introduction to information systems
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Information Systems. Class 1. Data vs. Information. The eternal question Data “Streams of raw fact representing events occurring in organizations or their environments before they have been organized and arranged into a form suitable for human interpretation” Information - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to Information Systems
Class 1
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Data vs. Information
• The eternal question• Data
– “Streams of raw fact representing events occurring in organizations or their environments before they have been organized and arranged into a form suitable for human interpretation”
• Information– “Data that have been shaped into a form
that is meaningful and useful”
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Data Vs. Information392: Chocolate Chip Cookies342: Coffee Powder341: Red Curry Paste392: Chocolate Chip Cookies391: Keebler Fudge Sticks……
Region: RedmondStore: QFC Store 32
Item# Description Units Sold
392 Choc Chip Ck 2397
YTD Sales
$6972.78
Data
Information
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Information? What’s the big deal?
• Globalization• Transformation of Industrial
Economies• The Changing Organization
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Emergence of Global Economy
• Management and control in a global marketplace
• Competition in global markets• Global workgroups• Global delivery systems
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From Industrial to Post-Industrial Societies
• Knowledge- and information-based economies
• Productivity• New products and services• Time-based competition• Shorter product life-cycle• Turbulent operating environment
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Transformation of the Organization
• Flattening• Decentralization• Flexibility• Location independence• Low transaction and coordination costs• Empowerment• Collaborative work and team activities
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So, what is an Information System,
anyway?
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What is a System?
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A System
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A System
InputInput
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A System
InputInput ProcessProcess
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
feedbacfeedbackk
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A System
InputInput OutputOutputProcessProcess
feedbacfeedbackk
CustomersCompetitors
Suppliers Government
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What is an Information System?
• a set of interrelated components that– collect (or retrieve)– process– store– distribute
information in order to support– decision making– coordination and control
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Approaches to Information Systems
InformationSystems
Management Science
Computer ScienceOperations Research
Psychology
Economics
Sociology
Behavioral Approaches
Technical Approaches
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Information Systems and the Organization
• Flattening organizations• Separating work from location• Reorganizing workflows• Increased flexibility• Changing management process• Redefining organizational
boundaries
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Information Architecture
• Levels within a firm• Functional Areas• Types of Systems• Foundation of technology
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Levels within an Organization
• Operational• Knowledge• Management• Strategic
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Functional Areas
• Finance• Accounting• Production• Marketing• Human Resources• Public Relations
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Organ
izatio
n str
uctu
re strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
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Organ
izatio
n str
uctu
re strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Hardware SoftwareData and StorageNetworks
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strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Hardware SoftwareData and StorageNetworks
InformationArchitecture
IT Infrastructure
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Challenges Facing Managers
• The Strategic Business Challenge• The Globalization Challenge• The Architecture and Infrastructure
Challenge• The Investment Challenge• The Responsibility and Control
Challenge
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Ten Minute Break
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strategic
management
knowledge
operoper
Finance Marketing Production Personnel Acctg
Senior management
Middlemanagement
Knowledgeand data workers
Operationalmanagers
Kind of Kind of ISIS
GroupGroupServedServed
Functional AreaFunctional Area
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Level of the System
• Operational-level systems– Keep track of elementary activities and
transactions• Sales, receipts, payroll, etc.
– Purpose is to answer routine questions and track flow of transactions
• Knowledge-level systems– Integrate new knowledge into the
business – Control flow of paperwork
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Level of the System• Management-level systems
– Keep track of monitoring, controlling decision making, and administrative work of middle management
• Periodic reports
– Some may be used for non-routine decisions• What-if analysis
– Typically draws information from operational systems
• Strategic-level systems– Assist senior management in making long-term
decisions– Typically non-routine, unstructured decision making
activities
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Types of Information Systems
• Executive Support Systems (ESS)• Management Information Systems
(MIS)• Decision Support Systems (DSS)• Knowledge Work Systems (KWS)• Office Automation Systems (OAS)• Transaction Processing Systems
(TPS)
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Types of Systems• Transaction Processing Systems
– serves operational needs– performs/records daily and routine
transactions– span boundary of organization and
environment– major supplier of information to other IS– examples
•airline reservation system•payroll system•plant scheduling
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Knowledge Work Systems– KWs are those whose job involves
creating new information and knowledge (doctors, scientists, engineers, etc.)
– Use specialized systems such as workstations
• Office Automation Systems– used to process information– eg. document management, scheduling,
communication
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Management Information Systems– serves activities of planning, controlling
and decision-making at the management level
– usually take form of performance reports (such as exception or summary reports)
– limited analytical ability– often (mistakenly) equated with IS
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Types of Systems (contd.)
• Decision Support Systems– focussed on a specific type of problem– more analytical ability than an MIS– more interactive– eg: lease or buy in face of volatile interest
rates• Executive Support Systems
– used by senior management– used for unstructured problems– heavy graphics base
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
MISDSS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &OAS
TPS
MISDSS
ESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Information System Integration
Management Level
Strategic Level
Operational LevelKnowledgeLevel
Management Level
KWS &KWS &OASOAS
TPSTPS
MISMISDSSDSS
ESSESS
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Next Class
• Topic: IT Infrastructure• Weekly Technology Report• Research the Atanasoff
Controversy Remember to complete a biosketch by Wednesday
• Do readings • Be ready to debate the Carr article