introduction to film
DESCRIPTION
Introduction to Film. Cinematography. Cinematography. Cinematography: "writing in movement” Everything that has to do with cameras and lenses, with film/film stock (and its digital equivalents), exposure and processing of film/digital images. Cinematography. Mise -en-scene. Cinematography. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Introduction to FilmCinematography
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Cinematography Cinematography:
"writing in movement” Everything that has to
do with cameras and lenses, with film/film stock (and its digital equivalents), exposure and processing of film/digital images.
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Cinematography
Mise-en-scene What is filmed
Set Design Color Lighting Actor’s
Performances Diegetic Sound
Cinematography How it is filmed
Framing Aspect Ratio Film Stock Camera Elements
Camera Angle Camera Movement Camera Position Camera Lens
Exposure
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CinematographyOther Issues Digital Cinematography
Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) has brought changes in Cinematography, which was traditionally based on chemical/photographic images and effects.
Visual Special Effects Often done in post-production (esp. digital effects).
Lighting Since it is part of “what is filmed,” it is often seen as
part of a film’s mise-en-scene. However, the cinematographer has significant input into lighting decisions.
Framing As with lighting, framing involves the director and
cinematographer.
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Framing Angle, level, and
distance of framing each shot
Offscreen space versus onsceen space
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Framing
Extreme Wide Shot Very Wide Shot
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Framing
Wide Shot Mid Shot
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Framing
Medium Close Up Close Up
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Framing
Extreme Close Up Cut-In
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Camera Angle The angle between
the camera and the subject.
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Straight-on (Eye-level) angle
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High-angle
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Low-angle
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Low-angle
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Bird’s Eye
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Point of View
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The Lady in the Lake1947 Detective film Shot entirely from main character's point of view
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Slanted or Canted angle (Dutch tilt)
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Slanted or Canted angle (Dutch tilt)
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Slanted or Canted angle (Dutch tilt)
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Height of Camera
Tokyo Story (1953) Yasujiro Ozu
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Aspect Ratio Ratio of screen width to height Classical Hollywood ratio (1.33:1) Widescreen ratios (1.85:1, 2.35:1) Video conversion
Pan-and-scan Letterbox
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Aspect Ratio
Rules of the Game, Jean Renoir, 19391.33:1 (4 to 3)
Aliens, James Cameron, 19861.85:1
Rebel Without A Cause, Nicholas Ray, 19552.35:1 (Cinemascope)
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Aspect Ratio Converting from film to TV.
2.2 to 1 Pan & Scan; 1.33 to 1
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Film Stock Selection enables cinematographer
to control: Color reproduction Light sensitivity Contrast levels Sharpness Grain and resolution
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Singin’ in the Rain Technicolor Film Stock
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Film Stock Other Types
Kodachrome Kinemacolor Cinecolor 35mm 70mm IMAX
Film stock deteriorates over time
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Camera Lens Focal Length
The distance from the center of the lens to the point at which the light rays meet in sharp focus.
This length determines perspective relations and depth cues on the flat screen surface.
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Normal lens: 35-50mm
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Camera Lens Wide Angle
Short focal length (35 mm or less) which produces a wider angle of view
Effect: distorting straight lines, exaggerating depth
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Camera Lens Telephoto Lens
Lens with a long focal length (75mm or more).
Effect: collapse depth cues by enlarging distant planes and making them seem close to the foreground planes.
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Camera Lens Zoom lens
Lens with a focal length that can be changed during a shot.
Shift to telephoto range magnifies the image and flattens the space
Shift to wide-angle increases depth cues and demagnifies the background.
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Depth of Field The range of distance within
which objects can be photographed and remain in sharp focus. Short focal length has greater
depth of field. Long focal length reduces depth
of field.
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Camera Movement Pan
Rotates horizontally, side to side Tilt
Vertical pivot, up and down Dolly, tracking, or traveling shots Crane (and boom or jib) shots Hand-held and steadicam shots
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Camera Movement Dolly, Tracking,
Traveling shots: all basically the same.
“Tracking shot” came from the “tracks” that dollies moved on.
Traveling shot is generally reserved for movements taken from a vehicle.
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Boom/jib shots Camera mounted on counterweighted boom; some
booms can also telescope in or out. Can use for combinations of pans & tilts,
horizontal, vertical or diagonal moves.
Crane shots Shots look the same as boom shot, but often
motorized or with hydraulics for movement.
Camera Movement
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Hand-held shots Can pan or tilt or track Hand-held movement is obviously
“unsteady”--which is how we know it’s a hand-held shot.
Steadicam A device which dampens
unsteadiness, producing a relatively smooth movement, even when walking or running.
Steadicam first used in Rocky (1976)
Camera Movement
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Cinematography Putting it all together with story
boarding. Example: The Lord of the Rings