read th , running from nor th to south , and known locally as the high, middle and low or bush veld. The high veld port ion adjoining the eastern Transvaal consists of moun­ta ins , pa r t of the Drakensberg range. These mounta ins rise in pa r t s t o an a l t i tude of over 5 , 0 0 0 feet. The middle veld is a b o u t 2 , 0 0 0 feet lower, while the t u s h veld, bounded on the easi by t h e Ubomoo mounta ins , has a height of from 3 0 0 to 1 ,000 feet.

* In tliis Report the Financial Statements, which am for the year ended 31st March, 1935, are preliminary and not completely audited. All other details are for the calendar year 1934.

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S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4

Climate.

Both the rainfall and the t empera ture vary considerably with the al t i tude of the meteorological s tat ions, which are under the control of the Chief Meteorologist of the Union (Government. The average rainfall a t two stat ions was :—-

Mbabane ( 3 , 8 0 0 f e e t ) — 5 4 - 7 8 inches over .52 years, Bremersdorp ( 2 , 1 7 5 f e e t ) — 3 5 - 4 2 inches over 31 years.

The mean max imum and min imum tempera tures were 7 3 - 1 Fahr . and 5 1 - 2 Fahr . respectively, a t Mbabane and 01 Fahr. and 5 8 Fahr . respectively at Bremersdorp.

History.

The Swazis are akin to the Zulu and other tribes of the south­eastern l i t toral . U p to about 1 0 0 years ago they occupied the country jus t nor th of the Pongola river, but a hostile Chief in their vicinity forced them farther nor th , and under Chief Sobhuza they then occupied the terr i tory now known as Swaziland. This Chief, who died in 1 8 3 9 , was succeeded by Mswazi I I . The further order of succession has been Ludonga. Mbandeni, and Bhunu, whose son, Sobhuza I I , was installed as Pa ramoun t Chief in 1921 after a long minority, dur ing which his grandmother , Labotsibeni, acted as Regent .

The many concessions granted by Mbandeni necessitated some form of European control, no twi ths tanding t ha t the independence of the Swazis had been guaranteed in the Conventions of 1881 and 1 8 8 4 entered into between the Government of Her late Majesty Queen Victoria and the Covernment of the South African Republic. In 1890 , soon after the death of Mbandeni, a Provisional Govern­men t was established representat ive of the Swa/is , and of the British and South African Republic Governments . In 1 8 9 4 , under a Convention between the British and the South African Republic Governments, the la t ter was given powers of protection and adminis­t ra t ion, wi thout incorporation, and Swaziland continued to be governed under this form of control until the outbreak of the Boer War in 1 8 9 9 .

In 1 9 0 2 , after the conclusion of hostilities in the Transvaal , a Special Commissioner took charge, and, under an Order in Council ( 1 9 0 3 ) , t he Governor of the Transvaal administered the terr i tory, through a local officer until the year 1907 , when, under an Order in Council ( 1 9 0 0 ) , the High Commissioner assumed control and es tab­lished the present form of administrat ion. Prior to this, steps had been taken for the set t lement of the concessions and their part i t ion between the concessionaires and the natives. The boundaries of the mineral concessions were also defined and all monopoly conces­sions were expropria ted. Title to property is therefore now clear. In this connexion a case brought b> the Paramount Chief was dis­missed, on appeal , by the Pr ivy Council (15)20).

33:*r>:t A 2

4 C O L O N I A L I M P O R T S — A N M ' A L

II. GOVERNMENT.

By an Order in Council dated 1st December, 1900 , Swaziland was placed directly under the control of the High Commissioner for South Africa, and a Proclamation was issued in March, 1907 (the Swaziland Administrat ion Proclamation, 1 9 0 7 ) . providing for the appointment of a Resident Commissioner, a Government Secretary, and Assistant Commissioners, and the establ ishment of a Police Force.

The Resident Commissioner exercises such adminis t rat ion and control, and is invested with all such powers, authori t ies , and jurisdiction as are conferred upon him by the said Proclamation, or any other law, or by the te rms of his commission, subject always to the directions and instructions of the High Commissioner.

Advisory Council.

An elected Advisory Council, representat ive of the Europeans , was established in 1 9 2 1 , t o advise t h e Adminis t ra t ion on European affairs. The ter r i tory is divided in to two electoral divisions, one nor th and the other south of the Crea t Usu tu River.

The fifth Council was elected in 1 9 3 2 , and consists of five members for South Swaziland, and four members for Nor th Swaziland. Meetings of this Council are held a t least twice a year,

A commit tee of the Council, consisting of four members , two from each electoral division, meets whenever convened by the Resident Commissioner himself or by him a t the request of any two members. This Committee advises on any impor tan t mat te rs which may arise from t ime to t ime between the usual meetings of the Council.

Native Council.

The Council is composed of the Indunas of the nat ion under the presidency of the Induna of the P a r a m o u n t Chief's kraal . They advise the P a r a m o u n t Chief on adminis t ra t ive and judicial affairs of Sta te . Meetings of the Council with the Resident Commissioner are held from t ime to t ime.

Meetings of District Officials with Native Cu*efs.

The regular month ly meetings between District Officers and Nat ive Chiefs and their followers give an oppor tuni ty for discussing difficulties and have established a good unders tanding between the Administrat ion and the nat ives.

Advisory Committees on Townships.

Meetings of these bodies aro held monthly . The Committees are elected by the owners of s tands in the various townships. The Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Assistant Commissioner presides.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 5

School Advisory Committees.

Members are elected for any public school by paren t s resident in Swaziland who, a t the time of election, have one or more children on the roll of such school. When convenient one Committee may be elected t o represent two or more schools s i tuated in the same distr ict . The Committees have certain powers and duties in connexion with compulsorv education under Proclamation No. 7 of 1920.

School Boards.

The members of these* Boards consist of members of School Commit tees in the district , each school Committee having the r ight to elect one of its members to be on such a Board. The Assistant Commissioner or Deputy Assistant Commissioner of the district is t he chairman. The duties of Boards are laid down in the Com­pulsory Education Proclamation (No. 7 of 1920). They advise the Adminis t ra t ion in all mat te rs connected with the provision of schools and school accommodation in each district and on other educat ional ma t te r s affecting Europeans .

III.—POPULATION.

No census of the population has been held since May, 1 9 2 1 . The figures were then :—

Europeans . . . ... ... 2 , 2 0 5 Natives (Bantu) . * * • < i t . . . 1 1 0 . 2 9 5 Coloured (other t han Bantu) ... 4 5 1

Total • 1 1 2 , 9 5 1

The populat ion is now est imated to be :— Male. Female. Total

Europeans 1 ,390 1 , 4 4 0 2 , 8 3 0 Natives (Bantu) f>8,910 6 4 , 0 9 0 1 2 3 , 0 0 0 Coloured (other t han Bantu) ... 4 0 0 3 2 0 7 2 0 Indians ... 10 — • 10

(50.710 6 5 , 8 5 0 1 2 6 . 5 6 0

About 8 3 per cent, of the B a n t u population reside in nat ive areas and abou t 17 per cent, on European owned land.

No statist ics are available with regard to the nat ional i ty of t he European races.

There is no registration of bir ths or deaths of t he Ban tu popula­t ion. Regis t ra t ion of nat ive marriages was introduced during the year .

S3353 A »

6 C OLC) NIA h HICI >0 JITS A N N T A L

Amongst the European populat ion there wore : — (a) Bir ths 78 or 27-53 per 1,000. (/>) Marriages. . . 20 or 12 per 1,000. (c) Dea ths 20 or 7 -00 per 1,000. (d) Infantile mor ta l i ty (Death- ra te

under one year) ... ... 3 or *046 per 1,000 of European populat ion.

(e) European Emigran t s 58 or 20-47 per 1,000 of European populat ion.

(/) European Immigran t s ... ... 80 or 31-42 per 1,000 of European populat ion.

I V — H E A L T H .

Administration. The European medical staff consisted of the Pr incipal Medical

Officer, two Government Medical Officers, two doctors (subsidized), th ree hospital ass is tants and dispensers and five female nurses.

The na t ive staff consisted of seven male nurses, eight female nurses, three male orderlies, two laundresses, and two cooks.

Financial. The to ta l revenue earned by t h e Medical Depa r tmen t was

£510 18s. 2d. The expendi ture was £13,827.

Public Health.

I t can safely be said t h a t 1934 was a heal thy year . There was no serious outbreak of infectious disease, the annua l outbreak of aes t ivo-autumnal malar ia was much less t han t h a t of the two previous years, and the incidence of general diseases was not above the average.

General Diseases.—The outs tanding .-attire of chest complaints is t he amoun t of a s thma . Bronchitis is fairly prevalent in the cold and wet pa r t s of t he country , and a few cases of pneumonia occur. Chronic rheumat ism is very common, b u t rheumatic fever is seldom seen so there is li t t le organic cardiac t rouble due to th is .

The most common disease is gastro-enteri t is due to improper food, poor cooking and lack of cleanliness. Kidney troubles, especially pyelitis, are fairly common ; schistosomiasis is the 1 cause of m a n y of these.

Communicable Diseases—Mosquito or Insect-borne.—The annua l epidemic of malaria was much less t h a n t h a t of ei ther of the two preceding years and very few dea ths resumed from it. There were moro cases t h a n usual of wha t is known in South Africa as " tick-bite fever." This is a Riekit tsea disease of the t yphus type . I t is caused by the bite of the larval forms of certain t icks.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 7

Hygiene and Sanitation,

Mosquito and Insect-borne Diseases.—Malaria is practically t he only insect-borne disease ; it is deal t with by free dis tr ibut ion of quinine to the nat ives through their chiefs, missionaries, police posts , schools, etc. , in the affected areas . This free* issue of quinine was only about 2 0 per cent, of the tota ls of the two preceding years.

Epidemic and Helminthic Diseases.—The water-borne diseases are well under control in the towns, bu t it is impossible to adop t general preventive measures amongst the nat ives. For tuna te ly the kraals are usually well apa r t and only a few get their water from each s t ream, so these diseases are not seriousL prevalent. Tul)erculosis presents a difficult problem. There is no doubt this disease is slowly but surely on the increase.

Infection* (limine*.— Nineteen eases of enteric were reported from the Southern District, thir teen from the Central and only one from the Northern, This does not represent the actual number of cases, bu t i t certainly represents a large proport ion of the to ta l number .

The incidence of amoebic dysentery remains about the same, bu t it is certain t h a t hospital re turns do n o t give an adequa te indication of the prevalence of the disease. The Medical Officer of the Southern District a t one t ime made a microscopic examina t ion of % series of cases complaining of abdominal symptoms whether there was a history of dysentery or not , a n d found the Entamoeba Coli present in qui te a number of cases.

Diphther ia is rare , b u t two proved cases were admi t t ed into the HLvtikulu hospital .

An increase in the incidence of syphilis is repor ted from the Central and Southern Districts. There is undoubted ly a diminu­tion of the increase in t h e Nor thern District , which is a lmost ent irely a rural distr ict in which the disease is less l ikely to spread, bu t probably the real reason is t h a t a venereal disease clinic was established here some years before one came in to being in a n y o ther par t of the country . There was an epidemic of measles dur ing the year. I t s ta r ted in t h e ex t reme nor th and gradually spread to t he Central Distr ict . The disease itself was not more serious than usual, bu t in m a n y cases it was followed by gastro­enter i t is which caused far more dea ths t han the original disease.

A few cases of a las t r ium were repor ted from the Central District .

Helminthic Diseases.—Teaniasis and ascariasis are very common a t all a l t i tudes under 3,500 feet. Many nat ives undergo t r ea tmen t , bu t there are so m a n y infected s t reams tha t fresh infections and re-infections are constant ly occurring, and there is no appreciable diminut ion in the number of cases. Two cases of Schistosomiasis Mansom were found in the Central District.

8 C O L O N I A L R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

General Measures of Sanitation.

Sewage disposal in the towns is b y the bucket system and is, on the whole, satisfactory. The buckets are emptied every night , the contents being placed in t renches in a place approved by the Medical Officer. Refuse is collected regularly, deposited in pi ts and ^ r a d i c ­ally burned.

The Mbabane water supply is unfiltercd, and bacteriological analysis has proved t h a t it is qu i te unfit for human consumption. The European section of the populat ion never uses it except for watering gardens : thei r water for domestic purposes being drawn from three springs in different pa r t s of the township. The water from these and from the supply t o t h e na t ive location have been tested, and in every case found to be remarkably free from bacterio­logical impurit ies.

The sani tary a r rangements in the towns are under t he control of Town Tnsi>ectors who make regular inspections.

School Hygiene.

A medical report on all the European schools and school children was made during the year . The universal defect was denta l caries, a very high percentage being reported from each school. There was a considerable number of cases of enlarged tonsils. In the Southern District the amount of dental caries is even greater t han in the Nor th , while in some par ts , no tab ly Hlut i , many children had enlarged spleens and secondary anaemia due to chronic malaria.

Maternity and Child Welfare.

The only place at which there is a ma te rn i ty and child welfare centre with a staff devoted entirely t o t h a t work is Bremersdorp. At the Government hospitals, dispensaries, etc. , i t enn only be done as a pa r t of the ordinary day ' s work. T h a t the nat ive women appreciate t he maternal side is shewn by the yearly increasing number of those who come to the hospitals for their confinements and those who during the a n t e n a t a l period come for examinat ion and advice

Child welfare work is more difficult, practically all t he nat ive children are breast-fed, but there is a pernicious nat ional custom, followed by nearly every mother, of supplementing this from birth with sour porridge. This, with the flies ami the generally insani tary conditions in and abou t the kraal are the cause of so much sickness, par t icular ly enteri t is in the first two years of life.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 9

Hospitals, Dispensaries and Venereal Clinics.

The work clone at all three hospitals again exceeded t h a t of t he previous year. This was especially noticeable a t the Hlatikulu hospi tal .

At one t ime there were 42 nat ive in-patients , a l though t h ' T e an* only 25 beds, and a t another t ime nine European pat ients , al though there are only three beds for Europeans . On many occasions t en t s had to be put in th^ hospital grounds for the accommodation of pa t ien ts . Funds have been provided from the Colonial Develop­ment Fund for extensions t o the hospi tal .

The busiest of all t he hospitals is t he Raleigh Fi tk in Memorial Hospi ta l at Bremersdorp. I t had the largest number of both in pa t ien t s and out-pat ients , t he largest venereal disease* clinic, a very busy materna l and child welfare centre and al together does most valuable work in the centre and east of t he country .

Among in-pat ients the most common ai lments t r ea ted wore malar ia , syphilis, gynoccological t roubles , gastro-intcst inal dis­orders and injuries of various kinds. Amongst the out -pa t ien ts the most prevalent complaints were gynoccological t roubles, gastro­intest inal disorders, skin diseases, especially scabies in children, chronic rheumat i sm, chest complaints , venereal diseases and minor injuries.

A dispensary was opened a t (Jocdgegun in the Southern District and pu t in charge of a European nurse. Another dispensary was s t a r t ed a t Mahamha in place e>f t he Wesley an Mission Hospital which unfor tunate ly had to close down. The Adminis t ra t ion was for tuna te in being able to retain, a t a n y ra te for some t ime, t h e services of the ma t ron of the hospital who was p u t in charge of the dispensary. She has t aken up mate rn i ty and child welfare work and s ta r ted a class for the instruction of na t ive women who a t t end to confinements in the kraals. Home nursing and first-aid classes were also s ta r ted for adul t women and senior school g i r K

During the year an innovation of a somewhat experimental na tu re was introduced in the form of medical outposts in charge of nat ives in areas far removed from hospitals or dispensaries. Two of t hem were opened during the year and a th i rd one was com­pleted and ready for opening early in 1935. To a certain ex tent t h e y have proved successful ; the sick in surrounding kraals are visited, and those who are seriously ill are sent t o the nearest hospital : instruct ion in proper feeding and care of children is given, and advice in regard to general hygiene*, bu t t h a t the nat ives expect more is shown by the fact t h a t there is a very decided tendency for the sick who can manage it to wait for the fortnight ly visit of a medical officer. As a t the hospitals, a shilling is charged for advice and medicine, anei there is no doub t t h a t the na t ives are of t h e opinion t h a t a shilling is too much for the help received, conse­quen t ly when a t all possible they wait for the visit of a medical e)fficer.

3\m* A s

10 C O L O N I A L B E P O R T S — A N N U A L

Go vent m en t In siitut ions— Mbabane Hospi ta l 5 9 3 7 , 1 1 5 Hlat ikutu Hospi tal 451 S . 4 0 5 Mankaiana Dispensary • • • ... 7 3 , 3 5 0 Goedgcgun Dispensary (4 months) — 1 . 031

Mission hi stitu lion s — Bremersdorp Hospi ta l 8 2 0 1 1 . 1 3 0 Mahamba Dispensary late

Mahamba Hospi ta l * 1 8 0 2 , 0 0 3 Endingeni Dispensary ... ... 4 4 0 . 4 3 0 Pigg's Peak Dispensary 5 8 3 . 1 3 3 Stegi Dispensary * 0 3 1 0 1 3

2,222 4 4 , 8 1 0

Prisons and Asylums.

Mental cases requir ing inst i tut ional t r e a t m e n t are sent to the Union. At present there are 29 nat ives and 3 Europeans in institu­t ions there , and as the na t ives cost 2s. Od. per day tind the Europeans 4s. per day , their main tenance is a big i tem in the medical expendi­tu re of the Terr i tory.

The heal th of t he prisoners was excellent, but some of t he gaols are very o v a crowded.

V.—HOUSING.

EUROPEANS IN URBAN AREAS.

The promulgat ion of t h e U r b a n Areas Regulat ions in 1930 set a s t anda rd for new buildings. No buildings can be erected unt i l the plans have been submi t t ed to and approved by the Advisory Committees of the var ious townships. The result of this can be seen in the improved s t anda rd of new buildings. There are still m a n y unsightly old buildings, of which some provided for European officials are of a poor type . A t Mbabane and Hlat ikulu most of the European Police live in wood and iron buildings which are very cold in winter and very hot in summer. I n the urban areas, sani-t a i y a r rangements are good and well controlled.

Regular inspections are carried out by t he Town Inspectors .

The venereal clinics cont inue to do an increasing amount of work, except in the Mbabane area, where the decrease in the number of cases reflects a decrease in t he incidence of the disease in the Northern District .

The following figures show the number of pa t ien ts t rea ted at the various ((Mitres t h roughou t Swaziland :

In-patients. Out-pati* nt*.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 11

i n recent years m a n y excellent houses have been built on farms, bu t ti:o poorer European classes, especially those on small holdings or squa t t ing on large farms belonging to others, live in abject hovels, constructed of turf wails, ear then floors, and tha tched roofs. The san i ta ry a r rangements are defective, and in m a n y cases non­exis tent .

UNEDUCATED NATIVES IN RURAL AREAS.

So long as the nat ive lives under na t ive conditions, there is no such thing as overcrowding. Most of t h e nat ives live in huts of a beehive type . They consist of a wat t le framework covered with tha t ch , t he only opening being a very low door. The ear then floors are hammered and polished, and impervious to d a m p . Each marr ied woman has her own hut , and in a kraal or collection of these huts , there are hu t s al lot ted to t he you ths and unmarr ied males, and others to t he unmarr ied females above the age of puber ty .

A kraal usually consists of the hu t s of one man, his wives, his unmarr ied daughters and his sons, bo th marr ied a n d unmarr ied , and the wives and children of marr ied sons.

T h a t there is a considerable amoun t of venti lat ion is shown by the a m o u n t of smoke t h a t can be seen passing th rough t h e t h a t c h from the fire within. The huts , however, have the defect of no t admi t t ing sunlight, b u t as they are only used as sleeping places and shelters from the rain, and as every possible minute of the dayl ight is spent in the open, this is not a very grea t drawback.

A regret table change for the worse takes place when the nat ive begins t o rise a little in the social scale a n d to imi ta te European housing conditions. H e t hen erects a small rectangular building of sun-dried bricks or of wat t le and daub ; the walls are too l o w ; t h e floor is of ea r th and cannot be kept clean and is d a m p in wet weather ; t he windows are small holes and frequently boarded over. These small buildings are divided into a living room and a sleeping room, both too small, and the inhabi tants lie ei ther on t he d a m p ear then floor or on home-made wooden bedsteads under conditions far more liable to ha rbour biting insects t h a n the polished im­pervious floor of the grass hu t , the sleeping mat , and the blanket of the ordinary nat ive .

Two other points in favour of the grass h u t are :—first, when the nat ive for any reason, often the occurrence of an unusual amoun t of sickness in his kraal , wishes to move, this is a simple m a t t e r as he simply constructs new hu ts in another place ; a n d second, as there is practically always a small fire in t h e sleeping hu t s , there is a certain a m o u n t of smoke and this keeps off t h e mosquitoes.

The economic condition of ordinary nat ives is such t h a t they cannot afford t o build proper houses and, unt i l t hey have a t t a ined such a condition and have learned how to build proper houses and live in t hem properly, t h e y are much bet ter off under thei r pr imit ive t r ibal housing conditions. The natives m a k e no effort to erect sani tary conveniences.

12 C O L O N I A L UK P O R T S — A N N U A L

EURAFRJCANS IN RURAL A HE AS.

These are divided into those who prefer to live under European condit ions and erect and occupy the same type of dwelling, and those who prefer to live in na t ive areas under the same condit ions as na t ive peasants .

EDUCATED NATIVES IN UKBAN AREAS.

For the most pa r t these nat ives live in the same kind of dwellings as the poorer whites and there are the same defects in the sani tary conditions.

Housing of Wage-Earning Population.

EUROPEANS IN RURAL AREAS.

These represent approximate ly 5 per cent, of t he to ta l number of wage-earners, the remainder being nat ives . The housing of these wage-earners is usually of t h e same type as t h a t of their m a s t e r s -rooms wi th brick, stone or corrugated iron walls, roofed with corru­ga ted iron or t ha t ch , with wooden, concrete or ear then floors, and furnished wi th enough doors a n d windows to give sufficient air and light. On t h e whole their quar ters are fairly good. Generally there are no ba throoms provided for wn^e-earners.

EURAFRICANS IN RlJRAL AREAS.

The housing for Eurafricans in rural areas is much the same as t h a t for European wage-earners.

EUROPEANS IN URBAN AREAS.

I n u r b a n areas the housing is generally of t h e same type as t h a t described for rura l areas. There are regulations in force dealing with sani ta t ion and overcrowding in the case of all inhabi tan ts , bu t ba th room accommodat ion is by no means general.

NATIVES IN RURAL AREAS.

The general rule is t h a t na t ive wage-earners live in hu t s of the same type as those in use in their home-dwellings.

NATIVES IN URBAN AREAS.

The be t te r educated na t ive wage-earners prefer to live under European conditions and to erect and occupy the same t y p e of house. I t is, therefore, likely t h a t the na t ive h u t will gradual ly disappear in u rban areas.

OWNERSHIP OF WAGE-EARNERS' QUARTERS.

I n pract ical ly all cases t h e quar ters are owned by the masters , b u t in a few cases the na t ive servants sleep a t their own kraals .

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 13

ACTION TOWARDS AMELIORATION.

The enforcement of san i ta ry laws in u rban areas, the spread of knowledge of hygiene in sehools, and the example of European missionaries and masters are the only means operat ing t o improve conditions. Until conditions improve in their homes, the Swazi wage-earners are likely to prefer housing condit ions a t their place of employment which most closely approx imate to those a t their own kraals . Considerable improvement has t a k e n place amongst the bet ter educated nat ives in their homes, and the effect is notice­able in their demand for bet ter conditions when thev t ake t o wage-earning life.

There are no building societies in the te r r i tory .

VI.—PRODUCTION,

Veterinary.

The year has been a good one for stock ; t he grazing, especially in the bush veld, being good th roughou t t h e year .

Contagious Diseases. East CoaM Fever.—A severe outbreak of Eas t Coast Fever

occurred during the year . Seven dipping- tank area- were infected, most ly in t he areas nor th-eas t of Mbabane and south-east of Man-kaiana . U p t o the end of 1934 there wore 174 dea ths . Short interval dipping, hand-dressing, concentrat ion of the infected herds, e t c . under the control and supervision of a European has brought t h e outbreak under control . There are some 15,000 head of ca t t le in the infected areas.

Anthrax.—Outbreaks of a n t h r a x have occurred in m a n y par t s of t h e ter r i tory . I n all, 52 dea ths occurred a n d 14,300 inoculated against the disease.

Scab.—Four cases of scab were reported dur ing the year under review. The regular dipping of sheep and goats th roughout t h e year in the cat t le-dipping t a n k s is undoubted ly eradicat ing th is disease.

Contr'iiou* Abortion of Cattle.—A few cases were reported.

Non-Contagious Diseases, II cart water.—A few dea ths occurred, bu t t h e average dea th r a t e

is no t high except in the case of imported stock. Quarter Evil.—Outbreaks of th is disease have occurred in most

districts bu t was not severe. The number of doses of vaccine issued was 0,400 as compared with 3,405 in 1033.

Snotziekle.—This disease was no t very prevalent owing to t h e wildebee^te having left the count ry .

14 COLONIAL REPORTS—ANNUAL

Sweating Sickness of Calves.—This disease is the cause of a high morta l i ty amongs t calves in cer tain areas.

Horse Sickness.—This disease was not very prevalent . 117 horses were inoculated with a new vaccine, bu t i t is not yet possible to ascertain results .

Exports of Cattle.—The following cat t le were exported for s laughter during the year :—

as compared with 9 , 2 9 3 in 1 9 3 3 . The average price obtained was approximate ly £ 0 per head.

Hides.—15,055 were expor ted .

Dipping Tanks.—There w n 171 dipping t a n k s in operation a t the end of t h e y e a r : —

9 5 Government t anks . 16 P r iva te t anks under t h e control of Government . 6 0 P r iva te t anks under owners ' control.

Cattle.—The number of ca t t le in the te r r i tory a t the end of t h e year was 4 2 0 , 0 0 0 of which 4 3 , 8 5 0 were owned by Europeans .

The overstocking, affecting t h e grazing, a n d what is j u s t as impor tan t , t he watering facilities, of the ter r i tory , is becoming a serious ma t t e r .

Again this overstocking and the constant use of pa ths to drinking-pools a n d dipping- tanks , is i great cause of soil erosion and the formation of dongas.

Dams constructed for the conservation of water have been of great benefit in pa r t s where water is scarce. In the foothill and bush country there are m a n y ideal places which could be made use of for the construction of dams.

The m a t t e r of providing water ing facilities for man and beas t is one of t he greatest importance to the country . The catt le of the nat ive are his bank, means of bar ter , and biggest asset ; and any scheme for t he advancement and be t te rment of t h e nat ive is useless if his cat t le are not the first care.

The Colonial Development F u n d Committee has now authorized a g ran t of £ 7 , 5 0 0 for the improvement of na t ive cat t le . A portion of this sum will be used for exper imental work on rotat ional grazing and other methods of improving the local pas tures . I t is hoped, under t h e new scheme, gradual ly to replace t he nat ive bulls by animals of be t ter breeding. Several breeds will be tried.

General.

Johannesburg Marke t Durban Market

3 , 2 1 8 3 , 5 3 8

6 , 7 5 6

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 15

During the year , 18,019 bulls were cast ra ted by the Government Stock Inspectors . Two bulls were left in each herd, or one for every th i r ty females and a young bull to t ake the place of the old one when he becomes of no further use.

Agriculture.

On the whole, t he year has been fairly good and the crops u p to average.

Ear ly rains fell in September and the season 1934-1935 promises to be a good one if the crops are no t damaged by locusts, which again invaded the terr i tory in large numbers .

In spite of the severity of t he invasion, very little damage was done to crops. Approximate ly 70 per cent, of hoppers were destroyed, and few locusts in Swaziland reached the flying s tage.

There is evidence in many pa r t s t h a t the efforts made to improve the nat ive methods of agriculture are bearing fruit. In one direc­tion especially is this noticeable, namely the use by the nat ives of their cat t le manure . There are now eleven nat ive agricultural demonst ra tors in the country .

Maize.—This crop was slightly above the average, and the European r e tu rn was approximate ly three bags to the acre. The nat ives are growing much more of this crop, and will be able t o supply almost all their own needs.

Kaffir Corn.—This crop was u p to average. Cotton.—From the point of view of rainfall, the season was t he

best for some years . Early spring rains were general and the crops were p lanted under good condit ions. Heavy rains in some areas destroyed some of the crop in the early pa r t of the season, and considerable losses were experienced from locusts. Heavy rains and a high degree of cloudiness hindered the necessary early cult iva­tion. .'Bollworm was slight ear ly in the season bu t increased in intensi ty la r, causing heavy losses in some districts.

Tobacco.—The Swaziland Co-operative Tobacco Company, Limited, carried on operations during the year and 374,952 lb. of tobacco valued a t £10,433 were exported. At 31st December, 1934, the membership of the Company was 283.

Other Crops were all up to average. Tung-oil apple trees arc being planted and indications a t present

tend to show t h a t this may be a very useful commercial crop t o grow, and one t h a t the nat ives might be encouraged to go in for.

Dairying.—This is becoming very popular with the nat ives . There are now six separat ing s ta t ions for natives and ten in course of erection. Dur ing the year an average sum of £80 was dis t r ibuted a t each separa t ing stat ion t o nat ives supplying milk. These stat ions are in areas adjoining bus routes where the cream can be sent away regularly to the m a r k e t in Johannesburg .

10 COLONIAL R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

Cultivation by persons of non-European descent. The only inhabi tan ts falling within th is category arc t he nat ives .

In about half the area the cult ivation is bv hand with hoes made specially for nat ive use, and is carried out principally by married women. In the o ther half, ploughs d rawn by oxen are used. Harrows and cul t ivators are seldom used. The food-stuffs grown by natives are only about one-fifth of their requirements , t he remaining four-fifths being supplied by European farmers, and by t raders who impor t grain from the Union. I n the areas most favourable t o the cult ivation of grain t h e nat ives often sell grain bu t are not infrequently found buying it back later on in the season a t enhanced prices.

Number of persons of non-European descent cultivating for them­selves ; or in association with, or employed by, non-Europeans.

With the exception of approximate ly 3,000 na t ives who are employed by Europeans in agriculture, the majori ty cul t ivate for themselves. Approximately 250 are in the employment of Eurafri-cans. Usually these nat ives work as servants receiving wages in money together with food and quar ters .

The progress which has been made, and the comparative influence of instruction and of employment with Europeans.

There are approximately 200 nat ives who aic really progressive farmers and whose methods compare favourably with those of Europeans . These include the tobacco growers, some cot ton growers and a few grain farmers. Ploughs are replacing hand labour t o an increasing extent every year, and the methods of planting, cult ivation, and the use of fertilizers are showing s teady improvement . Most of the progress is due to their employment by a n d association with Europeans .

Labour. Labour was plentiful for farming, mining, roadmaking, and

domestic purposes. There was no recru i tment for labour for estates or mines in the terr i tory. The t in mines near Mbabane employed abou t 575 nat ives. These mines are s i tuated in a hea l thy pa r t and there is no underground work. Small gold mines near Forbes Reef employed 375 nat ives . The other employers of na t ive labour are t he ranches, t he cot ton plantat ions, t he European farmers and the Administrat ion. The labourers are housed in grass hu t s of the type described in Chapter V.

Farmers' Associations, There are three of these associations in the terr i tory, the Swazi­

land Farmers ' Association, with headquar ters a t Brcmersdorp, the Stegi Farmers ' Association and the Southern Farmers ' Association, with headquar ters a t Hlat ikulu.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 17

Those associations have been in existence for m a n y years and are t he avenues through which all ma t t e r s dealing with farming and stock-raising are communicated to t he Government . Agricultural shows are held annual ly a t Bremersdorp.

Exports. The following is a s u m m a r y of the products , quant i t ies in pounds

and values, exported during the five years ended on 31st December, 1934 :—

Slaughter Cattle. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1933. 1931.

lb. ... 4,173,700 5,181,600 5,338,800 9,600,000 0,079,400 £ ... 50,763 33,322 23,728 62,400 40,536

Tobacco. lb. ... 578,330 298,413 341,055 377,906 374,952 £ ... 14,397 9,082 10,850 10,010 10,433

Cotton (Seed). lb. ... 3,224,182 1,532,132 750,000 207,000 295.8H0 £ ... 26,868 9,578 3,125 1,400 2,048

Hides mid Skins. lb. ... 208,140 149,190 60,750 439,820 451,850 £ ... 3,469 1,733 633 5,910 6,200

Wattle Bark. lb. ... 2,274,500 9,000 56,000 1,322,000 300,000 £ ... 9,108 37 28 2,653 536

Wool. lb. ... 27,091 72,134 30,000 17,138 18,638 £ ... 909 1,636 490 533 536

Butter. lb. ... 1,748 794 1,705 1.210 1.500 £ ... 130 52 85 61 68

Butter-Fat. lb. ... 33,870 21,670 22,197 86,690 27,348 £ ... 675 843 740 3,973 1,004

Bullion. Value x Nil. Nil. 1,542 3,914 2,008

Metallic Tin. lb. ... 360,692 171,481 187,980 226,912 362,380 £ ... 23,414 8,875 11,497 19,665 37,356

All the above products , with the exception of cot ton and metallic t in , were exported to the Union of South Africa. Cotton was expor ted to England and the t in t o the Straits Set t lements . Wool is shorn from sheep brought into the count ry for winter grazing by farmers living in the Union. The only produce expor ted by

18 C O L O N I A L U K l ' O K T S — A N N U A L

t he nat ives is tobacco and a t present a small q u a n t i t y of but ter-fat . Most of the hides a re sold by nat ives t o European t raders who expor t t h e m .

The product ion, in t he case of agr icul ture and live-stock, is by individual agriculturists except in the case of cot ton. The t in is won by companies from alluvial workings in the vicinity of Mbabane .

Vi I.—COMMERCE. By an Agreement with the (government of the Union of South

Africa, da ted 29th J u n e , 1910, Swaziland is deal t with for customs purposes as pa r t of the Union, and a fixed percentage of the total collections in the Union is paid to Swaziland annually.

P a y m e n t s due to Swaziland are assessed on the proport ion which the average of the collections for the th ree years ended 31st March, 1 9 1 1 , beats to the to ta l customs collections of the Union in each year. No stat ist ics of impor ts are kept .

The amoun t s received by Swaziland under the Customs Agree­ment dur ing the last three years were as follows :—•

1932-33, £14,218; 1933-34, £14,803; 1934-35, £17,273. Collections in Swaziland in respect of spir i ts and beer manufactured

in the Union are as follows :— 1932-33, £1 ,039; 1933-34, £1 ,312; 1934-35, £1,383.

The impor ts consist principally of maize, flour, groceries, wearing apparel , kaffir t ruck , ha rdware machinery , building materials , e t c , most of which are impor ted from t h e Union of South Africa th rough wholesale firms established there . The principal expor ts are enumera ted under Chapter VI above.

The volume of t r ade was good dur ing the year under review ; average na t ive crops were reaped, farmers obtained a fair price for their maize, and the prices of food-stulfs were not excessive.

VIIL—WAGES AND COST OF LIVING.

Europeans employed on Government Motor Services. There are no rai lways in the te r r i tory , bu t the R o a d Motor

Services of the Union Government and of t h e Portuguese Eas t African Adminis t ra t ion cont inue t o operate in Swaziland over certain routes . The -,,verage r a tes of wages in these services were, drivers £22 per mon th and ass is tant drivers £14 per month . The average cost of living for a single m a n was £10 per mon th , and for a married m a n wi th one young child, £16 per m o n t h , made u p as follows:—

£ R e n t 42 per a n n u m . Groceries, meat , milk, e tc . .. . ... 90 ,, ,, Clothing, boots, e tc . ... ... ... 46 ,, ,, Poll t a x ... 2 ; , Wages of servants ... 12 ., „

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 1.1)

This does not include the cost of education. The average hours of work were 0 0 per week. In some cases quarters were provided at a rental of £3 10s . per month. No natives were employed in these services.

Europeans employed on Public Works. .Road overseers employed by the Administration receive wages

varying from £10 to £21 per month, depending on their length of service and general efficiency. These men are not on the pensionable staff. Some own farms. The figures of cost of living shown above are applicable in their cases. The hours of work are approximately 5 4 per week.

Natives employed on Public Works. The Administration employs one full-time carpenter and one

part-time mason. Their rates of wages were £7 per month. There were four motor drivers at £ 4 per month each. The average native labourer was paid £ 1 1 0 s . per month. The motor drivers and labourers receive in addition quarters and food. The average hours of work were approximately 5 4 per week.

Europeans employed in other works. Stock Inspectors employed by the Administration receive salaries

at the rate of £ 2 0 per month rising by annual increments of £15 to £30 per month.

Europeans employed in building. These were paid at the rate of 15s. to £1 per day. The average

hours of work were 4 8 per week.

Europeans employed on mines. European mine managers were paid at the rate of £35 per month.

Quarters were provided. European mine overseers were paid at the rate of £ 3 0 per month. Quarters were not provided. The cost of living in the case of married men was approximately £20 per month, and in the case of a single man approximately £12 per month. European miners and prospectors were paid at the rate of £ 2 5 per month without quarters. The cost of living in the case of married men was approximately £ 1 4 per month and in the case of single men approximately £10 per month. The average hours of work were approximately 50 per week.

Natives employed on mines. Natives in charge of labourers employed on the mines were paid

at the rate of Is. 8 d . to 2s. per day. Native labourers on mines were paid at the rate of 8d. to Is. per day, depending on their age and efficiency. In all cases they received quarters and Od. per day for food.

2 0 CO LO N1A L IJ !•: CO H i S — A N NIJ A L

Natives employed on other works.

The average rates of wages per annum of na t ive non-commissioned oflieers and men of the Swaziland Police were :• —

Sergeants £ 7 2 to £ 8 4 ; Corporals £00 to £ 7 2 ; Constables £30 to £ 5 4 , according to length of service. In addit ion, quar te r s are provided. The average hours of work were 0 0 per week.

The na t ive cat t le guards in charge of Government dipping t anks received average wages of £3o to £3!) per a n n u m according to length of service. The average hours were Oo per week.

Europeans employed in Agriculture.

The ra tes of wages of Kuro|>cans employed in agriculture vary from £ 5 t o £10 per mon th with a share of the crops, est imated to be of the value of £ 4 0 to £ 8 0 pei annum. Others are provided with food and quar te rs . I n o ther rases farm managers were paid a t t h e ra te of £ 2 0 t o £ 2 5 per mon th and quar te rs . The average hours of work were 6 0 per week, and the average cost of living for a single man was £10 and for a marr ied man £ 1 4 per mon th .

Natives employed In agriculture.

The ra tes of wages of na t ive labourers var ied from 15s . to £2 per month , depending on thei r age and efficiency, the higher paid being ploughmen, wagon drivers and nat ives experienced in farming work. The average hours of labour were 6 0 per week.

Natives employed in domestic service.

Natives in domestic service were paid wages varying from 10s . to £ 3 10s. per mon th . I n addit ion food a n d quar ters arc supplied. The average hours of service were 6 0 per week.

The staple foodstuffs of t he nat ive labourers in Government and other employment are 2\ lb. of maize meal per day, or about 7 5 lb. per month , and \ \ lb. of meat per week or about 0 lb. per mon th . The average cost ol meal th roughout t he year was 14s. per 1 8 3 lb. and of mea t 4^d. per lb. The average cost of living was 8 s . per month . The average cost of living of educated nat ives was approximate ly £ 2 per head per month .

The average cost of living for officials was approximately as follows : —

Per month. (1) Bachelors (juniors) £ 12 to £ 1 3 . (2) Married couple with two young children ... £ 2 5 (3) Married couple with three young children ... £28 (4) Married couple with four young children ... 132

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 21

IX -EDUCATION AND WELFARE INSTITUTIONS.

The expendi ture on educat ion during t h e pas t five financial years was as follows :—

Amount spent Amount spent ToUil spent on Education generally. from General from Swazi

Financial Revenue 01 National Fund From From Swazi Year. native mission on native General National Total.

schools. mission schools. Revenue. Fund.

£ £ £ £ £ 1929-30 . . . 1,000 1,300 9,030 3,039 12,069 1930-31 ... 2,500 1,000 10,570 2,950 13,526 1931-32 ... 2,500 845 10,531 2,425 12,596 1932-33 ... 2,093 207 10,280 1,830 12,110 1933-34 ... 2,712 — 10,271 1,637 11,908

European Education.

There are eight Government schools for European children where pr imary educat ion is given, one of which, the Goedgegun School in southern Swaziland, does, in addition, work of a secondary type .

In addit ion, secondary education is given at St. .Mark's School, Mbabane, which is aided by an annual grant from the Govern­ment, on a per capita basis. This school is controlled by a Council on which the Administrat ion is represented by two nominees. The school is inspected every year by the Inspector of Educat ion . A commercial class has been formed for such pupils as are destined to take the ordinary Matriculation Examinat ion of the Universi ty of South Africa.

At Bremersdorp the Dominican Order has established a well-equipped and well-staffed school with both pr imary and secondary depar tments , but it receives no financial aid. The work done a t this school is mostly of a pr imary na ture , b u t a few of t h e older pupils are being prepared for the examinat ions conducted by the College of Preceptors , England.

This does not include the cost of educat ion which, in t h e case of officials living a t a distance from Headquar te r s , is approximate ly £ 0 0 per a n n u m per child.

In the last mentioned case the cost of living ]>er a n n u m was as follows :—

£ Groceries, meat , milk, etc. ... 2 0 0 Footwear ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 4 Clothing 7 4 Light 2 4 Poll t ax 2 Wages of servants ... ... ... ... 5 2 Sundries ... . . . ... ... ... ... 8

22 C O L O N I A L R I U ' O K T S — A N N U A L

This school has in being courses for adul ts and others desirous of s tudying shor thand, typing, book-keeping, e tc . , and there are a few adul ts who are taking special work in connexion with music.

The average a t t endance a t the eight Government schools for European children during the last three years was :—309 in 1932 ; 320 in 1933 ; and 304 in 1934.

The average a t t endance a t St. Mark 's School for 1934 was 130, while t h e average a t t endance during the same period a t t he Dominican School, Bremersdorp , was 20.

Public examinat ions are l imited to the Matriculat ion and Jun io r Certificate Examinat ions held annual ly by t h e Universi ty of South Africa. The School Leaving Certificate (S tandard VI) and the High School En t rance Examina t ion (Standard V) are also held annual ly .

Progress continued in connexion with the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements t h roughou t the terr i tory, and a t several schools there are t roops of bo th kinds .

Eurafrican Education. There is in existence one inst i tut ion, namely " F l o r e n c e " , for

Eurafrican children which is aided by the Adminis trat ion. The average a t tendance in 1934 was 27.

There are a number of Eurafr ican children scat tered th roughout the ter r i tory who are t a u g h t in the nat ive schools.

Native Education. At present there are three Government schools for nat ives, and

104 na t ive Mission schools, in receipt of Government aid and under Government supervision.

There is a Supervisor of Nat ive Schools, who does valuable work in his visits of supervision made a t all schools th roughout the country . He demonstra tes improved methods of teaching, and promotes general interest amongst Europeans and nat ives in the welfare and development of t h e Swazi children.

A Board of Advice on Na t ive Educat ion, which is composed of representat ives of the European Advisory Council, missionaries, and certain Government officials, met once during the year.

Many of the Mission Societies receive help from overseas and the cur ta i lment of such help has had its effects on educational activities.

General Welfare Work. The subsidized nat ive schools are of three types which are known

as classes I , I I , and I I I . The class I schools work u p to and include S tandard I I , and are mo Ay in the charge of unqualified teachers.

Class I I schools work up to and include S tandard IV, and the head teachers mus t be qualified. Class I I I schools receive only pupils who have passed S t anda rd T Y and prepare such pupils for t he

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 23

Welfare Institutions. Generally, a t the end of t h e school year, breaking-up enter ta in­

ments are held a t t h e European schools a t which simple and suitable plays are staged, or a t which the children give of their best in connexion with singing, recitation, and dancing. Somewhat similar en te r t a inments are given a t a number of na t ive schools.

School Leaving Certificate Examina t ion (Standard VI) of Swaziland and possession of t h a t certificate admi ts t h e m to colleges and insti tutions in South Africa where t ra ining in teaching can be obtained.

The average a t t endance during t h e year a t t he 104 na t ive Mission schools and the three Government schools for nat ives was 4,675 children.

The introduct ion of a definite salary scale has accomplished much good work so far as the employment of be t te r qualified teachers is concerned. The results are t o be seen in great ly im­proved school work. There is now no na t ive teacher a t work in controlled schools with a lower qualification t h a n a pass out of S tandard IV.

There are abou t 150 o ther schools, no t in receipt of g ran t s . The Educat ion Depar t r ' . en t gives t hem all possible help by supervising their work and providing t h e m with a code, registers, e tc . There is an enrolment of approximate ly 3,289 children a t these schools. Evening classes are held a t some of the Mission Ins t i tu t ions .

At the Swazi Nat iona l School a t Ma tapa good progress has been made in the building u p of this Government inst i tut ion. There have been 88 pupils in a t t endance th roughout the year , as compared with 49 in t he previous year . The work inc ludes : (1) academic courses, with courses in e lementary woodwork and agricul ture for pupils who in tend la ter on to t ake u p professional t ra in ing as teachers ; and (2) par t t ra in ing in agricultural methods

I t is in tended t h a t all work a t this centre shall u l t imately be past S tandard VI .

In connexion with t h e na t ive schools there are held each year three official examinat ions , covering, amongs t other subjects, a r t and craft work, ncjdlework, agricultural work, the vernacular , and oral English.

The following schedule sets out the n u m b e r of en t ran t s for each of the examinat ions , which were held in December, 1934, and the number of passes obta ined :—

Entries. Passes. Standard IV Examina t ion 194 171 Standard V Examina t ion 86 69 Standard VI Examina t ion 47 41

(School Leaving Certificate).

24 C O L O N I A L R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

A spor ' s club for nal ives exists a t Mbabane and has organized an association football league for competi t ion for a cup presented by the Resident Commissioner. The question of the int roduct ion of the Pathfinder and Wayfarer movements is also being considered in conjunction with the* *' I b u t h o " or nat ive regimental sys tem.

There is a hall for the use of the nat ives living in and abou t Mbabane. This is used by t h e m for lectures, meetings, concerts, debates , and general en te r ta inments , ('lose to the hall there is a tennis cour t .

I n southern Swaziland, the Boy Scout and Girl Guide movements have been s tar ted , and there are good t roops established a t Goedgegtm, a t Schurwekop, and a t Mooihoek. I t is to be hoped t h a t this work will receive every encouragement as i ts good effect on the children is very noticeable.

Singing is being encouraged amongst the nat ives , and numerous choirs have been established th roughout the country .

Throughout Swaziland, t he Europeans have well organized football and cricket clubs, and the re are the usual tennis , gymkhana , and golf clubs, e t c

There is no provision made by means of insurance in the even t of accident , sickness and old age, b u t teachers on t he pe rmanen t staff receive pensions a t t he usual ra tes on re t i rement .

There are no orphanages in the terr i tory. Nat ive welfare work is only in i ts early stages in Swaziland, bu t t he future is br ight with promise. Everywhere there are signs of development , and there are many schemes afoot, such as t he inst i tut ion of libraries, thrif t clubs, a Na t ive Welfare Association, etc.

X.—COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSPORT.

Roads* All t ranspor t , bo th into and out of the terr i tory, is by road, and

connects on the south, south-east , west, nor th , and no r th east with railheads in the Union of South Africa a t Gollel, Piet Retief, Breyten , Hcctorsprui t and Komat ipoor t , respectively. The main road from Johannesburg t o Lourenyo Marques runs th rough Swazi­land from west t o east .

There are approximate ly 400 miles of main roads and the same mileage of secondary roads in the terr i tory.

Railways. There are no railways or t r a m w a y s in Swaziland.

Motor Transport. The motor t ranspor t services of the South African Rai lway,

Administrat ion and the Por tuguese Eas t African Administrat ions carrying bo th gQods and passengers, continue to operate over t he same routes as formerly between Swaziland and t h e railheads in t h e neighbouring terri tories.

20 S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4

SOUTH AFRICAN RAILWAYS MOTOR TRANSPORT.

Area with depot at Bremersdorp.

Year. Passengers carried. Goods handled.

European. j Native. Tons.

1928 4,818 j 13,759 5,388 1929 4,499 ' 19,736 6,875 1930 3.694 23,682 8,519 1931 3,071 34,241 7,252 1932 2,996 25,76(1 5,009 1933 3,349 28,518 5,709 1934 3.96G 32,983 7,742

Cream conveyed.

Gallons.

7,55fi 9,874

12,052

Area tvith depot at Hlatikulu. 1928 839 2,958 951 : — 1929 1,361 7,664 1,055 — 1930 1,815 11,664 1,559 i — 1931 1,938 ! 9,093 1,307 — .

1932 1,323 ! 9,648 1,404 7,138 1933 1,037 i 10.504 1,447 7,464 1934 1,198 11,817

i 1.555 j

1 ! 7,676

PORTUGUESE GOVERNMENT MOTOR TRANSPORT.

Area with depot at Goba.

Year. Passengers carried. Goods kindled.

Year. European, Native. Tons.

1930(11 months) 185 243 1,264 1931 214 1,556 1,769 1932 173 4,268 1,045 1933 211 3,104 1,138 1934 300 3.736 2,254

The charges by bo th motor t ranspor t services are the same, namely, passenger fares 3d. per mile for Europeans , and l i d . per mile for nat ives ; charges for goods carr ied are on a sliding scale and according t o classification, namely, a t from 3d. for 5 miles to 2s. Cd. for 100 miles per 100 lb.

The cost of mainta ining these services is borne entirely by the Adminis t ra t ions operat ing them, and the revenues derived there­from are retained by the respective Adminis t ra t ions.

The following tables show the traffic handled ,;ince the commence­ment of t he services : —

•26 C O L O N I A L K R l ' O U T S — A N N U A L

Motor Vehicles.

The following motor vehicles were registered in the terr i tory as a t 31st December, 1934 :—

British makes. Other makes. Total

Private cars 49 271 320 Commercial vehicles . . . 2(i 43 69 Motorcycles 75 22 97

480

Postal.

The postal , telegraph, and te lephone services continue, as formerly, t o be controlled by the Postmaster-General of the Union of South Africa. The expendi ture is me t from, and the revenue paid in to , Swaziland funds.

There are 298 miles of t runk lines on the metallic circuit system connecting all district offices, except Mankaiana, wi th the Adminis­t ra t ion headquar te r s a t Mbabane. Communicat ions with the Pigg's Peak office is th rough Barb r ton in the Transvaal . Telegraphic communicat ion is available both between Bremersdorp and Mbabane wi th Johannesburg , Pretor ia and o ther centres.

I n south Swaziland a telephonic service only is provided, and the Hla t ikulu distr ict is connected u p with Pie t Retief in the Transvaal , as well as wi th headquar te rs a t Mbabane . A telephone t runk line connects Gollel, which is t he Swaziland border te rminus of t h e Na ta l Nor th Coast Rai lway Line, wi th Bremersdorp and Hlat ikulu passing agencies a t Nsoko, Maloma, a n d K u b u t a . A branch line from Hla t ikulu runs t o the Mooihoek Valley.

Lines between Mbabane and Manka iana and between Stegi and Goba (Portuguese E a s t Africa) ha \ e been authorized.

The cost of running the postal service and the revenue derived therefrom for t h e pas t decade are as follows :—

Year. Expenditure. Revenue. £ £

1925-26 3,215 3,359 1926-27 3,354 3,213 1927-28 3,151 3,379 1928-29 . . . . . . 3,332 3,842 1929-30 3,815 4,144 1930-31 3,986 4,193 1931-32 4,891 4,932 1932-33 4,764 7,284 1933-34 4,539 5,417 1934-35 4,008 5,562

There are no wireless s tat ions in t h e terr i tory, bu t licences have been issued to ?i::ty holders of wireless receiving sets.

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 27

XT—BANKING, CURRENCY, AND WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Banking. There are two banks in the ter r i tory , namely, Barclays B a n k

(Dominion, Colonial and Overseas) with three branches and one agency, and the S tandard Bank of South Africa Limited, with one branch and one agency.

The amoun t a t fixed deposit a t Barclays Bank on 31st March, 1935, was £2,147, and the a m o u n t on current account amounted to £32,832. At t he S tandard B a n k of South Africa Limited, the amounts were £2,297 and £3,078 respectively. The deposits in the savings depar tmen t s of these two banks were £10,082 and £410 respectively.

There are no agricultural or co-operative banks in the terr i tory. Loans to settlers are granted under t h e provision of the Swaziland Land and Agricultural Loan F u n d Proclamat ion, 1929, dealt with in Chapter XV. The Swaziland Co-operative Tobacco Company, Limited, in the Southern District , is a limited liability company registered under the Co-operative Societies (Swaziland) Proclama­tion, 1931. I t was financed by the Adminis t ra t ion to the ex ten t of £2,000 as a capital loan expended upon buildings and plant , and to an amoun t no t exceeding £10,000 as a seasonal loan for the paymen t of working expenses and for mak ing advances to growers upon the delivery of their tobacco. I n these respects the practice in the case of similar societies in the Union of South Africa was followed.

The above-mentioned loans were granted on conditions laid down in the Loan F u n d Proclamation, 1929, as amended by Proclamation No. 7 of 1931.

Currency. Proclamat ion No. 55 of 1932 provided t h a t both Uni ted Kingdom

and Union coins should be current in Swaziland b u t t h a t Uni ted Kingdom silver coinage should be withdrawn by the 15th of J a n u a r y , 1933, on which da te i t ceased to be legal tender.

Weights and Measures. With the following exceptions, Imperial weights and iQcasures

are in use :— ... 1 ton = 2,000 lb. . . . 1 rood 12 Cape feet.

1 Cape foot 1 -033 English feet. ... 1 leaguer — 2 hogsheads,

l a n d 1 morgen = 000 square roods. 1 square rood = 1 4 4 square feet. 1,000 Cape feet = 1,033 English feet. 1,000 morgen = 2,HG-£ English acres. 1,000 yards = 914 metres . 1,000 Cape feet = 314-855 metres. 1,000 metres = 1,093*62 yards . 1 morgen = 0*8565 hectares.

Dry measure Linear measure

Liquid measure S u r f a c e o r

measure .

28 C O L O N I A L R E P O R T S - W N U A L

XII.—PUBLIC WORKS.

Roads. Very few washaways occurred on the roads, and it was possible

to under take a considerable a m o u n t of gravelling with a view to making the main roads serviceable dur ing all weathers .

Buildings. The necessity for the strictest economy limited the construction

programme t o a few minor buildings.

Staff. The strength of the Depar tment remains as last year and consists

of the Government Engineer with a clerk a t Mbabane , and an Inspector of Roads and Works s ta t ioned a t Hla t ikulu .

A European tol l-gate keeper is in charge of the new low level bridge over the Usii tu River. Two nat ives operate the new pont­on the Koniati River between Mbabane and Pigg's Peak, and there is a nat ive boa tman in charge of a boa t on the K o m a t i a t Balegane.

XIII.—JUSTICE, POLICE, AND PRISONS.

Administration of Justice.

The R o m a n D u t c h Common L a v , " save in so far as the same has been heretofore or m a y from t ime to t ime be modified by s ta tu te was declared to be in force in Swaziland under Section 2 (1) of the Swaziland Adminis t ra t ion Proclamat ion, 1 9 0 7 . All s t a tu te laws of the Transvaal in force a t the da te of this Proclamat ion were declared to be in force. Subsequent laws have been promulgated by the High Commissioner under the au thor i ty of Orders in Council of 1 9 0 3 , 1 9 0 0 , a n d 1 9 0 9 .

SPECIAL COURT OF SWAZILAND.

I n 1 9 1 2 a Special Court, which has the powers and jurisdiction of a superior Court , was established, with an Advocate of the Transvaal Provincial Division of the Supreme Court as President . I n 1 9 3 4 a member of the English and Irish Bars was appointed President .

The other members consist of the Resident Commissioner, the Depu ty Resident Commissioner, and the Assistant Commissioners of the various distr icts .

The Court holds sessions twice a year . All cases are dealt with by three members si t t ing wi thout a ju ry . This Court has juris­diction in civil a n d criminal cases. When it is no t in session, t he Resident Commissioner or the D e p u t y Resident Commissioner in his capaci ty as a member of t he Court has power t o exercise the

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 29

civil jurisdiction of the Special Court in all motions and applications for provisional sentence. This Court has the power of reviewing t h e proceedings of and hearing appeals from any inferior Court of Jus t ice in Swaziland. Reviews of criminal eases when the Court is no t in session are dealt with by the 'President of the Court , or if so deputed by him, by the Resident Commissioner or t h e D e p u t y Resident Commissioner.

Dea th sentences can be carried out only upon the special war ran t of t he High Commissioner. There is a right of appeal to the Privy Council against any final judgment of the Special Court when the m a t t e r in dispute is of the value of £500 or upwards . The C.'own Prosecutor , who prosecutes for crimes and offences before the Special Court, was appointed under t h e Swaziland Administrat ion Proclamat ion, 1907.

COURTS OF ASSISTANT COMMISSIONERS.

Courts of Assistant Commissioners were established under Section 9 of the Swaziland Adminis t ra t ion Proclamat ion, 1907. These Courts have jurisdiction in all civil proceedings in which nei ther pa r ty is a European, and in all criminal proceedings in which t h e accused is not a European ; b u t Assistant Commissioners do no t have jurisdiction to t r y summari ly any person charged with t reason, murder, a t t e m p t to murder , culpable homicide, rape, a t t e m p t to rape, or sedition. I n t he last cases ment ioned and in o ther serious cases, t he Assistant Commissioners hold prepara tory examinat ions , and if a pr ima facie case is made ou t the accused persons are commit ted for tr ial before the Special Court .

I n civil cases in which any p a r t y there to is a European and in criminal cases where the accused is a European, Assistant Com­missioners have the jurisdiction conferred on Courts of Resident Magistrates in the Transvaal , or t he jurisdiction established by a n y special Proclamation.

All sentences of imprisonment exceeding three months , or a fine of £25, or whipping, are subject t o review by the Special Court .

There are three Assistant Commissioners in charge of districts and three depu ty Assistant Commissioners in charge of sub-distr icts . D e p u t y Assistant Commissioners have the same jurisdiction as Assistant Commissioners.

NATIVE COURTS.

The P a ra moun t Chief and other na t ive Chiefs continue t o exercise jurisdiction according t o nat ive law and custom in all civil disputes in which natives only are concerned. An appeal lies t o t h e Special Court whose decision is final.

30 C O L O N I A L R E P O R T S — A N N U A L

CRIMINAL STATISTICS.

Civil cases t r ied in t he Special Cour t of Swaziland dur ing the last four years were as follows :—

liilll. WHS. 19X3. um.

A t sessions of Special Court . . . 5 3 7 2 Before J u d g e in Chambers 45 32 27 10

Police and Prisons.

The Swaziland Police Force was established under t h e Swaziland Adminis t ra t ion Proclamat ion, 1907. The personnel consists of ;—

Kurojwan.- — }. Chuef of Police and 22 non-commissioned officers and men.

Native107 non-commissioned officers and men.

The Swaziland ; rison Depar tment c o n s i s t s of two European gaoler and 27 nat ive warders . There is a nat ive wardress at i.he Mbabane gaol.

The principal prisons are a t Alba.bane, Hla t ikulu and Bremers­dorp, ThvTe an? also pr ison, a t Stegi, Mankaiana , and Pigg's Peak .

The Bremersdorp prison is a subs tan t ia l masonry building elected before 1 8 9 9 . The o ther prisons are masonry buildings with corru­gated-iron roofs end concrete f l o o r s .

At the Mbabane prison, which is typical of the other prisons, t he prisoners sleep on grass ma t s and are provided with sufficient blankets . The prison is examined once a week by a Medical Officer. Taking the average number of prisoners in gaol th roughout the year, there were, for each prisoner dur ing t h e hours of sleep, 102 cubic feet of space.

There are live cells for nat ives and two smaller ones for European prisoners, and four cells for soli tary confinement. There are four lavatories, one workshop, three ki tchens, and three ba throoms. This prison is enclosed in a masonry wall.

Female prisoners are isolated from the others and are housed in a separa te building with a separa te ya rd . There is a ki tchen, ba throom, lavatory , two cells for the prisoners, and one room for a wardress. Electric lights have been installed in the cells. Con­victed male prisoners are employed upon general public works, building and roadmaking .

Ministers of the various Mission Societies hold periodical services in t he prisons.

Juvenile Offenders.

Provision is made for t h e de ten t ion of juvenile offenders in separa te cells and t h e y are isolated from adul t prisoners. During

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 31

this year 02 juvenile offenders were t r ied in the Courts of Assistant Commissioners, for the following offences :—

Culpable homicide ... ... ... ... . . . 1 Housebreaking with intent to s teal and theft . . . 2 Malicious injury t o proper! v ... 1 Stock theft ... ... \ ... 10 Theft ... 30 Assault ... . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 8 Other offences 10

02

Health of Prisoners. The Principal Medical Officer reports t h a t the heal th of prisoners

f a s , as usual, excellent, and undoubted ly bet ter t h a n t h a t of similar people living outside prison.

Payment of fines by instalments. Provision is made in the Criminal Procedure Code. 1903, of the

Transv.ial , as in force in Swaziland, a n d in Proclamat ion No. 41 of 1911 for the payment of fines by insta lments .

Mode of dealing with convicted persons. Any person who has been convicted on two or more separa te

occasions of certain serious crimes such as rape, robbery, house breaking, etc , shall, if he is thereafter convicted before the Special Court of Swaziland of any of those offences, be liable t o be declared by the Court an habi tua l criminal, such declaration being subject to confirmation by the High Commissioner.

An habi tual criminal is detained with hard labour during the High Commissioner's pleasure, and i.\ not released unti l the High Commissioner considers t h a t there is a reasonable probability t h a t the prisoner will in future abs ta in from crime, or t h a t he is no longer capable of engaging in crime, or t h a t for any other reason it is desirable to release him.

Probation System. The High Commissioner m a y release an habi tual criminal on pro­

bation for any period, and impose conditions as to supervision or otherwise. If a person so released on probation fails to observe a n y condition of his release, he may be arrested and re-committed to prison. If a person so released on probat ion completes the period thereof wi thout breaking any condition of his release, he shall no longer be deemed an habi tual criminal. The Resident Com­missioner is required to furnish to the High Commissioner, at least once a year, a wri t ten report containing detailed par t iculars relative to the history, conduct and indus t ry of every convict detained in Swaziland who has completed two years of his sentence. Upon

32 C O L O N I A L K K P O H T K — N N U A L

receipt of the report the High Commissioner may, if the same be favourable in regard to any such convict , release him on probat ion or remit the remainder of his sentence.

Suspended Sentences* Any Court in Swaziland before which a person may be convicted

and sentenced for the first t ime for an offence against p roper ty or against the person (other than murder , rape , or assault with in tent to commit those offences, or indecent assault) may suspend the operat ion of the sen . ,nee for such reasonable t ime as will ailow such person to compensate the4 person to whom damage or injury has been caused by the offence1.

The Court shall proceed forthwith to <V k termine tin- amount of eompi nsation, and. i f the cond ; - io?i upon which the sentence wa* suspended l»e fulfilled, the offender shall be denned to have received a free pardon for the off- t e e . If t i c condit ion be in» f fnliilled the offender may be arrested md commit ted to prison a ?id undergo the sentence. Whenever a p< i -on i s eon "-etcd of an offc e. not punish­able with death , the ( o u t before wnich he i s eonvi v d may order the operation of the semence to be suspc aled on conditions to be mentioned in the order. A 1 ilure to observe any condition of his release renders him liable to be commit ted :o prison to undergo the sentence passed upon him. The above provisions are contained in Proclamation No. 41 of 1 9 1 1 .

Remission of Sentences. Under Caol Regulation No. 107 (High Commissioner's Notice

No. 1 SO of 1934) every prisoner whose sentence i.s six: mon ths or more is allowed a remission of one-fourth of his sentence, provided t h a t every conviction for a breach of discipline shall cause a loss of as many days towards mitigation as may be decided on.

Criminal Statistics. I\ rsons proceeded against on charge of crime.

During the year, 4 , 3 5 2 persons were proceeded against in Courts of Assistant Commissioners for the following crimes i n ­

culpab le homicide ... ... ... ... ... 4 2 Other offences against the person ... ... ... 0 9 4 Offences against p roper ty ... ... ... ... 5 5 0 Other crimes ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 , 0 0 0

Of these, 4 , 1 9 2 were males and 1 0 0 females.

Persons dealt with in Summary Courts for crimes and offence*. In the Assis tant Commissioners ' Courts 3 , 3 9 0 persons were con­

victed summari ly , and were sentenced as follows :— Impr i sonment ... 1 , 8 1 2 Whipping 9 2 Fine 1 , 0 5 8 Bound over, caut ioned, or discharged 3 0 8

S W A Z I L A N D , 1 9 3 4 33

Persons for trial in the Superior Court.

Eighty-seven persons were committed by Assistant Commissioners for trial in the Special Court of Swaziland. Of these forty-five were indicted by the Crown Prosecutor, twenty-eight remitted to trial before t he Assistant Commissioners' Courts, and the Crown Prosecu­tor declined to prosecute fourteen. Of the forty-live who were indicted for the crimes shown in the following table, nine were discharged and the remaining thir ty-six convicted :—

M u r d e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Culpa :>le homicide ... ... . . . N A l t o n ; ted murder ... ... ... ... I

3 Cnna ( ' ' ; , i | crime ... . . . ... ... . . . — Other oil'ences against the person ... . . . 2 O l R i i c c s against proper ty ... . . . . . . 11 Other crimes .. . ... . . . ... . . . —

Com pailatice 7V/bit.

The following table shows the number of convictions for various crimes and offences for the last four years :—

Th\ number of summar; fictions in Courts of Assistant Con,noisxioners. 1931. 193:1. 1933. 1'J34.

Offences against the person 482 520 513 (522 Malicious injury to property ... ... 21 47 48 28 Other offences against property 309 483 375 382 Other crimes 415 418 360 501 Offences against Master and Servant laws 80 120 112 68 Offences against revenue laws, etc. ... 1,582 1,974 2,357 1,829 Miscellaneous minor offences 289 300 355 500

Totals 3,184 3,862 4,120 3,930

Number of convictions in Superior Courts (Special Court of Sioazikind).

Murder 3 3 S 6 Culpable homicide S 13 10 10 Attempted murder 1 — - - 1 Rape . . . 6 3 2 5 Unnatural crime ... ... ... ... — — — — Other offences against the porson ... 6 3 5 4 Offences against property 3 5 14 9 Other crimes .. . ... ... ... 3 2

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