interpersonal skills decision - making stage 3 physical education social dimensions

INTERPERSONAL SKILLS

DECISION - MAKINGStage 3 Physical Education

SOCIAL DIMENSIONSSOCIAL DIMENSIONS

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Contents Contents

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1. Leadership 2. Chelladurai's Multidimensional Model of Leadership3. Leadership Status for Sport (LSS)4. Sociograms5. Group dynamics - teams / groups6. Group Dynamics - stages of group development7. Group Dynamics – roles / norms8. Group cohesion9. Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion10. Factors affecting cohesion11. Measuring cohesiveness12. Developing cohesion13. Benefits of cohesion

©PE STUDIES REVISION SEMINARS

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Contents Contents

13. Barriers to cohesion14. Social Loafing 15. Change management15. Resistance to change16. Managing change17. Ethics in sport18. Making ethical decisions19. Decision making20. Life coaching and change management21. Equity and social justice22. Barriers to, and promoting physical activity in different groups23. Solution focused decision making24. Appreciative enquiry 25. Critical thinking26. References

©PE STUDIES REVISION SEMINARS

Required behaviour

Actualbehaviour

Preferred behaviour

Situational characteristics

Leader characteristics

Member characteristics

Factors / Antecedents*Factors / Antecedents* Leader BehaviourLeader Behaviour ConsequencesConsequences

Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership

Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).Chelladurai’s Multidimensional Model of Leadership (MDML).

Diagram reproduced with permission from P Chelladurai

Member Satisfaction

Group Performance

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Chelladurai’s MDML states that a leader will be more effective if the team’s satisfaction with the leader is high. A team which is not satisfied with its leader will not demonstrate the same level of performance and satisfaction.

A leader’s behaviour is influenced by 3 factors (antecedents);

1.Situational CharacteristicsThe environment in which the leader is performing in, including whether the group is large or small, elite or social, a team or individual sport, and the game’s relative importance.

2.Leader (personal) characteristics including past experiences, temperament, personal qualities, skills, expected standards, decision making styles.

3.Group member characteristicsThe gender, age, skill level, cultural background, motivation and experience of the player group affects the manner in which the coach behaves.


Group satisfaction

and performance at its highest

If a leader is required to behave in a specific manner (1) in a certain environment and does so (2), and if this behaviour is what is preferred by the group (3), then there is a high likelihood that the group will be satisfied with the leader and the way in which they are being led and a higher level of performance result.



Green arrow from one player (represented by a circle) to another, indicates support for this person as a leader.

Red arrow indicates rejection as a leader

What can the coach learn? Well supported as leader. No rejections. Suitable vice captains. Less support but no rejections No support 2 rejections Avoid using as leader!

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Determining Leadership in a Netball TeamDetermining Leadership in a Netball Team

The number in circle shows the number of players who support her as a leader

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Leadership SociogramsLeadership Sociograms

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Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics• Group Dynamics refers to the interactive nature of individuals within the

contexts of a group.

• A group is a collection of at least two individuals who interact over a period of time, develop a collective identity and who have shared interests, norms and values eg weight watchers groups, study groups, social groups.

• A group can have common goals but the group does not depend on all members to perform in order to achieve these goals eg aerobics classes can achieve different results within the group.

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An aerobics class is a group because the members have common goals – fitness / weight loss - but do not depend on each other for success in achieving these goals.

One member could have great results whilst another could have poor results due to the effort they put in. One does not affect the other.

An aerobics class is a group because the members have common goals – fitness / weight loss - but do not depend on each other for success in achieving these goals.

One member could have great results whilst another could have poor results due to the effort they put in. One does not affect the other.


Group Cohesion• Group cohesion is a term used to describe the extent to which a

group stays together and united in the pursuit of the common goals and objectives.

• Group cohesion has two components – task and social cohesion;

Group Cohesion

Task Cohesion - how committed are the team members to achieving their predetermined goal.

How much are group members prepared to put in and sacrifice to achieve their aim?

Task Cohesion - how committed are the team members to achieving their predetermined goal.

How much are group members prepared to put in and sacrifice to achieve their aim?

Social cohesion - the degree to which team members enjoy being together.

A socially cohesive group remain together regardless of the outcome of task outcomes

Social cohesion - the degree to which team members enjoy being together.

A socially cohesive group remain together regardless of the outcome of task outcomes

Group CohesionGroup Cohesion


ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS•Contractual responsibility•Organisational orientation

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS•Contractual responsibility•Organisational orientation

PERSONAL FACTORS•Individual orientation•Satisfaction•Individual differences

PERSONAL FACTORS•Individual orientation•Satisfaction•Individual differences

LEADERSHIP FACTORS•Leadership behaviour•Leadership style•Coach-athlete personalities

LEADERSHIP FACTORS•Leadership behaviour•Leadership style•Coach-athlete personalities

TEAM FACTORS•Group task•Desire for group success•Group productivity norm•Team ability•Team stability

TEAM FACTORS•Group task•Desire for group success•Group productivity norm•Team ability•Team stability

COHESION•Task cohesion•Social cohesion

GROUP OUTCOMES•Team stability•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness

GROUP OUTCOMES•Team stability•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness

INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES•Behavioural consequences•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness•Satisfaction

INDIVIDUAL OUTCOMES•Behavioural consequences•Absolute performance effectiveness•Relative performance effectiveness•Satisfaction

Diagram reproduced with permission from A Carron

Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion - 1982 Carron’s Model of Group Cohesion - 1982

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Measuring Cohesiveness In Sporting Teams

Cohesiveness in sporting teams can be measured using;

1. Sociograms The players are asked to describe their interpersonal relationships within thegroup – who they like, who they don’t like and a sociogram is developed fromthe responses (similar to leadership sociogram but the focus of the questionschanges). The coach can then use this information to try and improve cohesiveness within the team.• Who are the 2 players you like ?• Which player do you find it hard to get on with?

Group CohesionGroup Cohesion

FG

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B

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C

Identify: 2 personality clashes; Hardest player to get on with; Most popular player

Identify: 2 personality clashes; Hardest player to get on with; Most popular player


• Pressure to win at any cost. Players, coaches and managers jobs rely on producing results, not on producing narrow defeats.

• Huge contracts and fame available to elite players• Unrealistic expectations from the fans, coaches and club owners put

added pressure onto the players to perform at a higher level.

What factors contribute towards a decline in ethical behaviour?

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Ethics In SportEthics In Sport

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Marion Jones – lost her Olympic gold medals after admitting to drug use

Marion Jones – lost her Olympic gold medals after admitting to drug use

Lance Armstrong has won the Tour De France on 7 occasions. He has never tested positive to drugs but many are suspicious about his level of excellence.

Lance Armstrong has won the Tour De France on 7 occasions. He has never tested positive to drugs but many are suspicious about his level of excellence.


Equity and Social JusticeEquity and Social Justice

Strategies To Increase Female Participation

•Increase public awareness of female sport

•Increase opportunities for females to compete

•Increase prize money to make sport a viable profession – prize money is the

same for men and women at Wimbledon.

•Increase the number of female officials, coaches, managers.

•Increase levels of sponsorship and scholarships available to females

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Sunday Footy Show reporter Emily Barker doing what was once

considered to be a “male only” job.

Sunday Footy Show reporter Emily Barker doing what was once

considered to be a “male only” job.

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Melissa Yates officiating the

Bulldogs Vulcan's game at Crest

Stadium.

Melissa Yates officiating the

Bulldogs Vulcan's game at Crest

Stadium.


Solution - Focused Decision MakingSolution - Focused Decision MakingStages of Appreciative Inquiry


interpersonal skills decision - making stage 3 physical education social dimensions

Documents

player group

group member characteristics

group development

group dynamics stages

group dynamics teams

leaders behaviour

group dynamics roles

leadership status