intro, lab math, and safety

8/10/2019 Intro, Lab Math, And Safety

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MRBPINEDA, RMT, MSMT UST 1

Unit 1. Introduction toClinical Chemistry 1

Maria Ruth B. Pineda, Ph.D.Department of Medical TechnologyUniversity of Santo Tomas

1

Objective and Scope ofUnit 1

Understand the basics and scopes of Clinical Chemistry 1

2

Scope of Clinical Chemistry 1:Lecture:1. Overview2. Importance3. Role of Medical technologists4. Definition of Terms

Laboratory:1. Clinical Laboratory Apparatus and Supplies2. Volume Measurement

! Linkage among the knowledge of general chemistry, organicchemistry, and biochemistry with an understanding of humanphysiology

General chemistry

Organic chemistry

Biochemistry

HUMANPHYSIOLOGY

What is Clinical Chemistry ? What is Clinical Chemistry ?

! Laboratory section that performs qualitative andquantitative analyses of blood, urine, spinal fluid,feces, calculi and other materials.

! A division concerned with the analysis of bodyfluids to yield timely, relevant, accurate and preciseinformation on the clinical status of the humanbody.

! Branch of medical science that involves the analysis ofbiological materials, usually body fluids, to providediagnostic information on the state of the human body

! Foundation of science that underlies biochemistry andpathophysiology

What is Clinical Chemistry ?

Also known as:

Clinical Biochemistry andChemical Pathology

Importance ofClinical Chemistry

! Carbohydrates

! Proteins

! Lipids

! Nucleic Acids

MRBPINEDA UST 6

HeartLiver

KidneysLungsReproductive

Human Diseases

Organ Systems:

NervousEndocrine

MusclesSkeletalBlood


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Role of MedicalTechnologists

! Deliver accurate and precise laboratory information! Provide reliable laboratory results

7

Patient diagnosis and treatment

No. 1 Priority: Patient

Definition of Terms

! Accuracy: ability to determine the true and knownvalue of as substance

! Biochemical Marker: any biochemical compoundthat is sufficiently altered in a disease to serve as anaid in diagnosing or predicting susceptibility to thedisease.

! Blood borne: carried or transmitted by blood

8

! Pathogen: causative agent of a disease

! Precision: ability to reproduce the same results inrepeated analysis of the sample

! Reliability: ability of an analytical procedure tomaintain its original accuracy, precision, specificity,and sensitivity over an extended period of time

MRBPINEDA UST 9

Definition of Terms Summary

! Clinical Chemistry measures biochemicalcompounds to detect abnormalities on the levels ofsuch compounds.

10

Abnormalities

Disease Diagnosis

Treatment to correct

the abnormalities

PAT 1 ENT

Unit 2. LaboratoryMathematicsMaria Ruth B. Pineda, Ph.D.Department of Medical TechnologyUniversity of Santo Tomas

Objectives and Scopes ofUnit 2

! Unit Conversions

! Percent Solutions

! Normality

! Molarity

! Molality

! Dilutions

! Ratios

! pH and pOH

! Significant figures

! Scientific Notation12

Compute concentration of solutions using the different ways of expressingconcentration and using different units of measurement.

Apply the formula for computing concentrations in the preparation of reagentsnecessary in laboratory testing.


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What is a laboratory result?

! Qualitative Determination:presence or absence of a certaincompound

! Quantitative Determination:exact amount of the compoundpresent! High or low???

13

Presence of glucose in urine

Bilirubin detected in the brain

9.0 mmol/L of glucose

405 umol/L of uric acid

Positive for tetrahydrocannabinol

Dependent on the type of determination

QuantitativeDetermination

! Two parts: actual value and label! Actual value: a number

! Label: a unit that defines the physical quantity ordimension! Mass, length, time, volume, temperature,

concentration, activity, frequency, current

14

Unit of measurement

! Systeme International dUnites (SI units): 1960! Provides a uniform system or method of describing

physical quantities

! Basic units

! Derived units

! Selected accepted non-SI units

MRBPINEDA UST 15

SI Units

16

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TABLE 1-1 SI UNITS

BASE QUANTITY NAME SYMBOL

Length Meter mMass Kilogram kgTime Second sElectric current Ampere AThermodynamic temperature Kelvin KAmount of substance Mole molLuminous intensity Candela cdSELECTED DERIVEDFrequency Hertz HzForce Newton NCelsius temperature Degree Celsius CCatalytic activity Katal katSELECTED ACCEPTED NON-SIMinute (time) (60s) minHour (3,600s) hDay (86,400s) d

Liter (volume) (1 dm3 10 3 m3) LAngstrom (0.1 nm 10 10 m)

Prefixes used with SI unitsFACTOR PREFIX SYMBOL

10-18 atto a

10-15 femto f

10-12 pico p

10-9 nano n

10-6 micro

10-3 milli m

10-2 centi c 10-1 deci d

101 deka da

102 hecto h

103 kilo k

106 mega M

109 giga G

1015 peta P

1018 exa E 17

Examples:1. 1 millimeter = ________ m2. 2 micromoles = _______ mol3. 5 deciliter = __________ L

4. 2 milligram = _________ kg5. 5 microliter = _________ L

Basic clinical laboratoryconversions

To convert into Multiply by

Inches Centimeters 2.54

Centimeters Inches 0.39

Yards Meters 0.91

Meters Yards 1.09Gallons Liters 3.78

Liters Gallons 0.26

Fluid ounces Milliliters 29.6

Milliliters Fluid ounces 0.034

Ounces Grams 28.4

Grams Ounces 0.035

Pounds Kilograms 0.45

Kilograms Pounds 2.218

Length, volume, weight conversions


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To convert into Use

Celsius (C) Kelvin (K) K = C +273

Celsius (C) Fahrenheit (F) F = (C x 1.8) + 32

Fahrenheit (F) Celsius (C) C = (F 32) x 0.556

MRBPINEDA UST 19

Basic clinical laboratoryconversions

Temperature conversions

Ways of expressingconcentration of solution

! As percent solution! As a molar (M) solution

! As a normal (N) solution

! As a molal (m) solution

MRBPINEDA UST 20

Percent Solution: Weight/volume

= _grams solute_ X 100mL of solution

21

%w/v

What is the concentration of a solutionprepared by mixing 2 milligrams of KCland 100 mL of distilled water?

Answer = 0.002% or 2.0 x 10 -3%

22


What amount of NaCl is needed to make800 mL of 0.85% solution?

Answer = 6.8 g

23


What amount of distilled water is neededto make 1.5% of MgCl 2 solution with 0.005kg of salt.

Answer = 333.3 mL

24


You were asked to prepare agarose gel forelectrophoresis of DNA. Fifty milliliters of2% gel is needed. How much agar is to bedissolved? Also 3 uL of ethidium bromideis added every 100 mL of agarose gel, howmuch Ethidium bromide is needed?

Answer = 1.0 gram of agarose and1.5 uL of Ethidium bromide


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Percent solution:volume/volume

= _mL of solute__ X 100mL of solution

25

%v/v

What is the concentration of a solution with2000 mL of liquid lidocaine dissolved in 5liters of deionized water?

Answer = 28.57%

MRBPINEDA UST 26


Prepare 500 mL 40% alcohol from stockabsolute alcohol solution.

Answer = 200 mL stock absolute alcohol + 300mL distilled water to make 500 mL solution

27


Prepare 0.05 L of 2% sulfuric acid.

Answer = 1 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid +49 mL of distilled water.

Percent Solution: Weight/weight

= _grams solute_ X 100grams solution

28

%w/w

Determine the percent composition by mass of a100 g salt solution which contains 20 g salt.

Answer: 20% NaCl solution

29

Percent Solution: Weight/weight

How much KCl in grams is needed to make10% of a solution weighing 0.48 kg?

Answer: 48 grams of KCl

Molar Solution orMolarity

! Number of moles expressed per 1 liter of solution

! Moles = gram/molecular weight

! Gram molecular weight of a substance dissolved toa final volume of 1 liter solution

MRBPINEDA UST 30

= grams of soluteMW x volume of solution (L)

M


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MRBPINEDA UST 31

73 g HCl

L2 mol

L36.5 g HCl

mol

How many grams are needed to make 1 Lof a 2M solution of HCl?


Answer = 73 g per L of 2M HCl is needed.

32

What is the molarity of a solution madewhen water is added to 11 g CaCl 2 tomake 100 mL of solution?

Answer = 1.0 M


33

Prepare 400 mL of a 0.5 M solution ofNaCl.

Answer = 11.6 g of NaCl is dissolved in400 mL distilled water to make 0.5 Msolution of NaCl


Normal solution orNormality

! Number of gram equivalent weight per 1 liter ofsolution (Eq/L)

! Equivalent weight = molecular weight/valence

34

= grams of soluteEW x volume of solution (L)

N

35


What is the Normality of a 500-mL solution thatcontains 7 g of sulfuric acid?

Answer: 0.285 Eq/L or 0.285 N

1,000 mL1 L1 Eq49 g H 2 SO47 g H2 SO4500 mL

36


If a solution contains 111 g CaCl 2 perliter, what is the normality?

Answer = 2 N CaCl 2


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Molarity vs Normality

MRBPINEDA UST 37

! Normality is always equal to or greater thanMolarity

! Molarity is always equal to or less than Normality

N ! MM " N

Convert Molarity toNormality

38

Convert 0.5 M sulfuric acid to N.

1 Eq H 2 SO449 g H 2 SO4

98 g H 2 SO4mol H 2 SO4

0.5 mol H 2 SO4L

Answer: 1 N

To simplify: multiply Molarity with the valence

Molal Solution orMolality

! Amount of solute per 1 kg of solvent

! mol/kg (or m)

39

= grams of soluteMW x kg of solvent

m

Molal Solution orMolality

40

What is the molality of a solution of10 g NaOH in 500 g water?

Answer = 0.5 m

mg/dL to milliequivalent

! In milliequivalent, equivalent weight is expressed inmilligrams

! To convert mg/dL to milliequivalent per liter (mEq/

L)

MRBPINEDA UST 41Other Conversions

= mg/dL X 10 X valenceMW

mEq/L

mg/dL to millimoles

! In millimoles, molecular weight expressed inmilligrams

! To convert mg/dL to millimoles:

MRBPINEDA UST 42Other Conversions

= mg/dL X 10MW

mmol/L


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To convert into Use

%w/v Molarity (M) M = (%w/v x 10) / GMW%w/v Normality (N) N = (%w/v x 10)/eq.wt.mg/dL mEq/L mEq/L = (mg/dL x 10)/eq. wt.Molarity (M) Normality (N) N = M x valence

43

Basic concentrationconversions

What is the differencebetween ratio and dilution ?

! ratio: volume of solute per volume of solvent

! dilution: volume of solute per volume of solution

44

A ratio of 1:100 vs a dilution of 1:100

Ratio and Dilution

45

Prepare 150 mL solution of sodiumhydroxide with a dilution of 1:20.

Answer: pipet 7.5 mL of NaOH and mix with142.5 mL of distilled water.

Ratio and Dilution

46

Prepare 200 mL solution of HClusing the ratio of 1:20.

Answer: pipet 10.0 mL of HCl and mix with200 mL of distilled water.

Serial dilution

! multiple progressive dilutions ranging from moreconcentrated solutions to less concentrated solutions

47

Specific Gravity, Density,and Percent Purity

! Density: mass per unit volume

! Specific gravity: density of a substance over densityof water at a given temperature (g/mL)

! Actual concentration: specific gravity x percentpurity

MRBPINEDA UST 48


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49

Specific Gravity, Density,and Percent Purity

What is the actual weight of HCl whose labelreads specific gravity 1.3 with an assay value of40%? What is the Molarity of the solution?

Answer:Actual weight = 0.52 g/mLMolarity = 14.86 M

pH and pOH

! Henderson-Hasselbalch equation

pH = pK a + log (A -/HA)

pH = log (1/H +)

pH = -log (H +)

pH + pOH = 14

50

Scientific Notation

! Uses exponential method of expressing very largeand very small numbers

! Numbers are expressed as a product of twonumbers: digit term and exponential term! Digit term: > or equal to 1 but < 10! Exponential term: written as a power of 10

MRBPINEDA UST 51

Scientific Notation

! Positive exponents: when the decimal point hasbeen moved to the left

! Negative exponents: when the decimal point hasbeen moved to the right

52

Examples:214 = 2.14 X 1020.115 = 1.15 X 10-1

Significant Figures

! Minimum number of digits needed to express aparticular value in scientific notation without loss ofaccuracy.

MRBPINEDA UST 53

Examples:1. 1028.9 = _________2. 213 = ___________3. 0.000032 = _______4. 4000 = __________

Significant Figures

1. All nonzero integers are significant figures.

2. Zeros used to locate decimal points are notsignificant (0.0002; 0.002; 0.02 = 1 significant figure)

3. Zeros appearing between numbers are significant.

4. Zeros appearing at the end of a number with adecimal are significant (18.80).

5. Zeros appearing at the end of a number without adecimal may or may not be significant (180).

54


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Significant Figures

! Laboratory Application

1. Addition and Subtraction:

5.324 + 0.0031 = 5.3209 = 5.321

2. Multiplication and Division: product or quotient cancontain no more significant digits than the leastnumber of significant figures in the numbers involvedin the calculation

0.8832 X 1.5 = 1.32480 = 1.3

55

END OF UNIT 2Quiz next meeting!Bring calculator and periodic table of elements.

56

Unit 3. Laboratory Safety

57

Maria Ruth B. Pineda, Ph.D.Department of Medical TechnologyUniversity of Santo Tomas

Objectives and Scopes ofUnit 3

Lecture:1. Universal Precaution2. Laboratory Hazards

2.1. Biological2.2. Chemical2.3. Electrical2.4. Fire2.5. Radiation2.6. Others

3. Safety equipment4. Laboratory waste management:Segregation , Storage,Treatment, andDisposal

Laboratory:1. Hand washing2. Cleaning of glassware3. Disinfection of working areas4. Laboratory waste management

58

Apply laboratory safety procedures and precautions inthe performance of laboratory measurements.

Hierarchy of Controls

! Levels of dealing with laboratory hazards

1. Engineering controls

2.

Administrative controls3. Work practices

4. Personal protective equipment (PPE)

59

Examples of PreventionStrategies

MRBPINEDA UST 60

Laboratory Hazard Prevention Strategies

Work practice controls (general procedures/policies thatmandate measures to reduce or eliminate exposure tohazard)

Hand washing after each patient contactCleaning surfaces with disinfectants Avoiding unnecessary use of needles and sharps and not recappingRed bag waste disposalImmunization for hepatitisJob rotation to minimize repetitive tasksOrientation, training, and continuing educationNo eating, drinking, or smoking in laboratory Warning signage

Engineering controls (safety features built into the overalldesign of a product)

Puncture-resistant containers for disposal and transport of needles and sharpsSafety needles that automatically retract after removalBiohazard bagsSplash guards Volatile liquid carriersCentrifuge safety bucketsBiological safety cabinets and fume hoodsMechanical pipetting devicesComputer wrist/arm padsSensor-controlled sinks or foot/knee/elbow-controlled faucets

Personal protective equipment (PPE; barriers that physicallyseparate the user from a hazard)

Nonlatex glovesGowns and laboratory coatsMasks, including particulate respiratorsFace shieldsProtective eyewear (goggles, safety glasses)Eyewash stationChemical-resistant gloves; subzero (freezer) gloves; thermal gloves

.

.


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OSHA STANDARDS

! Bloodborne pathogen standard! Formaldehyde standard

! Laboratory standard

! Hazard communication standard

! Respiratory hazard

! Air contaminants standard

! Personal protective equipment standard61 MRBPINEDA UST 62

63

SafetyEquipment

64

..

.

Equipment D escription Use

PERSONAL PROTECTIVEEQUIPMENT

Glasses or goggles

Work shields

GlovesCoat or apron

FUME HOOD

S TORAGEUNITS

Explosion-proof refrigerators

Compressed gasstorage

Storage cabinets

FIRE E XTINGUISHERS

Class AClass BClass CClass ABC

SAFETY SHOWER

E YEWASHES

SPILL K ITS

Unbreakable eye shields that sur-round the eye area

Spatter protection for exposedskin

Latex or vinyl cover for handsCover for clothes that will be

worn outside the laboratory

Ventilation system that operatesat 100120 ft/min at the sash;system must be monitored reg-ularly

Refrigerators that can contain theforce of a chemical explosion

Reinforcement straps or chainsfor storing compressed gas con-tainers vertically

Separate cabinets for storing:Flammable solidsOrganic acidsOxidizers Water-reactive substances

Pressurized water Carbon dioxideDry chemicalDry chemical

Drench-type safety shower

Fountain that can be used todrench the eye with water

Commercial kits that may be

used to collect spills of specificsubstances such as acids or mercury

Protects exposed skin and clothesthat may be worn outside thelaboratory

Reduces the risk of inhaling caus-tic chemicals; respirators withHEPA filters may be used whenfume hoods are not available

Reduce the risk of unwantedchemical reactions; reduce thedanger of injury from chemicalreactions

Wood, paper, cloth firesFlammable liquid, paint, oil firesElectrical firesAll fires

Remove chemical spills fromclothing, skin, or eyes

Restrict the spill to a localized

area; collect the spill in a safecontainer for disposal

r ) :

Safety showers: deliver 30-50gallons of water per minute at20-50 psi

Other materials needed:Fire blanketsPipetting aidsScrew capped tubesFirst aid supplies

gauzeband aidalcoholbetadinemicroporeburn ointmentpetroleum jelly

Chemical Fume Hoodsand Biosafety Cabinets

! Fume Hoods! Expel noxious and hazardous

fumes from chemical reagents! Suitable for chemicals and non

sterile work

! Biosafety Cabinets! Recirculates filtered air into the

laboratory! Utilized to ensure sterility of

infectious work

MRBPINEDA UST 65

Fume Hood

MRBPINEDA UST 66

Obviously not what were looking for


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MRBPINEDA UST 67

Work 6 back into hood

!" $"% &'% ()*+ ,$-,+) (""+ .()$ /"$%*0,$*$%- *1) 2),$33)$)1*%)+4

!" $"% '-) (""+ 5"1 -%"1*3) "1 .*-%) +,-&"-*6 7))& -*-( /6"-)+ *- 0'/( *- &"--,26) 7))& )8(*'-% -6"%- *$+ *,15",6 /6)*1 "5 "2-%1'/%,"$- 9,$,0,:) 5""% %1*55,/ &*-% 5*/) "5 (""+ 7))& 6*2 +""1- /6"-)+ ;-) *&&1"&1,*%) 2*11,/*+)- ,5 %()1) ,- &"%)$%,*6 5"1)8&6"-,"$

!" $"% 0"+,5< "1 *6%)1 (""+ ,$ *$< !" $"% &6*/) )6)/%1,/*6 "'%6)%- "1 "%()1 -"'1/)- "5 -&*1=-,$ (""+ .()$ 56*00*26) -'2-%*$/)- *1) &1)-)$%

Mechanism of BSC

! BSC I: minimum inward flow; no product protection! BSC II: minimum inward flow; with product protection! BSC III: maximum product protection if laminar flow is included and with two HEPA filters

Types of BSC

MRBPINEDA UST 70

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TABLE 3-1 COMPARISON OF BIOLOGIC SAFETY CABINETS

CABINETS APPLICATIONS

FACEVELOCITY RADIONUCLIDES/ BIOSAFETY PRODUCT

TYPE (IFPM) AIRFLOW PATTERN TOXIC CHEMICALS LEVEL(S) PROTECTION

C la ss I, * o pe n fr on t 75 I n at fr on t; re ar an d t opthrough HEPA filter No 2, 3 No

Class II Type A 75 70% Recirculated through No 2, 3 YesHEPA; exhaust through HEPA

Type B1 100 30% Recirculated through Yes 2, 3 YesHEPA; exhaust via HEPA and (low levels/ hard-ducted volatility)

Type B2 100 No recirculation; total exhaust Yes 2, 3 Yesvia HEPA and hard-ducted

Type B3 100 Same as IIA, but plenums under Yes 2, 3 Yesnegative pressure to roomand exhaust air is ducted

Class III NA Supply air inlets and exhaust Yes 3, 4through 2 HEPA filters

MRBPINEDA UST 71

!" $%&' ())%*+&,-.(*/+ *.01+,2 2((' ,2 3(%/'+/& +1/ &((4"

5" $%&' (' ,**6*(7/&2 ,'8

9,6.'/+.**%4.',+.('

*.01+2"

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(**(7 ).-/4.'%+/2 ()

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Types of Hazards

! Chemical Hazards! Biological Hazards! Physical Hazards

! Ergonomic hazards! Ionizing Radiation! Non-Ionizing Radiation! Noise

! Electrical hazards! Mechanical Hazards

Chemical Hazards

! Flammable/Combustible Chemicals:! Flammable: flashpoint below 37.8C! Combustible: flashpoint above 37.8C

! Corrosive Chemicals

! Reactive Chemicals

! Carcinogenic Chemicals

MRBPINEDA UST 74

Biological Hazards

! Biological Agents andToxins

! Bloodborne pathogens

! Research Animals

! Ingestion

! Inoculation

! Tactile contamination

! Inhalation of infectiousmaterial

MRBPINEDA UST 75

Sources:Contact with patients, specimens of patients, supplies or materials, aerosolmaterials, improperly processed blood products, inappropriate disposal ofwaste products, expelling a spray from needles, centrifugation of infectedfluids, spills on laboratory counters, flaming inoculating loops

What to avoid in thelaboratory?

! Consumption of food! Mouth pipetting! Smoking! Applying cosmetics! Drinking fluids! Leaving unprotected any

skin, membranes, oropen cuts

MRBPINEDA UST 76

Universal Precaution! Presumption that all human blood, tissue, and most

fluids are infectious for the transmission of humanimmunodeficiency (HIV), hepatitis B virus, and otherblood borne pathogens

! Safe handling and Preventive measures! Decontamination methods

! Vaccination requirement

! Post exposure medication, counseling, testing, andprophylaxis

MRBPINEDA UST 77 MRBPINEDA UST 78

Common Decontamination Agents

Heat (250 C for 15 minutes)Ethylene oxide (450500 mg/L @ 55 C60 C)2% Glutaraldehyde10% Hydrogen peroxide10% Formalin5.25% Hypochlorite (10% bleach)

FormaldehydeDetergentsPhenolsUltraviolet radiationIonizing radiationPhoto-oxidation


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Physical: ErgonomicHazards

! Cumulative trauma disorders! injuries involving the musculoskeletal and/or

nervous system in response to long term repetitivetwisting, bending, lifting, or assuming static posturesfor an extended period of time

! constant or excessive repetitive actions, mechanicalpressure, vibrations, or compressive forces on thearms, hands, wrists, neck, or back

! human error by pushing beyond ones limits or whenproductivity limits are set too high

MRBPINEDA UST 79

! Cumulative trauma disorders! Carpal tunnel syndrome! Tendonitis! Tenosynovitis! Bursitis! Ganglion cyst

MRBPINEDA UST 80

Physical: ErgonomicHazards

Physical: IonizingRadiation

! generated through nuclearreactions, by very hightemperature, via productionof high energy particles ordue to acceleration ofcharged particles byelectromagnetic fields

! Cosmic rays, x-rays, gammarays, beta particles, UV

MRBPINEDA UST 81

! Type ofelectromagneticradiation that doesnot carry enoughenergy to ionizeatoms

! Radiowaves,microwaves,infrared light, andvisible light

MRBPINEDA UST 82

Physical: Non-IonizingRadiation

! Anything that has thepotential to cause hearingloss

! Exposure to an equivalentsound pressure level ofmore than 85 dB over an8-hour period workday

MRBPINEDA UST 83

Physical: Noise Mechanical Hazards

! Centrifuge

! Autoclave

! Homogenizers

! Glasswares

MRBPINEDA UST 84


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CompressedGases Hazards

! Fire

! Explosion

! Asphyxiation

! Mechanical injuries

CryogenicMaterial Hazards

! Fire

! Explosion

! Asphyxiation

! Pressure build up

! Embrittlement ofmaterials

! Tissue damage

MRBPINEDA UST 85

Fire Hazards! A: ordinary

combustible materials! B: flammable liquids/

gases

! C: energized electricalequipment

! D: reactive metals

MRBPINEDA UST86

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CLASS OF FIRE TYPE OF EXTINGUISHER OPERATION

A

B

C

D

Class AFires

Class B Fires

Class C Fires

Class D Fires

Use these typesofextinguishers



Use thistype ofagent

OrdinaryCombustibles:Wood, Paper,Cloth, etc.

FlammableLiquidGreaseGasolinePaintsOils, etc.

Electrical equipmentMotorsSwitches

Flammable metalsMagnesium

Pressurized Water DryChemical

DryChemical

DryChemical

Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide Halon

MetalX

A ABC

ABC

ABC

BC

BC

Halon

Cover burning materialwith extinguishingagent (scoop, sprinkle)

ULL

PIN

IMNOZZLE

QUEEZETRIGGER

WEEPNOZZLE

P

A

S

S

FIGURE 3-4. Proper use of fire extinguishers. (Adapted with permission from the Clinical and Laboratory SafetyDepartment, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston.)

Tetrahedron of fire

MRBPINEDA UST 87

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I I I I I I I

I I I

i il i I i i l ii

i l i i l ii i i i i l

l l ii i l l

l ill i i l il il i

i i l l i i l i i ii i l l

Uninhibitedreaction

Fuel

Oxygen

Heat

i .

ElectricalHazards

Electrical injuries:1. Direct: death, shock, or

burns

2. Indirect: fire and explosion

MRBPINEDA UST88

Waste Management

! Collection, transport, processing or disposal,managing and monitoring of waste materials

! Landfill

! Incineration

! Recycling/Resource recovery

! Avoidance and reduction of waste

MRBPINEDA UST 89

End of Unit 3

MRBPINEDA UST90

intro, lab math, and safety

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