international student conference on climate change- johanesburg 2011
TRANSCRIPT
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Involving forest-dependent communities in
Climate Change Mitigation:
Challenges and Opportunities for Successful
Implementation of REDD+ in Tanzania
Presentation for:
INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE
AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS
Johannesburg, South Africa.
29 & 31 August 2011
Thabit Jacob, MSc.Candidate
Institute of Resource Assessment
University of Dar es Salaam
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Outline of presentation
Background to the presentation
What is REDD
Highlight of REDD negotiations under the UNFCC
Forest resource and degradation in Tanzania
Background to REDD+ Program in Tanzania REDD+ Pilot projects in Tanzania
Opportunities from REDD+
Risk of poor involvement of forest- dependent communities
Challenges likely to face REDD+ Implementation in Tanzania
Conclusion
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Background to the Presentation
This presentation is based on
preliminary reflection of an ongoing 5
years research programme
undertaken collaboratively between
Tanzanian and Norwegian universities
The methodology is based on an
extensive literature review and
several expert interviews.
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WHAT IS REDD+ Deforestation and forest degradation accounts for some 17% of
global greenhouse gas emissions, more than the entire globaltransport sector put together.
Being a large source, forests could, however, be turned into great
sinks. This demands halting deforestation and regenerating degradedforests.
REDD stands for reducing emissions from deforestation and
degradation plus (+) sustainable management of forest,conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.
It is an important part of global policies to address climate change.
REDD seeks to reduce emissions from the forest sector in developingcountries
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WHAT IS REDD+.....
The basic idea behind REDD+ is simple: Countries that are willing and
able to reduce emissions from deforestation should be financially
compensated for doing so.
Previous approaches to curb global deforestation have so far been
unsuccessful, and REDD provides a new framework to allowdeforesting countries to break this historical trend.
With REDD+, we may significantly reduce global emissions at a
reasonable cost, while also taking due account of the rights andlivelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities.
It also present opportunities for improving biodiversity, rainfall
patterns and soil quality, and helping developing forest countries
adapt to climate change.
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Global GHG sources by sector
Source, IPCC 2007
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Time
CarbonStocks
With REDD activity
CO2 emissionsavoided
Baseline (withoutproject)
Reduced Emissions from Deforestationand forest Degradation (REDD)
Field activities need to use specific, robust methodologies to measureand monitor baselines and increases in forest carbon or reductions ofemissions and these are complex!
Adopted from P. Z. Yanda (2010)
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REDD+ Negotiations - Highlights
Kyoto protocol addressed afforestation and reforestation strategies but deforestation andforest degradation were excluded.
In 2005 REDD was thus reintroduced in UNFCCC negotiations in Montreal at COP 11
in December 2007 in Bali at the COP 13 of UNFCCC, It was formally proposed for inclusionin the official negotiation agenda for a post 2012 regime.
Discussions continued at COP 14 in Poznan, Poland, in December 2008
In 2009 consensus was reached at the COP 15 held in Copenhagen Denmark
Copenhagen agreement was followed by international commitments and funding pledges to
REDD pilot countries including Tanzania.
Recently at the COP 16 in Cancun in Mexico, issues such as sustainable financing andrights of forest-dependant communities were high on the agenda.
More discussion are expected later this year when Durban will host COP 17
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Forest resource and degradation in Tanzania
Forests and woodland cover about 33.5 mill. ha in Tanzania. This isapproximately 38 % of total land area.
There is a significant deforestation in Tanzania with a rate in the range
100.000 500.000 ha/year (FAO & MNRT)
Major drivers for deforestation/forest degradation are agriculturalexpansion, needs for timber, fuel wood and charcoal production,fodder and livestock grazing.
Forest degradation is also prevalent in Tanzania, both in reservedforests and on general land. The rate is estimated around 500.000ha/year.
There is significant climate mitigation potential in Tanzanias forest
sector
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Background to REDD+ Program in Tanzania
With partnership from the Norgwenia government, the UN REDD
Programme, Clinton foundation and other doners Tanzania embarked onREDD+ initiative back in 2008 in what is known as REDD READNESS
phase
The partneship focus on; developing PILOT PROJECTS test theeffectiveness of the REDD mechanism; developing technologies for
measuring carbon sequestration; and promoting research and capacity
building programmes related to climate change challenges
It expected that experiences from such pilots and in-depth studies will
provide inputs to the development of the REDD Strategy
The national REDD strategy is currently a draft document being
reviewed by various stakeholders
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REDD+ PILOT PROJECTS IN TANZANIA
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Opportunities from REDD+
REDD has the potential to achieve significant multiplebenefits;
Has the potential to deliver large cuts in emissions at a low
cost within a short time frame
Poverty alleviation
Improving governance (accountability in benefit sharing)
Conserving biodiversity
Provision of other environmental services, water
quality/regulation and soil conservation among others.
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RISK OF POOR INVOLVEMENT OF FOREST- DEPENDENT
COMMUNITIES
exclusion from decision-making due to centralized , top-down forest management
Renewed state control over forests
Violations of rights over forests and forest resources
Land speculation land grabbing
Risks of eviction of these communities from their land
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Challenges likely to face REDD+
Implementation in Tanzania
Insecure tenure is a major issue, which is likely to make investmentsunattractive.
Also without formal tenure rights to land or carbon, there are risks
that traditional land, forest, and resource rights of these communities
will be violated.
REDD+ could act as an incentive for government or investors to occupy
poorly defined surplus land.
land grabbing and exclusion by the more powerful (including
government) will affect the poor and landless people to a great deal.
Lack of clarity over rights to carbon and lack of access to legal systems
even where rights are well defined may exclude poor people
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Challenges cont....
Establishing and maintaining clear benefit sharing systems
is a demanding task with previous initiatives (WMA, PFM,
JFM) proved ineffective and controversial
High transaction costs of implementing REDD+ in areas
where forests (or their ownership) are fragmented, may
exclude communities from REDD+ schemes.
Lack of regular, reliable, specific and accurate database for
computing baseline emissions. This is likely to affect the
establishment of regular and efficient monitoring systems
for accurate quantification of carbon stock
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Way Forward
Improve tenure security to strengthen local resource rights,including customary rights.
Research capacity in regards to baseline conditions and
measurements of carbon
There is a need for greater political understanding and
commitment
Understanding of markets and other funding mechanisms
Enhance transparency and accountability
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Conclusion
Tanzania expects to learn more from the ongoing
pilot (demonstration) projects
Tanzania must also continue engagement with
UNFCCC climate change talks and COPs particularlythe upcoming conference in Duran to protect gains
already achieved and push for more
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Thank you
Thabit Jacob: [email protected]