Introduction to NanotechnologyIntroduction to Nanotechnology

Mark TuominenProfessor of Physics

UMass Amherst

Nanotechnology

What, How, Why?

NanotechnologyThe biggest science initiative

since the Apollo program

Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications.

1 nanometer = 1 billionth of a meter= 1 x 10-9 m

nano.gov

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still

Hair

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6,000 nanometersDNA

3 nanometers

100,000 nanometers

10 nm objectsmade by guided

self-assembly

Nanotechnology

Is it a truly a new field?Is it all hype?

10 GB2001

20 GB2002

40 GB2004

80 GB2006

160 GB2007

Example: Data storage capacity of the iPod

Hard driveMagnetic data storage

Uses nanotechnology!

Hard Disk Drives - a home for bits

Hitachi

Magnetic Data StorageA computer hard drive stores your data magnetically

Disk

N S

direction of disk motion

“ Write”Head

0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 _ _

“ Bits” ofinformation

NS

“ Read”Head

Signalcurrent

Improving Magnetic Data Storage Technology

• The UMass Amherst Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing is working to improve this technology

Granular Media

PerpendicularWrite Head

Soft Magnetic UnderLayer (SUL)

coil

Y. Sonobe, et al., JMMM (2006)

1 bit

• CHM Goal: Make "perfect" mediausing self-assembled nano-templates• Also, making new designs for storage

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Nanotechnology

Is it truly a new field?Is it all hype?

Since the 1980's electronics has been a leading commercial driver for nanotechnology R&D, but other areas (materials, biotech, energy, etc) are of significant and growing importance.

Some nanotechnology has been around for a very long time already:• Stained glass windows (Venice, Italy) - gold nanoparticles• Photographic film - silver nanoparticles• Tires - carbon black nanoparticles• Catalytic converters - nanoscale coatings of platinum and palladium

Perspective

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"Biggest science initiative since the Apollo program"

nano.gov

NSF Center for Hierarchical Manufacturing

Research Education Outreach

A Center on Nanomanufacturing at UMass

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Photolithography for Deposition

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

liftoffnarrow line

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

Lithography

IBMCopperWiringOn aComputerChip

PatternedSeveral Times

Self Assembly

An Early Nanotechnologist?

Excerpt from Letter of Benjamin Franklin to William Brownrigg (Nov. 7, 1773)

...At length being at Clapham, where there is, on the Common, a large Pond ... I fetched out a Cruet of Oil, and dropt a little of it on the Water. I saw it spread itself with surprising Swiftness upon the Surface ... the Oil tho' not more than a Tea Spoonful ... which spread amazingly, and extended itself gradually till it reached the Lee Side, making all that Quarter of the Pond, perhaps half an Acre, as smooth as a Looking Glass....

A nanofilm!

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"Synthesis and Characterization of Nearly Monodisperse CdE(E = S, Se, Te) Semiconductor Nanocrystallites," C. Murray, D. Norris, and M. Bawendi, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 8706 (1993)

Quantum Dots by Chemical Synthesis

(reverse-micelle method)

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Scale set by molecular size

CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition

Template

EtchingMask

NanoporousMembrane

Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)

Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

(physical orelectrochemical)

nanoporous template

Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask

1x1012 magnets/in2

Data Storage......and More

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)

• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

For a sustainable future!

Solar Cells

Konarka

Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

Perhaps the most important result of the Nanotechnology Initiative so far:

"The Medici Effect"

• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others

• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products

Students & Nanotechnology

- A Field for People Who Want to Solve Technological Challenges Facing Societies

Across the World