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  • Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of
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•Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction and planes. Highlights •Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of trunk. The common characteristic of the vertebrae. The main characteristic of different vertebrae. Formation and characteristic of ribs. Subsection of the sternum. Definition of sternal angle and costal

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Page 1: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

•Introduction

Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes.

Highlights

•Osteology

Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of trunk. The common characteristic of the vertebrae. The main characteristic of different vertebrae. Formation and characteristic of ribs. Subsection of the sternum. Definition of sternal angle and costal arch.

Page 2: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

The primary structure of the scapula, humerus, radius and ulna. Name of the bones of hand. The primary structure of the hip bone, femur, tibia and fibula. Name of the bones of foot.The primary structure of the internal and external surface of the base of skull. The main structure of the superior, the posterior aspect and the lateral view of skull. The structure of orbit and bony nasal cavity. Names, position and opens of the paranasal sinuses.

Page 3: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Chapter 2 Arthology

Section 1 General description

Joints (Articulations):The bones are connected by means of fibrous connective tissue, cartilaginous or osseous tissues at different parts of their surfaces,and such a connection are termed.

• Classification

There are two main types of articulations or joint.

Solid joints - Continuous joints

Synovial joints - Discontinuous joints

Page 4: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• Solid joints– Fibrous joints : bones are

united by fibrous connective tissue

• Syndesmoses:ligament and membrane

• Suture

– Cartilaginous joints :

bones are united by cartilage

• Synchondroses :

bones are united by hyaline cartilage:

epiphyseal cartilage temporarily

• Symphysis :

bones are united by fibrocartilage:

intervertebral disc

Page 5: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• Synovial joints － Discontinuous joints

Basic structures• Articular surface: covered by

articular cartilage• Articular capsule

– Fibrous membrane

– Synovial membrane

• Articular cavity: containing a trace of synovial fluid; subatmospheric pressure in it

Page 6: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Accessory structures

• Ligaments (lig.): extra-and intracapsular ligaments

• Articular disc and articular labrum:

• Synovial fold and Synovial bursa

Page 7: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• Terms for main movements of joints

• Flexion and extension

• Adduction and abduction

• Rotation Medial and lateral rotation – Pronation and supination– Inversion and eversion

• Circumduction

Page 8: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Flexion -

extension

dorsiflexion

plantar flexion

Page 9: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Adduction-

abduction

Page 10: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Rotation

Circumduction

supination pronation

Page 11: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• Classification of synovial joints on movement and shape

• Uniaxial joints: – hinge joints– trochoid (pivot) joints

• Biaxial joints:– ellipsoid joints– saddle joints

• Multiaxial joints: – ball-and-socket joint– plane joints

Page 12: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Section 2 Joints of Bones of Trunk

Includes joints of the vertebral column and thoracic cage.

The vertebral column consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.

The joints of the vertebral column includes the joints of the vertebral bodies and the joints of vertebral arches.

Page 13: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

1. Joints of the vertebral bodies

Intervertebral discs between bodies of adjacent

vertebrae, composed of:• Nucleus pulposus, an

inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )

• Annulus fibrosus an outer fibrous ring

consisting of fibrocartilage

• Joints of the vertebral column

Page 14: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Herniation of nucleus pulposus

Page 15: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Anterior longitudinal ligament • Strong band covering the anterior part of the

vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2

• Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column

Posterior longitudinal ligament

• Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum

• Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs

Page 16: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

2. Joints of the vertebral arches

• Ligamenta flava ― elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column

• Interspinous ligament

• Supraspinous ligament:superiorly with the ligamentum nuchae(C7-external occipital bone

• Zygapophysial joints

Page 17: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

3. Atlantooccipital joint

• Between superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condyles

• Supported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlas

• Action ― nodding of head, lateral tilting of head

Page 18: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

4. Atlantoaxial joint

• Three synovial joints between atlas and axis– Laterally, paired

joints between articulating facets

– Median joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlas

• Supported by ligaments • Action ― allow atlas

(and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column

Page 19: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Annulus fibrosus

Nucleus pulposus

Intervertebral disc

Zygapophysial joints

Page 20: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Anterior longitudinal ligament

posterior longitudinal ligament

Page 21: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Ligaments flavum

( yellow ligaments)

Interspinal ligaments

Supraspinal ligaments

Page 22: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Ligamentum nuchae

Page 23: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

5. The vertebral column as a whole and its movement

The anterior aspect The lateral aspect

Cervical vertebrae

Thoracic vertebrae

Lumbar vertebrae

sacrum

coccyx

Cervical curvature

Thoracic curvature

Lumbar curvature

Sacral curvature

Page 24: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Normal Curves of vertebral column• Cervical curvature convex

forward• Thoracic curvature convex

backward • Lumbar curvature convex

forward• Sacral curvature convex

backward

Page 25: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• flexion

• extension

• lateral flexion

• rotation

Vertebral column movement

Page 26: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

• Joints of the thoracic cage

CompositionBones ― consists of twelve

thoracic vertebrae, twelve pairs of ribs and costal cartilages, and sternum

Page 27: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

1. Joints• Costovertebral joints

– Joints with head of rib

– Costotransverse joints

• Sternocostal joints– Sternocostal synchondrosis of

first rib

– Sternocostal joints:

– Interchondral joints: between costal cartilages7,8,9, and 10 to form the costal arch

Page 28: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

Costovertebral joints

Joints with head of rib

Costotransverse joints

Page 29: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

2. General features of thorax• Roughly cone-shape, narrow

above and broad below, flattened from before-backwards, longer behind than in front

• Superior thoracic aperture: bounded by upper border of manubrium, first rib, and vertebra T1

• Inferior thoracic aperture: bounded by vertebra T12, 12th and 11th ribs, costal arch and xiphoid process

• Infrasternal angle: formed by the costal arch of both side

• Intercostal spaces: lie between the ribs

Page 30: Introduction Anatomical position, terms of direction, and planes. Highlights Osteology Structure and classification of bones. Formation of the bones of

3. Functions of thorax– protects the vital organs in the thoracic cavity and upper

abdominal cavity; – plays a vital role in the process of breathing

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