intolerance and oppression in ivano-frankivsk
TRANSCRIPT
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IntoleranceandOppressioninIvano-Frankivsk
KyleLogan
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Introduc9on
Oncetherewere56synagogues,nowonly1 EvenhadaJewishmayorArthurNimhin(1896-1919)
Ivano-Frankivskusetobeaethnicallymixedcity,todayitislargelyhomogeneous
Manydifferentgroupshavebeenthevic9msofpersecu9oninIvano-Frankivskoverthelastcentury,demographicallythecityhaschanged
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Demographicsofthecity
1900 1921
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Armenian
German
Jewish
Czech
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Other
German
Jewish
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DemographicsoftheCity
1959 1979
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
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DemographicsoftheCity
1989 2001
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
Popula'on
Ukrainian
Polish
Russian
Belarusian
Jewish
Other
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Ivano-FrankivskinWWI
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Ivano-FrankivskduringWWI
Russiansoccupiedthecity:September3,1914February20,1915;March4June8,1915;August11,1916July24,1917
AustriansshelledthecityinFebruary1915inordertoweakentheRussiandefensesthusdestroyingtheRatusha
RussianspersecutedtheJewsinIvano-Frankivskduringtheiroccupa9onjustliketheyhaddoneinpogromspreviouslyacrossCzaristUkraine
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Thalerhof
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Thalerhof
InternmentcampnearGraz,Austriafrom1914-1917forGalicianandBukovinianRussophiles
Over14,000peoplepassedthroughthecampwithat1,767deathsrecorded,thoughmanymorebelievedtohavedied
ThosethatdiedbecameknownasthemartyrsofThalerhofintheinterwareraamongRussophiles
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GalicianGermans
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GalicianGermans
GermansstartedarrivinginIvano-FrankivskaberGaliciabecamepartoftheAustro-HungarianEmpirein1772
MostcameabertheChernivtsi-Lvivrailwaywasfinishedin1866
Seeledalongtherailroad MostwereforcedtoleavewhentheSovietsinvadedabertheMolotov-RibbentropPactandre-seeledinmodernGermanyandGerman-occupiedPoland
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Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)
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Sovietannexa9on:partI(1939-1941)
Sovietsgavemostgovernmentposi9onstoUkrainiansandJews,whilerelega9ngPolestoclericalposi9onsinthenewadministra9on
SovietsencouragedUkrainianstoaeackPolesastheSovietsviewedPolesasthebourgeoisieenemy
School#5wasaninterroga9onKGB/NKVDplacewhere15bodieswerefoundduringrenova9onin2014&KGB/NKVDheadquarterswasinthenowSVUbuildingonSakharovstreet
Sovietdeported95,000peoplefromEasternGalicia(Lviv,Ternopil&StanislawowVoivodeships),with80%beingethnicPoles,10-15%Ukrainiansand5-10%Jews
Sovietskilledanother15,000people
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DemianivLaz
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DemianivLaz In1941theNKVDmurderedatleast524UkrainiansandPolesinPaschnichna,astheRedArmyretreatedfromtheWehrmacht
Manyvic9mswereforcedtodigtheirowngraves TheSovietsusedtheburialsiteasadumpinggroundforconstruc9onmaterialsaberthewarinordertohideevidenceoftheatrocity
Excava9onswerecarriedoutbytheUkrainianbranchoftheMoscow-basedMemorialSocietystar9ngin1989andlastedfor40days
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DemianivLaz
Skeletalremainswerereburiedinadignifiedmannerlaterin1989
359men,159womenand6ofunknowngender Onlyabletoposi9velyiden9fy22of524bodies Around400vic9msnameswereiden9fied Manyvic9mswereshotthroughtheheadorbayonetedthroughthebreasts
Memorialcomplexwithchapelwasopenedin1998
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GermanOccupa9on
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GermanOccupa9on(1941-1944)
UndertheleadershipofHansKrgertheSSmanagedtokill70,000Jewsanddeportanother12,000Jewstodeathcampswithonly25GestapoofficersinkillingmanymembersofthePolishintelligentsia,hehadpreviouslypar9cipatedinthemassacreofPolishprofessorsinLviv
HansKrgerwasdemotedfordiscrepanciesinanauditin1943
RecruitednumerousUkrainiansaspolicementohelp,manyofwhomlaterjoinedtheUkrainianInsurgentArmy
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BloodySundayofStanislawow
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BloodySundayofStanislawow
Naziswiththeirlocalcollaboratorsroundedup6,000to12,000JewsatMarketSquareandeithermarchedorbusedthemtotheNewJewishcemeterynearwherethecitylakeistoday,
Jewswereforcedtojumpintoapit5metersdeepwhereatleast6,000-12,000wereshotonOctober21,1941inaspanof5hours
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Perpetrators&Jus9ce BrothersJohann&WilhelmMauer,bothborninLvivandGalician
GermanswhoworkedfortheGestapoinStanislawowduringWWIIweretriedinSalzburg,Austriain1966forpar9cipa9ngintheBloodySundayMassacreofStanislawowin1941aberbeingiden9fiedbytheSimonWiesenthalCenter,bothwerefoundguiltyandgiven8and12yearsinprison
HansKrger:workedasasalesmaninDortmund,WestGermanyaberthewar,triedtobecomeapoliceofficer,butturneddownbyGermansecurityservices,failedpoli9calcandidateforLeagueofExpellees,indictedbyDortmundProsecu9onOfficein1965,admieedtobeingGestapoheadinStanislawowbelievingnovic9msweres9llalive,thisturnedouttobewrong,foundguiltyin1967andsentencedtolifeinprisonbyacourtinMnster,releasedin1986anddiedtwoyearslater
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StanislawowGheeo
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StanislawowGheeo GermansestablishedaJudenratorJewishcouncilonJuly26,1941
inordertoimplementGermanorders InAugusttheGermansdemandedJewssupply500skilledlaborers,
whotakenawayandkilled,theythoughttheyweregoingtogetjobs
GermansrequiredtheJudenrattoestablishalaborofficewheremenwererequiredtoshowupeverydayforforcedtasks
GheeowasestablishedabertheBloodySundayofStanislawowinOctober1941
TheGermanschosetheoldestandmostneglectedpartofthecityforthegheeo,thoseJewswhowerenotlivinginthegheeowereforcedtomoveintoitinDecember1941
Jewsonlyallowedtoleavethegheeoinordertodoforcedlabor About100JewishpoliceofficersorOrdnungdienstpatrolledinside
thegheeowithUkrainianandGermanSchutzpolizei
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StanislawowGheeo Germansonlyallowed8,000Jewstoremaininthegheeo
aberMarch1942,therestweretransportedtoBelezcExtermina9onCamp,onlythosefittoworkremained
Jewsfromsurroundingcommuni9essuchasKalush,NadvirnaandTlumachthenkilledinsuccessiveexecu9onsintheSicherheitspolizeisHeadquartersandaplacecalledRudolfsMillorRudolfsmhle
BySeptember194211,000JewsremainedinStanislawow Another4,000JewsdeportedtoBelezcExtermina9on
Campinmid-September1942 Deporta9onstoBelezcstoppedinJanuary1943andthe
gheeowasliquidatedinFebruary1943 In1939therewere27,000Jewsby1944only228
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CzarnyLasMassacre
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CzarnyLasMassacre
About250PolishintelligentsiamembersmainlyteachersweremurderedonAugust14-15,1941
Partofthelargeropera9onintelligencetoeliminatethePolishintelligentsiabytheGermans
BroughttoaplaceintheforestnearthevillageofPawelczewheretheywerekilled
Themassgravewasnotdiscoveredun9l1988 Monumentsandplaquesplacedatthesitein1991and2011
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14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)
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14thWaffenGrenadierDivisionoftheSS(1stGalician)
July1943-May1945 RecruitedfromethnicUkrainiansinGalicia Onlyfoughtcommunistforces Between12,000and25,000menduringexistence PartoftheWaffenSS ServedinUkraine,Slovakia,Austria HopedthatbyworkingwithGermansUkrainewouldgainindependence SomeUkrainianna9onalistssupportedthem,othersdidnot Par9cipatedinkillingofPolesinmodernUkraine:HutaPieniacka(TernopilOblast),
Pidkamin(LvivOblast),&Palykorovy(LvivOblast) WerenotdeportedbacktoUkraineaberWWIIbecausepreviouslyPolishci9zens MostreseeledasdisplacedpersonsinCanada,UK,USA,GermanyandAustralia
aberWWII ReveredtodaybyUkrainianna9onalists UkrainianDivisionStreetinIvano-Frankivsknamedintheirhonor
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Stalag371
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Stalag371 PrisonersweretransferredfromaPOWCampintheLangwasserdistrictofNuremberg
August1942-January1944about2,000DutchPOWswereheldattheDubrovaPrison
5DutchPOWsdied,4areburiedintheprisongrounds,
10DutchPOWssuccessfullyescapedwiththehelpoftheUkrainianInsurgentArmy
ThePOWsweretransferredtoaanotherPOWCampinNeu-BrandenburgastheRedArmyadvancedandwereliberatedin1945
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POWCamp304
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POWCamp304 Around4,500Germanand500HungarianPOWswerehousedintheformerJewishgheeoinApril1945
ByAugust1945,only1600POWsremainedinIvano-Frankivsk
SeveralplacesfordeceasedPOWsarelocatedinthecity,butnomarkerisvisiblecurrentlyanywhere
CampwasformerlyclosedbydecreeonNovember29,1946andallPOWsweretransferredtootherPOWcampsintheUSSR
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SovietIncorpora9on
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SovietIncorpora9on
SovietsmergedtheGreek-CatholicChurchwiththeRussianOrthodoxChurch(MoscowPatriarch)
RomanCatholicChurchwasoutrightbanned Industry,businessandpropertywasna9onalized EthnicPolesdeportedtoPoland Massivere-seelingofethnicRussiansandotherSovietna9onali9estoreplacethepre-warpopula9onkilledorexpelled
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UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes
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UkrainianInsurgentArmycrimes Es9mated18,400PolesweremurderedjustinStanislawow
VoivodeshipbyUPAduringWWII UPAhopedtheSovietsandGermanswouldkilleachotheroffand
PolesweremostnumerousethnicityinWesternUkraineaberUkrainians
ManyUPAfighterspreviouslyservedtheGermanoccupyingauthori9es
Frommid-1944theUPAturnedtheiraeen9ontotheRedArmy Ac9onsclassifiedasgenocidebythePolishSjem Killedbetween60,000to100,000PolesinWesternUkraine AssistedinthekillingofJewsthroughoutUkraine,manymembers
heldan9-Semi9cviews Killedaround20,000Ukrainianciviliansbetween1944-1950and
10,000Sovietsoldiers
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Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII
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Persecu9onofUkrainiansinWesternUkraineaberWWII
Between1944-1953theSovietsinWesternUkrainekilled153,000Ukrainians,arrested134,000Ukrainiansanddeportedanother203,000UkrainianstosuchdistantplacesasKomiRepublic,IrkutskOblast,KrasnoyarskKrai,andKazakhstan.
Thisequalsabout490,000people;almosteveryfamilyinWesternUkrainehadafamilymemberkilled,arrestedordeported
Majorityofthosedeportedwerewomenandchildren Manyofthosedeportedwereneverallowedtoreturn
toWesternUkraine
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PolishDeporta9ons
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PolishDeporta9ons Between1944-1949:787,674peopleweredeportedfromUkrainianSSRtoPolandoutofatotalof1,517,983fromUSSRintotal
75,900PoleswerefromStanislawowVoidovship Deporta9onsdidnotapplytoethnicPoleswhohadSovietci9zenshipbeforeWWII
ThoseofmixedPolishorJewishethnicitywereallowedtochooseSovietorPolishci9zenship
482,000ethnicUkrainianswerealsoforcedtomovetotheSovietUnionfromPoland
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PolishDeporta9ons
Policywascompletede-Polinisa9onofformerPolishlandswithreseelingethnicUkrainiansfromwestofCurzonlineinformerPolishterritoriesandre-namingplaces
MostPolesfromUkrainewerereseeledinWesternPoland,whichthelocalGermanpopula9onhadbeenexpelledattheendofWWII
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ErasingEthnicFootprint
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Erasingethnicfootprint OldJewishCemetery:burialsstartedin1662andstoppedin1930,bulldozedin
early1960sinordertobuildtheCosmosMovieTheaterwhichopenedin1963 StanislavNecropolis:burialsstartedin1782andstoppedin1955,bulldozedin
1980inordertomaketheformernecropolisintoapark,only11gravesoffamouspeoplewerespared
EvangelicalAugsburgCathedral:finishedin1885anddetonatedin1970inordertobuildtheIvano-FrankivskOblastAcademicMusicandDramaTheater
ChurchoftheVirginMarywasclosedandgiventoIvano-FrankivskOilandNaturalGasUniversityin1965andbecameanartmuseumin1980
ArmenianChurchwasamuseumofspaceandatheismfrom1971-1990 PartoftheNewJewishCemeterywasdestroyedinordertobuildtheCityLakein
the1950s ChristtheKingMonastery:school,policesta9on,furniturewarehouseandstate
archivesduringSovietperiod ChurchofChristtheKing(RomanCatholic):abandonedfrom1947-1954,thena
bookdepositoryandclothingwarehouse HolyTrinityCathedral:Sovietwarehouse
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SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk
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SovietJewsofIvano-Frankivsk OldJewishCemeteryfoundedin1662wasbulldozedinorderto
buildtheCosmosmovietheaterinearly1960s,itwasclosedforburialin1930
TheNewJewishCemeterystartedburialsin1926 1964thecitygovernmenterectedamonumentattheNewJewish
CemeterythattheNaziskilledmorethan100,000peacefulSovietci9zensandprisonersofothercountriesduringtheiroccupa9on,itdidnotmen9onthewordJewsatall
AllburialsintheNewJewishCemeterystoppedin1967withtheSix-DayWarbetweenIsraelanditsArabneighbors,theUSSRbrokeoffdiploma9crela9onswithIsrael
Since1967allJewsofIvano-FrankivskwereburiedintheoldcitycemeteryonKyivStreetandlaterinthevillageofChukalivka
Thesynagoguewasgivenin1954totheMedicalUniversityandusedasagymnasiumandlecturehallun9lthefalloftheUSSR
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Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk
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Post-SovietJewsinIvano-Frankivsk 1991-themainsynagoguewasreturnedtotheJewishcommunity,buttheywereunabletomaintainthewholebuildingandsorentedoutpartsofthebuilding
2002CongressofUkrainianNa9onalistsrequestdemographicinfoonmembersofVerkhovaRadatoguardagainstcosmopolitanismacode-wordforJewishinfluence
2009Vandalsspraypaintswas9kasongravesintheNewJewishCemeteryontheanniversaryofBloodySundayofStanislaw
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WarpedPost-Sovietview
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WarpedPost-Sovietview Svboda,RightsSector,andCongressofUkrainianNa9onalistshavealargepoli9cal
presenceinthecity 2003:amonumentoutsidetheonlyfunc9oningsynagogueinthecitywasinstalled
tohonorthememoryofnottheover27,000Jewskilled,but15Ukrainianna9onalistsgunneddownbytheGestapoagainstthesynagoguewall,thestreetwasrenamedabertheexecutedna9onalistsin2010
2004:OleyTyahnybok,leaderofSvbodapartyischargedwithinci9ngethnichatredbythePublicProsecutorsOfficeofIvano-FrankivskOblast,heiseventuallyacquieedofallchargesunderpoli9calpressureonMarch31,2005
Noholocaustmemorialinthecenterofthecity,justatthenewJewishcemeterybytheCityLakepaidforbyAmericanandIsraeliJews
NomemorialtothedeportedGermansorPoles ManystreetsnamedaberOUN&UPAmembers:EugeneKonovalets,Stepan
Bandera,SlavaStetsko,andHeroesofUPA StatuesandplaquesadornthecitywithmembersofOUN&UPA:StepanBandera,
StepanLenkavsky,EugeneKonovalets,StepanLenkavskyandothers
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Problemswithtolerance
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ProblemswithTolerance July22,2015:Womanaeacksandinsultsdark-skinnedforeignersin
downtownIvano-Frankivsk August22,2015:scufflebetweenArabstudentsplayingmusicfrom
theircarandATOveterans December22,2015:2JordanianMedicalStudentsseduce2female
minorsandthengivethemtoArabmedicalstudentsinTernopilwheretheyaresexuallyassaulted,foundguiltylaterinMarch2016
January22,2016:Azovcivilianregimentalongwithotherfar-rightgroupsholdamarchofjus9cetodemandremovalofrectorfromIFMedicalUniversity,thefullweightofjus9cetobeappliedtoforeignstudentandthensmoked-bombedadormitoryatIFOilandNaturalGasUniversityhousingforeignstudents
April15,2016:MayorRuslanMartsinkivdemandsthatforeignersshouldhavelimitedaccesstosellinggoodsatthemarket
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Ques9onstoanswer
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Ques9onstoanswer
Whois/arethevic9msinIvano-Frankivsk? WhatshouldthecitycouncilofIvano-Frankivskdoinordertoremembertheallvic9ms?
Whatdidyoufindthemostinteres9ngaboutthispresenta9on?