intro chemistry 1

7/28/2019 intro chemistry 1

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Branches of Chemistry

Analytical Chemistry - deals with

the separation, identification and

quantification of a chemicalcomponent of natural and artificial

materials

Biochemistry - deals with chemicalreactions that occur in living things
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Branches of Chemistry

Inorganic Chemistry - deals with the

structure, properties and behavior of

inorganic compounds

Organic Chemistry - deals with the

structure, properties and behavior of

organic compounds

Physical Chemistry - uses physics to

study chemical reactions, structure

and properties of chemical substances


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Metal Time

Smoke Space

Car Light

Star Heat

Matter Not Matter


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matter

anything that occupies space and

has mass


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Mass - amount of matter present in an

object or substance; usually measured inkilograms (kg) or grams (g)

Volume - amount of space occupied by a

body or matter; usually measured in cubicmeter (m3), cubic centimeter (cm3) or in

liter (L)

Density - ratio of mass and volume;usually measured in kilograms per cubic

meter (kg/m3) or in grams per milliliter

(g/mL).


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Properties of Matter

Physical Properties - readily observable

without undergoing any change with the

substances composition

color, odor, taste, hardness, softness, ductility,

malleability, boiling and melting point, and

density
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Chemical Properties - determined only

when matter undergo changes in identity

and composition
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Intensive Properties - do not depend on

the size and amount of the sample

involved

density, freezing point, color, melting point,

reactivity, luster, malleability and conductivity

Extensive Properties - do depend onthe size and amount of the sample

involved

length, volume, mass and weight


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States of Matter

SOLID LIQUID GAS


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Classification of Matter

MATTER

Pure

Substance

element compound

Mixture

homogeneous heterogeneous


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Physical change occurs when there is

only a change in the physical appearance

of matter

melting, boiling, freezing, grinding, cutting

and changing shape

Chemical change or chemical reaction

involves substances that create a new

product/s.

decomposition (breaking of substance into

simple compounds) andsynthesis (fusion of

elements or compounds to form a more

complex substance)


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a. steam becomes water

b. a piece of sliced apple

turns brown

a. flattened copper wire

b. paper burning

c. eggs becoming rotten

physical

physical

chemical

chemical

chemical


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scientific notation

involves the representation of a

number as a power of ten

456,000,000 can be expressed as 4.56 x 108


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Rules in Scientific Notation

RULE 1: To convert a number greater than 1

to scientific notation, the original decimal point

is moved x places to the left and the resulting

number is multiplied by 10x. The exponent (x)is a POSITIVE NUMBER equal to the number

of places the original decimal point was moved.


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Rules in Scientific Notation

RULE 2: To convert a number less than 1 to

scientific notation, the original decimal point is

moved x places to the right and the resulting

number is multiplied by 10-x. The exponent (-x) is a negative number equal to the number of

places the original decimal point was moved.


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significant figures

defined as the accuracy to which

something is measured or

calculated


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Rules in Significant Figures

RULE 1: All nonzero digits are significant.

7.314 has four significant digits

RULE 2: The number of significant digits is

independent of the position of the decimal

point.

73.14 has four significant digits

RULE 3: Zeros located between nonzero digits

are significant.

60.052 has fivesignificant figures


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Rules in Significant Figures

RULE 4: Zeros at the end of a number are

significant if the number contains a decimal

point.

4.70 has threesignificant figures

RULE 5: Trailing zeros are insignificant

because the number does not contain a decimal

point.

100 have onesignificant figure

RULE 6: Zeros to the left of the first nonzero

integer are not significant.

0.0032 has two significant figures


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Rules on Addition and

Subtraction

The answer can only display as many

decimal places as the quantity having the

fewest number of decimal places. Properrounding off of numbers should be

observed.

37.68 + 108.428 + 6.71862 = 152.82662

Final answer: 152.83


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Rules on Multiplication and

Division

The answer may only display as many

significant digits as the multiplied or

divided measurement that shows theleast number of significant digits.

2.13 cm x 12.52 cm x 4.125 cm =

2933.53867026 cm3

Final answer: 2930 cm3


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system of measurement

a set of units which can be used

to specify anything which can be

measured for trade or commerce


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English system

traditionally used in the United States

slowly being replaced by metric system

although its use is still prevalent examples are inch, yard and mile for

length or distance; pint, quart and gallon

for volume; and ounce, pound and ton

for weight


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Metric system

units used for scientific measurements

first developed in France during the late

18th

century used in most countries throughout the

world

use prefixes to indicate different powers

of 10

examples are meter (m) for length, liter

(L) for volume and gram (g) for mass


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International System of

Measurements

specific choice of metric units for use in

scientific measurements

it was adapted at the 11th

generalconference of weights and measures in

year 1960 for scientific purpose

its units are called SI units from its

acronym in French: SystmeInternational d Units


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SI base units

fundamental units where other

units are derived


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SI derived units

units derived from SI base units


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Steps in Converting Units

1. determine which unit(s) must be replaced and

what unit(s) will replace it

2. write the unit equivalence in fractional form If the unit(s) to be replaced is at numerator, put that

unit(s) at denominator and the unit(s) that will

replace it at numerator.

If the unit(s) to be replaced is at denominator, putthat unit(s) at numerator and the unit(s) that will

replace it at denominator.

3. multiply the magnitude with the conversion

factor


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1. Convert 2.5 kg to pound (lb).

lb5.5=lb5.5115=kg1

lb2.2046

1

kg2.5

2. Convert 8.0 106 cm3 to m3.

3

336

8.0mcm100

m1

1

cm108.0

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