is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.

Nursing is an art and a science by which people are assisted in learning to care for themselves whenever possible and cared for by others when they are unable to meet their own needs.

1. Define nursing as an art and a science. 2. Identify major historical and social events

that have shaped current nursing practice. 3. Describe Florence Nightingale’s impact on

current nursing practice. 4. Discuss the contributions of early leaders

in American nursing. 5. Discuss the impact of selected landmark

reports on nursing education and practice. 6. Relate the social forces of nursing’s

evolution to the current status of

To understand the present status of nursing, it is necessary to have a base of historical knowledge about the profession. By studying nursing history, the nurse is better able to understand such issues as autonomy (being self-directed), unity within the profession, supply and demand, salary, education, and current practice.

is a study of the past that includes events, situations, and individuals.

By learning from historical role models, nurses can enhance their abilities to create positive change in the present and set a course for the future.

Learning from the past is the major reason for studying history. Ignoring nursing’s history can be detrimental to the future of the profession.

By applying the lessons gained from a historical review, nurses will

indeed be a vital force in the new millennium.

4000 BC - Primitive societies 2000 BC - Babylonia and Assyria 800–600 BC- Health religions of India 700 BC Greece- source of modern medical science 460 BC- Hippocrates 3 BC Ireland- pre-Christian nursing AD 390 Fabiola- founded first hospital 390–407- Early Christianity, deaconesses 711- Field hospital with nursing, Spain 1100- Ambulatory clinics, Spain (Moslems) 1440- First Chairs of Medicine, Oxford and

Cambridge 1522 -Military nursing orders 1600–1752- Deterioration of hospitals and nursing

1633 Founded-: Daughters of Charity 1820- Florence Nightingale born 1826 -Kaiserwerth deaconesses reestablished 1837- First American college for women, Mount

Holyoke 1841 Founded:- Nursing Sisters of the Holy Cross 1848-Women’s Rights Convention, Seneca Falls,

New York 1854–1856- Crimean War 1859- Nightingale’s Notes on Nursing published

in England 1860-First Nightingale School of Nursing, St.

Thomas’ Hospital, London 1861–1865- Civil War, United States 1863- Charter granted to the New England

Hospital for Women, Boston 1871- New York State Training School for

Nurses, Brooklyn Maternity, Brooklyn, New York

1872- New England Hospital for Women: one year program for nurses .America’s first trained nurse, Linda Richards

1873- First three Nightingale schools in United States: Bellevue (New York City), Connecticut, and General

1881- Founded: American Red Cross 1882- Founded: American Association of

University Women 1888- Founded: International Council of Women

(ICW) Founded: National Council of Women (NCW) 1893- First Nurses’ Settlement House, New York

City, founded by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster Founded: first American Nursing Society,

American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses (Superintendents’ Society)

(

1896 Founded: National Association of Colored Women

1896–1911 Founded: Nurses’ Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (Associated Alumnae)

1899 Founded: International Council of Nurses (ICN) First postgraduate courses for nurses at Teachers

College, Columbia University 1900 American Journal of Nursing (AJN) 1901–1912 Founded: American Federation of

Nurses (Federation) Federation Joins NCW and ICW 1903 New York: efforts failed to pass a nurse

licensing law North Carolina: passes first state nurse registration

law Founded: Army Nurse Corps

1905- Federation withdraws from NCW and joins ICN

1908 -National Association of Colored Graduate Nurses (NACGN)

Founded: Navy Nurse Corps 1909- Founded: first 3-year diploma school

in a university setting at University of Minnesota

1910- Flexner report 1911- Founded: American Nurses

Association (ANA), formerly the Associated Alumnae

1912- Founded: National Organization of Public Health Nursing (NOPHN)

Founded: National League of Nursing Education (NLN), formerly the Superintendents’ Society

ANA represents American nurses at ICN Nutting Report: Educational Status of

Nursing Developments in preventive medicine Founded: Town and Country Rural Nursing

Service

1913 Founded: National Women’s Party 1916 Founded: National Association of

Deans of Women 1920 Founded: National League for Women

Voters Congress passes the federal suffrage

amendment 1920s Depression: social programs and

health insurance First prepaid medical plan, Pacific Northwest Founded: Bureaus of Medical Services Hospitals offered a prepaid plan Baylor Plan (prototype of Blue Cross) Goldmark report

1921 Women earn right to vote 1922 Studies of institutional nursing 1923 Studies of nursing education Founded: Yale University School of Nursing 1926 Burgess report 1933 American Hospital Association

endorses Blue Cross 1938 American Medical Association

endorses Blue Shield Economic Security Program for Nurses 1940 Cost studies of nursing education and

service 1943 Founded: Federal Cadet Nurse Corps

1948 Brown report: Future of Nursing 1953 U.S. Public Health Services Studies in

Nursing Education 1955 Practical Nursing (Title III) Health

Amendment Act 1956 Hughes study: 20,000 Nurses Tell Their

Stories 1960s Created: Medicare and Medicaid 1961 Surgeon General’s Consultant Group 1964 Nurse Training Act 1965 First nurse practitioner program,

pediatric ANA position paper on entry into practice

1966 Educational opportunity grants for nurses

1970 Secretary’s commission to study extended roles for nurses

1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act 1977 Rural Health Clinic Service Act National Commission for Manpower Policy

Study 1979 U.S. Surgeon General Report Healthy

People 1980 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act 1982 Budget cut to Health Maintenance

Organization Act Tax Equity Fiscal Responsibility Act (TEFRA)

1983 Institute of Medicine Committee on Nursing and Nursing Education study

1987 Secretary’s Commission on Nursing 1990s Health care reform 1991 U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services Healthy People 2000 1997 Agency for Health Care Policy and

Research, now known as the Agency for Healthcare Research and

Quality, established 12 evidence-based practice centers

2000 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Healthy People 2010

Florence Nightingale is considered the founder of modern nursing. She grew up in a wealthy upper-class family in England during the mid-1800s. Unlike other young women of her era, Nightingale received a thorough education including Greek, Latin, history, mathematics, and philosophy. She had always been interested in relieving suffering and caring for the sick.

She established the Nightingale Training School of Nurses at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. This was the first school for nurses that provided both theory-based knowledge and clinical skill building.

• A holistic framework inclusive of illness and health

• The need for a theoretical basis for nursing practice

• A liberal education as a foundation for nursing

practice • The importance of creating an

environment that promotes healing • The need for a body of nursing knowledge

that was distinct from medical knowledge (Nightingale, 1969)

Nightingale introduced many other concepts that, though unique in her time, are still used today. She advocated:

(1) having a systematic method of assessing Clients

(2) individualizing care on the basis of the client’s needs and preferences; and

(3) maintaining confidentiality. She also advocated that nurses provide

clean surroundings with fresh air and light to improve the quality of care.

Ventilation and Warming Health of Houses Petty Management Noise Variety Taking Food What Food? Bed and Bedding Light Cleanliness of Rooms And Walls Personal Cleanliness Chattering Hopes And Advices Observation of the Sick

TO KEEP THE AIR HE BREATHES AS PURE AS THE EXTERNAL AIR, WITHOUT CHILLING HIM.

There are five essential points in securing the health of houses:–

1.Pure air. 2.Pure water. 3.Efficient drainage. 4.Cleanliness. 5.Light. Without these, no house can be healthy. And

it will be unhealthy just in proportion as they are deficient.

in petty management, or in other words, by not knowing how to manage that what you do when you are there, shall be done when you are not there.

Unnecessary noise, or noise that creates an expectation in the mind, is that which hurts a patient. It is rarely the loudness of the noise, the effect upon the organ of the ear itself, which appears to affect the sick.

Variety of form and brilliancy of colour in the objects presented to patients are actual means of recovery.

Want of attention to hours of taking food. Life often hangs upon minutes in taking

food Patients starved to death in chronic cases. Food never to be left by the patient's side. Patient had better not see more food than

his own. Nurse must have some rule of thought

about her patient's diet.

Nurse must have some rule of thought about her patient's diet.

Feverishness a symptom of bedding. Uncleanliness of ordinary bedding. Air your dirty sheets, not only your clean

ones. Iron spring bedsteads the best. Bed not to be too wide. Bed not to be too high

Light essential to both health and recovery.

Aspect, view, and sunlight matters of first importance to the sick.

Without sunlight, we degenerate body and mind.

Cleanliness of carpets and furniture. Best kind of wall for a house.

Ventilation and skin-cleanliness equally essential.

Advising the sick. Patient does not want to talk of himself.

Absurd consolations put forth for the benefit of the sick.

Means of giving pleasure to the sick.

The most important practical lesson that can be given to nurses is to teach them what to observe–how to observe–what symptoms indicate improvement–what the reverse–which are of importance–which are of none–which are the evidence of neglect–and of what kind of neglect.

The whole of the preceding remarks apply even more to children and to puerperal woman than to patients in general. They also apply to the nursing of surgical, quite as much as to that of medical cases.

Nevertheless let no one think that because sanitary nursing is the subject of these notes, therefore, what may be called the handicraft of nursing is to be undervalued

1. Nightingale (1820-1910)- “ Lady with the Lamp”-Nursing’s first scientist theorist for her work-Notes on Nursing: What it is, and what it is not

2. Barton (1821- 1912)- her responsibility is to organize the nursing service.-establish the American Red Cross

3. Linda Richards (1841-1930)- America’s first trained nurse.

4. Mary mahoney (1845-1926)-was the first american professional nurse.

5. Lilian wald (1867-1940)- Founder of Public health nursing.

6. Lavinia Dock (1858-1956) –was active in the protest movement for women’s rights that resulted in the US Constitution amendment allowing women to vote in 1920.

7. Margaret Higgins Sanger (1879- 1966)- had a lasting impact on women’s health care.

8. Breckinridge (1881-1965)- established the Frontier nursing Service.

CONSUMER- an individual or group of people or a community that uses a service or commodity.

PATIENT- a person who is waiting for an undergoing treatment and care.

CLIENT-is a person who engages the advise or services of another who is qualified to provide this service.

PROMOTING HEALTH AND WELLNESS

PREVENTING ILLNESS

RESTORING HEALTH

CARING FOR THE DYING

Caregiver Communicator Teacher Client advocate Counselor Change agent Leader Manager Case manager Research consumer