international journal of scientific & technical...

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT(An International Research Journal) Abbreviation: IJSTD

ISSN: 2348-4047Volume 2 - Nov., 2015

U/S 2(f) of the UGC Act 1956 & Member, Association of Indian Universities (AIU)

Technical Development

Abbreviation: IJSTD

An official publication of

University School of EngineeringDesh Bhagat University

Amloh Road, Mandi Gobindgarh,Fatehgarh Sahib-147301

Punjab, INDIA

.

International Journal of Scientific and

(An International Research Journal)

ISSN 2348-4047 (Print)

Volume 2, Nov. 2015

Phone : 01765-520531 www.dbuijstd.org E-mail: [email protected]

2

Volume-2, November-2015

Contents

Title: Page Number

Structural and Multiferroic Properties of Non Lead Based BNTKNNLTS-NFO NanocompositesMegha Thakur, Mintu Tyagi 1*

1-5

Assessment of Effects of Industrial Effluents on Ground Water Quality in Chandigarh, PunjabArchana Tomar*

6-11

Morpho-physiological change in growth characteristics of four varieties of Cicer

arietinum (L.) seedlings in response to salt stress

Harvinder Kaur Sidhu* and Manjit Kaur Bhangu**

12-19

Structural and Magnetic Properties BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 Nanocomposite Thin Films.Binod Kumar, Mintu Tyagi*,

20-23

Fluoride Removal From Ground Water Using Low Cost AdsorbentsGaurav Thakur*

24-27

Vibrational behaviour of tapered Square Plate under Simply Supported Boundary ConditionAnmol, Narinder Kaur*

28-32

An analytical investigation of the effect of exponential temperature variation on the vibration of square plateSonali Jain, Narinder Kaur*

33-38

International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015

Page1

Structural and Multiferroic Properties of Non Lead Based BNTKNNLTS-NFO Nanocomposites

Megha Thakur, Mintu Tyagi 1*

Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India

Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Multiferroic composites of modified BNT based composition (1-x)(BNTKNNLTS)-(x)NFO

where, x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 were synthesized by sol-gel method and it’s structural, ferroelectric and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite indicate the existence of distinct peaks of BNT and NFO phases. It is shown that the samples exhibit both good magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The samples showed a well saturated polarization-electric field hysteresis loops. The remnant polarization and saturation polarization values are decreased with increasing ferrite content. Room temperature (RT) magnetic measurements show that composites are soft magnetic.Keywords: Magnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, composite

Introduction

The investigations based on piezoelectric–

ferrite particulate ME composite includes

PZT, BT and BFO etc. as the piezoelectric

constituents and CoFe2O4 (CFO) and

NiFe2O4 (NFO) as the magnetostrictive

componets [1-5]. However, high

piezoelectric coefficient (d33 600pm/V) and

high electromechanical coupling coefficient

(kp ~ 0.7) of PZT is difficult to match with

other non lead based piezoelectric materials

[3-5]. Among the other alternatives of non-

lead based piezoelectric oxides BNT is one

of the widely studied piezoelectric material

possessing a high Curie temperature (Tc) ~

340 °C and large remanent polarization (Pr)

~ 38 µC/cm2. However, its high coercivity

(Ec ~ 70 kV/cm) makes it difficult to pole

and thus have a smaller piezoelectric

coefficient (d33 ~ 70 pC/N) [137-140].

Therefore, to improve its piezoelectric

properties, BNT has been modified with

solid solutions as BNTKNNLT (as

discussed in section 6.1). The studies on

BNT based particulate composite is very

scarce; the few reported studies on BNT-

CFO based particulate composite has shown

evidence of magnetoelectric response in

such systems [6]. However, in these reports,

pure BNT has been used as their

piezoelectric component. Similarly, NFO

has been used as the magnetostrictive

counterpart [7-10]. In this work, the

piezoelectric (BNT) and the

magnetostrictive (NFO) components have

been used to achieve their best optimal

properties. Using them, we prepared (1-

x)BNTKNNLTS– x NFO (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2,

0.3) (0-3) particulate composite series and

their structural, magnetic, dielectric and

magnetoelectric properties have been

investigated.

Experimental

High purity bismuth nitrate

[Bi(NO3)3.5H2O], nickel nitrate

Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, iron nitrate

[Fe(NO3)3.9H2O], sodium carbonate

Na2CO3, titanium isoproxide TiC12H28O4

citric acid C6H8O7, and acetyl-acetone

C5H8O2 of Sigma Aldrich (99.99%) were

used for synthesis. In the first step, BNT

and CZFMO were individually prepared by

standard sol-gel method followed by

calcination at 700ºC for 3h [9]. The powders

of BNT and NFO were thoroughly mixed in

desired weight ratio and pressed into

cylindrical pellets of 10 mm diameter at a

pressure of 12.5 MPa. The pellets were

sintered at 900°C for 4h in ambient

atmosphere. Phase analysis of the samples

were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD)


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using CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178Ǻ)

(Philips X-pert PRO). The microstructural

study of sintered sample was carried out on

fractured surface using scanning electron

microscope (SEM) (JEOL JSEM 6510VL).

Room temperature (R-T) polarization-

electric field (P-E) loops were measured

using ferroelectric tester (Radiant Precision

Premier II Technology). Magnetization-

applied magnetic field (M-H) loops were

measured using a superconducting quantum

interference device (SQUID) (Quantum

Design’s MPMS XL7) up to maximum field

of 10 kOe.

Results and discussions

XRD studies

Figure. 1 display the XRD pattern (in the 2θ

ranges of 20°–70°) of BNTKNNLTS, 90-

10, 80-20 and NFO samples. XRD of

composite samples consist of all the

characteristic peaks of NFO and

BNTKNNLTS phases. No other secondary

phases are identified, which implies no

significant chemical reaction has taken

place at the piezoelectric-ferrite interface

during the high temperature sintering

process (which is essential for proper

composite formation). Intensity of X-ray

reflections corresponding to magnetic phase

increases with increasing magnetic content

in the composites.

Fig.1: Room temperature XRD patterns of BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1)

SEM analysis

Fig. 2(a)-2(c) shows the SEM micrographs

(Magnification = 25 kX) of fracture surface

of BNTKNNLTS, 90-20 and pure NFO

samples respectively. All the samples show

close packed grain structures. The average

grain sizes calculated using mean linear

intercept method are found ~ 1 µm (for

BNTKNNLTS) and ~ 0.6 µm (for NFO)

respectively. The addition of NFO promotes

reduction in the grain size. This reduction in

grain size could be the result of pinning

action byNFO in the composite[11].

Fig. 2: SEM images of BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.2, 1).

Ferroelectric properties

Fig.3 display the room temperature

polarization versus electric field (P-E)

hysteresis loops for BNTKNNLTS-NFO

with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1) at 1 Hz

frequency. A driving ac field with

maximum strength of 50 kV/cm is used for

all samples. All samples exhibit the

saturated hysteresis loops. As shown in

Fig.3 the BNTKNNLTS (P r ~27 µC/cm2

and Ec ~22 kV/cm). However, the Pr values

of composite samples decrease from 20 ~

µC/cm2 (90-10) to ~10 µC/cm2 (70-30). The


Page3

lossy behavior observed in 70-30 sample

could be attributed to the increases

conductivity (as also observed from

dielectric constant and loss spectra) due to

increases ferrite content (30%) in the

composite sample[12, 13].

Fig.3 Room temperature P-E loops taken for BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1).

Magnetic properties

M-H hysteresis loop is recorded for 90-10

composite sample for which we observed

optimal good ferroelectric properties. The

composite shows a well saturated hysteresis

loop at 300 K, presented in Fig. 4. The

value of remanent magnetization (Mr) is

found to be ~ 0.15 emu/g (inset of Fig. 4.

When compared with the pure NFO [14,

15], these values show that the magnetic

character of NFO is suppressed in the

composite sample owing to the presence of

a large molar percentage (90%) of

diamagnetic BNTKNNLTS.

Fig.4 Room temperature M-H loop recorded for 90-10 composite sample.

Magnetoelectric properties

Fig. 5 demonstrates the variations of αE

with H for all composite samples. Prior to

measurements, all samples were electrically

poled along the thickness of the pellet in the

field of 4 kV/cm. The magnetoelectric

coupling coefficient (α = dE/dH), is a

measure of induced electric field (E) in the

sample when a dc magnetic field, Hbias

(superimposed by an ac magnetic field (Hac)

of fixed amplitude ~1 Oe and frequency ~1

kHz) is applied. The saturated λ11 values for

NFO and composite were ~ -35× 10-6 and ~

-9× 10-6 at ~ 1000 Oe field respectively. The

corresponding ME coefficient α ~ 57

(mV/cm.Oe) was observed. It can be seen

from the Fig. 5 that αE initially found to

increase with increasing H, attains a peak at

~ 1000 Oe field and decreases with further

increase in H.

Fig.5 The ME coupling coefficient versus dc magnetic field, for 90-10 composite sample

4. Conclusions

In conclusion, we present a lead free

multiferroic (0-3) particulate composites

(1−x)[BNTKNNLTS] −x NFO with (x = 0,

0.1, 0.2, 0.3) . A maximum value of αE ~57

mV/cmOe has been observed with x = 0.1

particulate composite, accompanied by

higher d33 of piezoelectric component.The

remanent polarization (Pr) decreases from

~14 μm/cm2 (in 90-10) to ~6 μm/cm2 (in 50-

50) in the series of composite samples. A


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well saturated M-H loop with remanent

magnetization (Mr) ~0.15 emu/g is observed

in 90-10 sample.

5. References

1. Sreenivasulu G, Hari Babu V, Markandeyulu G, Murty B S 2009 Magnetoelectric effect of (100-x)BaTiO3-xNiFe1.98O4 x=20–80 wt % particulate nanocomposites App. Phys. Lett. 94 112902

2. Takenaka T, Maruyama K and Sakata K 1991 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3 System for Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Jap. J. App. Phys 30 2236-2239

3. Takenaka T, Nagata H, Hiruma Y 2009 Phase Transition Temperatures and Piezoelectric Properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 and (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3-Based Bismuth Perovskite Lead-Free Ferroelectric Ceramics 56 1595

4. Hao J, Shen B, Zhai J, Liu C, Li X, Gao X 2013 Switching of morphotropic phase boundary and large strain response in lead-freeternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 system J . Appl. Phys. 113 114106

5. Wang X X, Choy S H, Tang X G, Chan H L W 2005 Dielectric behavior and microstructure of (Bi12Na12)TiO3–(Bi12K12)TiO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics J. Appl. Phys. 97 104101

6. Jarupoom P, Patterson E, Gibbons B, Rujijanagul G, Yimnirun, and Cann D 2011 Lead-free ternary perovskite compounds with large electromechanical Strains App. Phys. Lett. 99 152901

7. Narendra B S, Hsu J H, Chen Y S, Lin J G 2011 Magnetoelectric

response in lead-free multiferroic NiFe2O4–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composites J. Appl. Phys. 109 07D904

8. Srinivas A, Krishnaiah R V, Karthik T, Suresh, Asthana S, Kamat S V 2012 Observation of direct and indirect magnetoelectricity in lead free ferroelectric (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)–magnetostrictive (CoFe2O4) particulate composite App. Phys. Lett. 101 082902

9. Sheikh A D, Fawzi A, Mathe V L 2011 Microstructure-property relationship in magnetoelectric bulk composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 323 740

10. Chang K, Feng W, Chen L Q 2009 Effect of second-phase particle morphology on grain growth kinetics Acta Materialia 57 5229–5236

11. Tu C S, Siny I G, and Schmidt V H 1994 Sequence of dielectric anomalies and high-temperature relaxation behavior in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 Phys. Rev B 49 11550

12. Kounga B, Zhang S, Jo W, Granzow T, and Gel J R 2008 Morphotropic Phase Boundary in (1-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xK0.5Na0.5NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoceramics Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 222902

13. Guo Y, Gu M, Luo H, Liu Y, and Withers R 2011 Composition-Induced Antiferroelectric Phase and Giant Strain in Lead-Free (Nay, Biz)Ti1-xO3(1-x)-xBaTiO3 Ceramics Phys. Rev. B. 83 054118–24

14. Jigong H, Bo S, Jiwei Z, Chunze L, Xiaolong L, Xingyu G 2013 Switching of morphotropic phase boundary and large strain response in lead-free ternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–


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(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 system J. Appl. Phys. 113 114106

15. Pradhan D K, Barik S K, Sahoo S, Puli V S, and Katiyar R S 2013 Investigations on electrical and magnetic properties of Multiferroic [(1-x)Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3-xNi0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4] composites J. Appl. Phys. 1113 44104

16. Gupta A, Chatterjee R 2010 Study of dielectric and magnetic properties of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3–Mn0.3Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.7O4 composite J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 322 1020

17. Kanamadi C M, Pujari L B, Chougule B K 2005 Dielectric behaviour and magnetoelectric effect in xNi0.8Cu0.2Fe2O4+(1-x)Ba0.9Pb0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 ME composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 295 139


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Assessment of Effects of Industrial Effluents on Ground Water Quality in Chandigarh, Punjab

Archana TomarDesh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstruct : Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding, causing the serious problems to environment. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Chandigarh. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 +S cm-1 indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 7.6 mg L-1 .Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. Key Words : Water quality, industrialization, physical parameters

Introduction

The surface of our planet is nearly 71% water,

only 3% of it is fresh. Of these 3% about 75%

is tied up in glaciers and polar icebergs, 24%

in groundwater and 1% is available in the

form of fresh water in rivers,

lakes and ponds suitable for human

consumption [1]. Groundwater is considered

as one of the most precious resource as it not

only fulfills the basic necessities of life

but is also used for industrial and agricultural

development.

In India, more than 60 percent of the irrigation

requirements and 85 percent of drinking water

supplies are dependent on groundwater [2].

Rapid industrialization has resulted in

contamination of both surface and ground

water by sewage, industrial waste and a wide

range of synthetic chemicals [3]. According to

the scientists of National Environmental

Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India,

about 70 % of the available water in India is

polluted [4].

Recently, a lot of studies has been done to

improve the water quality standards [5-8].The

current study is based on the analysis of

groundwater water parameters in industrial

areas of Chandigarh..

Materials and methods

The study was carried out through

experimental method. The sample was

analyzed through experiment. Effluents from

Chandigarh industrial area and was compared

with the standard level of waste water quality

parameters which is the control variable that

already exists.

Study design

The study involved sampling of effluents from

three-industry outlet and at eight selected

points in their vicinity.

Sampling

The study area was divided into eight stations.

The waste water samples were collected for

physico-chemical eight stations of the

surrounding industrial environment. Total

twenty-four samples were collected (eight

samples for physico-chemical) in 100 ml

sterlised bottles.

Collected water samples were analyzed for

physico-chemical characteristics and heavy

metal. Effluent samples were then filtered

through filter paper to remove undesirable

solid and suspended materials. For the


Page7

analysis of Physico-chemical properties of

water such as DO, TDS, pH, EC,

Temperature, different instruments such as

digital DO meter, digital TDS meter, digital

pH meter, digital EC meter, Thermometer

were used.

Analytical procedures

pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, etc. were determined.

Samples were analyzed according to Standard

Methods for Examination of Water and Waste

water [9].

Color and odor

Water color was observed by naked eyes and

odor was felt with nose by direct field

observation.

pH

The pH value of water samples was measured

by taking 50 mL of water in a 100 mL beaker

and immersing the electrode of pH meter

(WTW pH 522, Germany) into samples [10].

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

EC is the measure of the ability of an aqueous

solution to convey an electric current. This

ability depends upon the presence of ions,

their total concentration, mobility, valence and

temperature. EC was determined by

conductivity meter following the procedure of

Richard (1954)[11].

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the measure

of total inorganic salts and other substances

that are dissolved in water. TDS was

determined following the procedure of

Richard (1954) by using Electrical

Conductivity (EC) meter [1].

Dissolved Oxygen (DO)

To measure dissolved oxygen (DO) of water,

100 mL of the collected samples was taken in

a beaker. DO of the samples was measured

with the help of DO meter.

Ionic Constituents

Calcium

Calcium was determined from river water

samples by EDTA titrimetric method using

Na2EDTA as a chelating agent [12, 13].

Phosphate

Phosphate of water samples was determined

colorimetrically by stannous chloride (SnCl2)

method according to the procedure outlined by

APHA (1995) [14].

Potassium and Sodium

Flame emission spectrophotometer (Jenway

PEP7, UK) was used to determine potassium

and sodium contents from water samples

separately using potassium and sodium filters.

Data Analysis

The SPSS software were used for data

analysis and presentation.

Results and Discussions

To evaluate the pollution content eight

samples from different industries were

analyzed for various physical and chemical

parameters. The chemical parameters of water

around the industrial site obtained from the

analyses are presented in the Table 1 and

Table 2. Water quality for agriculture is

tremendously mentionable because it has a

remarkable impact on soil, crop and human

life.

Industrial effluents analysis

pH

The mean pH values of effluent samples

collected from the expelling areas of nearby

water body of different industry have been

presented in Table 1. From the results it was

observed that pH value significantly varied

due to different locations. The pH values

fluctuated between 6.5 to 9.2 indicating

alkalinity of water (Table 1). So, on the basis


Page8

of measured pH of most of the samples

collected from the Chandigarh industrial area

is problematic for long-term irrigation [15].

Color and odor

At first color and odor of effluents of different

industry were observed visually. The observed

color (Table 1) was mauve, dark mauve, grey,

brown, dark brown or black. Therefore, the

waste water is totally unsuitable not only for

aquaculture but also for agricultural purposes.

Odor is an important physical parameter for

determining the quality of effluent water. The

investigation was found that bad organic odor

(Fishy, Foul, and Pungent). The water at the

dumping site emits noxious smell which

means the water is polluted and dangerous for

human health.

Electrical conductivity (EC)

Conductivity is the measure of the capacity

of a solution to conduct electric current. The

electrical conductivity (EC) of all collected

water samples were within the range of

84.87 to 325.58 KS cm-1 (Table 1). Among

the total sample, EC of 5 were less than their

average value and the rest 3 samples were

higher than the average. The highest value

of EC (325.58 KS cm-1) is recorded in

effluent of the sample E6 and the lowest

(84.87 KS cm-1) was obtained in the effluent

sample E3 (Table 1). There were wide

spatial variations in the EC in major

polluting areas of Chandigarh industrial area

[16].

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

The DO of all collected effluent samples was

within the range of 0.28 to 0.72 mg/L (Table

1). DO content should be above 6.0 mg/L for

drinking water, recreation and irrigation.

Table 1: Physicochemical characterization

of effluent samples.

S.No. Sample Color Odor pH TDS EC DO

1 E1 Brown Fishy 6.95 162.8 269.7 0.28

2 E2

Light

Brown Foul 8.75 86.48 160.89 0.5

3 E3

Light

Brown Foul 8.85 43.68 84.87 0.49

4 E4 Brown Fishy 9.2 89.67 176.97 0.51

5 E5 Grey Fishy 7.5 242.15 357.54 0.69

6 E6 Clear Foul 8.72 156.05 325.58 0.3

7 E7 Mauve Fishy 7.69 213.46 315.63 0.72

8 E8

Dark

Mauve Fishy 8.34 158.07 266 0.37

Figure 1: Physicochemical characterization

of effluent samples.

Dissolved oxygen (DO)

The DO of all collected effluent samples was

within the range of 0.28 to 0.72 mg/L (Table

1). DO content should be above 6.0 mg/L for

drinking water, recreation and irrigation.

Total dissolved solids (TDS)

TDS values of the different sampling points

were ranged from 43.68 to 242.15 mg/L

(Table 1). The highest TDS value was

observed at the E5 and the lowest at the E3.

Water that contains more than 1000 mg/L of

dissolved solids usually contains minerals that

give it a distinctive taste or make it unsuitable

for human consumption [17].


Page9

Ionic constituents

The water samples collected from the

polluting areas of Chandigarh industrial areas

were analyzed for determining the amount of

anions like Ca, Na, K and PO4 (Table 2). The

anion chemistry showed that Na and K are the

dominant anions in the industrial effluent with

minor contribution from Ca. Among the 8

waste water samples, all of the samples

showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca

(Table 2).

Phosphate

The phosphate content of test samples

collected from the major polluting areas of

Chandigarh industrial area varied from 2.82 to

9.67 mg/L. Among the collected 8 samples,

the value of 3 and 5 were above and below the

mean value respectively. Out of the total (8)

samples, most of the samples (91.66%) were

higher than the permissible value.

Calcium

The content of Ca in effluent samples varied

from 0 to 9.08 mg/L with an average value of

2.075 mg/L (Table 2). Maximum

concentration of Ca (8.08 mg/L) was observed

in water of E6 while the minimum values (0

mg/L) were recorded in sample 1, 4, 10 and

12.

Sodium

The concentration of Na varied from 32.58 to

74.33 mg/L (Table 4.2). The highest

concentration of Na (75.33 mg mg/L) was

detected at E7 and the lowest concentration

(36.58 mg/L) was detected at E5. In respect of

Na content, all effluent samples under

investigation could safely be applied for long-

term irrigation without any harmful effect on

soils and crops [15].

Potassium

Water for irrigation should satisfy the needs of

soil and plants of the area for normal growth

and crop production. The concentration of K

present in the effluent samples collected from

the major polluting areas of Chandigarh

industrial area were varied from 8.4 to 25.3

mg/L (Table 2).

Table 2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+

and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents.

Figure 2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+

and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents.

Conclusions

S.No.Sample

CodeCa Na K PO4

1 E1 Trace 57.35 25.3 9.58

2 E2 2.07 51.97 24.2 8.49

3 E3 2.8 62.71 22.8 3.41

4 E4 Trace 57.23 17.3 9.67

5 E5 0.39 32.58 8.4 2.82

6 E6 9.08 67.46 8.9 3.34

7 E7 4.14 74.33 23.04 3.97

8 E8 2.06 74.17 14.6 3.05


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Overall, the study has shown that the

effluents from industries have negative

impact on the water quality of the

receiving streams. Therefore from the

analysis it is showed that all the tested

parameters (physicochemical) of effluents

were not infected (EC, Ca, Na, K, and

TDS), hence due to presence of one or

several incongruities (pH, color, odor,

DO, PO4) among the tested parameters in

a specific sample disrupted the quality to

use as irrigation. Although the values in

some cases were lower than the maximum

allowable limits, the continued discharge

of un-treated effluents in the stream may

result in severe accumulation of the

contaminants.

With increased industrial activities in

Chandigarh, the load of nutrients and

pollutants entering the receiving streams

will continue to increase and further

diminish the quality of water.

Introduction of cost-effective cleaner

production technologies must be

enforced, such as effluent recycling. It is

therefore recommended that careless

disposal of the effluents should be

discouraged and there is need for each

industry to install an effluent treatment

plant and its proper implication with a

view to treat wastes before being

discharged.

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11. Richard LA 1954: Diagnoses and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agriculture Hand Book 60 USDA, USA.

12. Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR 1982: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part-2, 2nd edition. American Society of Agrononomy, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 98-765

13. Singh KP, Parwana HK 1999: Ground Water Pollution due to Industrial Waste Water in Punjab State and Strategies for Its Control. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 19(4) 241-244.

14. Ghosh AB, Bajaj JC, Hasan R, Singh D 1983: Soil and Water Testing Methods. A Laboratory Manual, Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi, India. pp. 1-48.

15. Rao BK, Panchaksharjah S, Patil BN, Narayana A, Kaiker DLS 1982: Chemical composition of irrigation waters from selected parts of Bijpur district, Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(4) 426-432.

16. Ayers RS, Westcot DW 1985: Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29(1) 4096.

17. Singh AP, Brar CL, Arora CL 2001: Effect of Tannery Complex Effluents on the Composition of Raw Sewage Water for Irrigation of Crops. Research of Punjab Agricultural University, 38(3-4) , pp. 153-161.


Page12

Morpho-physiological change in growth characteristics of four varieties of Cicer arietinum (L.) seedlings in

response to salt stress

Harvinder Kaur Sidhu* and Manjit Kaur Bhangu**

* Research Cell, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh.

[email protected]

**P.G. Department of Botany, Khalsa College, Amritsar.

Abstract: The effect of presoaking salinity stress of

0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on

germination potential, radicle length and plumule length

after different intervals of time was studied in four

varieties of Cicer arietinum i.e. PBG1, PBG 5, BG

1053 and GPF2. Various physiological parameters like

fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content, relative

growth rate and vigour index of seedlings were also

significantly influenced by various salt concentrations.

Key words: Salinity stress, germination potential,

vigour index, relative growth rate, seed size.

Introduction

The genus Cicer belongs to the monogeneric

tribe Cicerae and includes about 40 species.

Seed germination occupies a unique position

in plant life as the physiological processes

occurring in it have a profound effect upon

growth and development of plant during its

adult life. Germination starts with imbibition

of water and ends with the protrusion of

embryonic roots. The different varieties of

Cicer produce heteromorphic seeds, varying in

size and germination potential. The crop

raised from heteromorphic seeds comprises

the plants exhibiting greater variations in

morpho-physiological characters and yield

potential (Sharma A and Setia et al. 2001). It

has been shown that for several crop plants,

seedling vigour is directly correlated to seed

size (Ahmed and Zuberi 1973; Reddy et al

1994) but contrasting results have also been

reported by many workers (Black 1958,

Twamley 1967). Therefore, our understanding

of this relationship remains incomplete.

Various external and internal factors also

affect the morpho-physiological

characteristics of plant. Among these factor

salinity stress have been shown to have

profound effect on various morphological and

physiological parameters of seedlings. The

objective of the present investigation is to

study the influence of various concentration of

sodium chloride i.e. (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%)

on germination potential and seedling growth

behaviour in four varieties of Cicer arietinum

i.e. PBG1, PBG5, BG1053 and GPF2.

Materials and Methods

The seeds of four varieties of Cicer arietinum

i.e. PBG1, PBG5, BG1053 and GPF2 were

procured from department of Plant breeding,

Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana

(Punjab) and the experiment was conducted in

Dept. of Life Sciences, Desh Bhagat

University, Mandi Gobindgarh in

collaboration with P.G. Department of Botany,

Khalsa College, Amritsar (Punjab). Seeds

were hand separated and graded uniform seeds

were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric

chloride for one minute followed by thorough

washing with distilled water. The sterilized

seeds were germinated in glass petridishes

lined with filter paper moistened by adding

distilled water for controls, and solutions and

0.1% NaCl, 0.5% NaCl and 1% NaCl using

three replicates for each treatment seeds of all

the four varieties were presoaked for 24 hrs in

appropriate culture solution, before keeping

for germination at 25+2ºC. Germination count


Page13

was made after (24-192hrs) of incubation and

data was recorded on radicle length, plumule

length, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture

content of radicle and plumule of all the four

varieties of cicer. Various parameters like

vigour index (VI) and relative growth rate

(RGR) were also determined in all the four

varieties.

Results and Discussion

Fig. 1 and Plate I shows the percent

germination of seeds in different varieties of

Cicer arietinum. Germination occurred with

all most all salt treatments in 24 hrs. 1.0%

Nacl caused marked reduction in germination

potential but growth occurred normally in 0.1

and 0.5% Nacl suggesting that higher salt

concentration affect the seed germination. The

adverse effect of salinity on germination of

legumes have been reported by Bernstein et.al

(1993)

Fig. 1: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments on percent germination of seeds in different varieties of Cicer arietinum

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr

Control 0.1% NaCl 0.5% NaCl 1% NaCl

PBG 1 PBG 5 BG 1053 GPF2

The radicle length and plumule length was

also significantly influenced by various salt

concentrations as compared to the control in

all the four varieties i.e. PBG 1, PBG 5,

BG1053 and GPF2 (Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5 and Plate II)

. Higher salt concentration caused marked

reduction in the length of radicle and plumule

(Kumari et.al 2013). Munns & Termaat(1986)

have demonstrated that reduction in growth

under salinity is either due to osmotic or ionic

effect and or the combination of both.


Page14

Plate I: Effect of 0.5% and 1% on germination potential of seedlings

Plate II: Effect of various salt concentrations on radicle length and plumule length

in different varieties of Cicer arietinum

Fig. 2: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments

on radicle length and

plumule length of seedlings in PBG 1 variety of Cicer arietinum

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Ra

dic

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl

Fig. 2: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments on radicle length and plumule length of seedlings in PBG 1 variety of

Cicer arietinum

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Plu

mu

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl



plumule length of seedlings in PBG 5 variety of Cicer arietinum

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Rad

icle

le

ng

th (

cm

)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Plu

mu

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl


Page15



plumule length of seedlings in BG1053 variety of Cicer arietinum

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

Ra

dic

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2

Plu

mu

le l

en

gth

(cm

)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl



plumule length of seedlings in GPF2 variety of Cicer arietinum

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Ra

dic

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1.6

Plu

mu

le l

en

gth

(c

m)

24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192

Control0.1% NaCl

0.5% NaCl1% NaCl

Likewise the data regarding fresh weight, dry

weight and moisture content of radicle and

plumule was also influenced in all the four

varieties of Cicer arietinum following

different salt concentrations. Table 1 and 2

shows that fresh weight, dry weight and

moisture content of radicle and plumule

showed marked variations with various salt

concentrations.


FW DW MC FW DW MC FW DW M

C

FW DW M

C

0.38+

0.05

0.06+

0.02

84.2

%

0.28+

0.01

0.05+

0.01

82.1

%

0.26+

0.05

0.04+

0.02

84.

6%

0.25+

0.02

0.03+

0.01

88

%

0.39+

0.1

0.10+

0.01

74.3

5%

0.30+

0.02

0.08+

0.02

73.3

%

0.27+

0.01

0.06+

0.01

77.

7%

0.26+

0.01

0.05+

0.02

80.

7%

0.40+

0.18

0.11+

0.08

72.5

%

0.38+

0.03

0.10+

0.05

68.7

5%

0.39+

0.05

0.08+

0.02

73.

3%

0.29+

0.01

0.07+

0.01

75.

8%

PBG

1

0.46+

0.08

0.12+

0.02

73.9

%

0.38+

0.01

0.11+

0.01

71.0

%

0.34+

0.01

0.09+

0.01

73.

5%

0.32+

0.05

0.08+

0.05

75

%


Page16

0.48+

0.02

0.12+

0.01

75

%

0.39+

0.02

0.11+

0.02

71.7

%

0.36+

0.02

0.09+

0.02

75

%

0.34+

0.06

0.08+

0.05

76.

4%

0.73+

0.15

0.15+

0.02

79.4

%

0.52+

0.01

0.12+

0.05

76.9

%

0.40+

0.01

0.10+

0.01

75

%

0.38+

0.01

0.09+

0.01

76.

3%

1.06+

0.05

0.22+

0.05

79.2

%

0.63+

0.02

0.18+

0.01

71.4

%

0.49+

0.06

0.16+

0.02

67.

3%

0.42+

0.06

0.12+

0.010

71.

4%

0.20+

0.02

0.03+

0.01

85

%

0.17+

0.01

0.03+

0.01

82.3

%

0.15+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

86.

6%

0.13+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.22+

0.03

0.05+

0.02

77.2

%

0.17+

0.02

0.03+

0.01

82.3

%

0.15+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

86.

6%

0.13+

0.02

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.26+

0.01

0.07+

0.01

73.0

%

0.23+

0.05

0.06+

0.01

73.9

%

0.17+

0.05

0.05+

0.01

70.

6%

0.16+

0.06

0.04+

0.02

75

%

0.27+

0.05

0.07+

0.01

74.1

%

0.26+

0.0

0.07+

0.02

73.1

%

0.22+

0.01

0.06+

0.02

72.

3%

0.18+

0.02

0.05+

0.01

72.

2%

0.35+

0.02

0.15+

0.02

57.1

%

0.28+

0.02

0.08+

0.01

71.4

%

0.25+

0.02

0.07+

0.03

72.

0%

0.21+

0.01

0.06+

0.01

71.

4%

0..40

+0.03

0.15+

0.02

62.5

%

0.39+

0.01

0.10+

0.02

74.3

%

0.30+

0.01

0.08+

0.02

73.

3%

0.25+

0.02

0.07+

0.01

72

%

PBG

5

0.44+

0.03

0.19+

0.010

56.8

%

0.39+

0.01

0.13+

0.01

66.6

%

0.32+

0.02

0.10+

0.01

68.

7%

0.30+

0.01

0.09+

0.01

70

%

- - - - - - - - -

0.18+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

88.8

%

0.15+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

86.6

%

0.14+

0.02

0.02+

0.01

85.

7%

0.13+

0.02

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.20+

0.02

0.04+

0.01

80

%

0.15+

0.03

0.03+

0.01

80

%

0.15+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

86.

6%

0.13+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.22+

0.03

0.06+

0.02

72.7

%

0.20+

0.01

0.05+

0.02

75

%

0.16+

0.02

0.03+

0.02

81.

2%

0.14+

0.1

0.03+

0.01

78.

5%

0.24+

0.01

0.06+

0.02

75

%

0.24+

0.02

0.05+

0.01

79.2

%

0.20+

0.01

0.04+

0.01

80

%

0.16+

0.01

0.04+

0.01

75

%

0.26+

0.01

0.12+

0.01

53.8

%

0.26+

0.01

0.09+

0.01

65.3

%

0.21+

0.02

0.05+

0.01

76.

2%

0.20+

0.01

0.05+

0.01

75

%

BG1

053

0.28+

0.07

0.15+

0.01

46.4

%

0.32+

0.01

0.11+

0.02

65.6

%

0.28+

0.02

0.09+

0.01

67.

8%

0.25+

0.01

0.06+

0.01

76

%

0.19+

0.01

0.03+

0.00

84.2

%

0.16+

0.02

0.03+

0.01

81.2

5%

0.13+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.13+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

0.21+

0.01

0.04+

0.01

80.9

%

0.16+

0.01

0.03+

0.01

81.2

5%

0.14+

0.01

0.02+

0.01

85.

7%

0.13+

0.02

0.02+

0.01

84.

6%

GPF

2

0.24+

0.02

0.06+

0.01

75

%

0.21+

0.05

0.05+

0.01

76.1

%

0.16+

0.01

0.04+

0.001

75

%

0.15+

0.01

0.03+

0.01

80

%


Page17

0.26+

0.01

0.06+

0.01

76.9

%

0.22+

0.01

0.05+

0.01

77.2

%

0.21+

0.01

0.05+

0.01

76.

2%

0.17+

0.01

0.05+

0.01

70.

5%

0.28+

0.02

0.14+

0.01

50

%

0.25+

0.02

0.09+

0.02

64

%

0.24+

0.02

0.06+

0.01

75

%

0.22+

0.02

0.06+

0.01

72.

7%

0.32+

0.06

0.10+

0.01

56.3

%

0.28+

0.01

0.09+

0.01

67.6

%

0.28+

0.01

0.07+

0.01

75

%

0.24+

0.03

0.08+

0.01

75

%

0.34+

0.01

0.17+

0.01

50

%

0.34+

0.02

0.12+

0.01

64.7

%

0.30+

0.01

0.10+

0.01

66.

6%

0.28+

0.01

0.08+

0.01

71.

4%

Significant at 5% level, values represent mean + S.E.

Table 1: Effect of presoaking of seeds of different varieties of Cicer arietinum in different

salt concentrations on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture content (%) of radicle

at different intervals of time.

Although all the above parameters increased

with time but decreased with increasing salt

concentrations suggesting that higher

concentration affect the osmotic adjustments

and the effect was more pronounced in

BG1053 as compared to PBG 1, PBG 5 and

GPF 10 varieties of Cicer arietinum.


FW DW MC FW DW MC F

W

D

W

MC F

W

D

W

MC

- - - - - - - - - - - -

0.33+0.

01

0.01+0

.10

66.6

%

0.02+0

.01

0.01+0

.01

50% - - - - - -

0.04+0.

01

0.03+0

.01

25% 0.03+0

.01

0.02 33.3

%

0.0

2

0.0

1

50% - - -

0.05+0.

12

0.04+0

.01

20% 0.04+0

.01

0.03 25% 0.0

3

0.0

2

33.3

%

- - -

0.08+0.

03

0.07+0

.01

12.5

%

0.06+0

.01

0.05 16.6

%

0.0

5

0.0

3

40% 0.0

4

0.0

2

50%

0.12+0.

10

0.10+0

.01

16.6

%

0.11+0

.02

0.09 18.1

%

0.1

0

0.0

6

40% 0.0

6

0.0

5

16.6

%

PBG

1

0.19+0.

16

0.18+0

.01

5.3

%

0.17+0

.01

0.12 29.4

%

0.1

3

0.1

0

23% 0.0

8

0.0

6

25.5

%

0.02+0.

10

0.01+0

.01

50% - - 29.4

%

- - - - - -

PBG

5 0.03+0.

10

0.02+0

.01

33.3

%

0.02+0

.01

0.01 50% - - - - - -


Page18

0.02+0.

010

0.01+0

.01

50% - - - - - - - -

0.03+0.

10

0.02+0

.01

33.3

%

0.02+0

.01

0.01 50% - - - - - -

0.04+0.

01

0.03+0

.01

25% 0.03+0

.01

0.02 33.3

%

0.0

1

0.0

1

- - - -

0.06+0.

02

0.05+0

.01

16.6

%

0.04+0

.02

0.03 25% 0.0

2

0.0

2

- 0.0

2

0.0

1

50%

0.10+0.

05

0.08+0

.02

20% 0.06+0

.01

0.05 16.6

%

0.0

4

0.0

3

25% 0.0

3

0.0

2

33.3

%

0.13+0.

02

0.10+0

.01

23% 0.08+0

.01

0.07 12.5

%

0.0

6

0.0

5

16.6

%

0.0

5

0.0

4

20%

0.14+0.

03

0.12+0

.10

14.3

%

0.10+0

.01

0.08 20% 0.0

8

0.0

7

12.5

%

0.0

7

0.0

6

14.3

%

- - - - - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - - - - -

0.02+0.

01

0.01+0

.01

50% - -

0.03+0.

01

0.02+0

.01

33.3

%

0.02+0

.01

0.01+0

.01

50% - - - - - -

BG10

53

0.04+0.

02

0.03+0

.01

25% 0.03+0

.01

0.02+0

.01

33.3

%

0.0

2

0.0

1

50% 0.0

2

0.0

1

50%

0.05+0.

01

0.04+0

.01

20% 0.04+0

.01

0.03+0

.01

25% 0.0

3

0.0

2

33.3

%

0.0

2

0.0

1

50%

0.09+0.

02

0.07+0

.02

22.2

%

0.07+0

.01

0.05+0

.01

28.5

%

0.0

6

0.0

5

16.6

%

0.0

4

0.0

2

50%

0.01+0.

01

- - - - - - - - - - -

0.02+0.

01

- - - - - - - - - - -

0.03+0.

01

0.02+0

.01

33.3

%

0.02+0

.01

0.01 50% - - - - - -

0.05+0.

02

0.03+0

.01

40% 0.04+0

.01

0.03 25% - - - 0.0

2

0.0

1

50%

GPF2

0.06+0.

12

0.05+0

.02

16.6

%

0.05+0

.02

0.04 20% 0.0

3

0.0

2

33.3

%

0.0

2

0.0

1

50%

0.08+0.

01

0.06+0

.02

25% 0.06+0

.01

0.05 16.6

%

0.0

5

0.0

4

20% 0.0

4

0.0

3

25%

0.12+0.

02

0.10+0

.01

16.6

%

0.09+0

.02

0.08 11.1

%

0.0

7

0.0

6

14.3

%

0.0

6

0.0

5

16.6

%


Page19

Similar trend has been observed in vigour

index of seedlings.

References

1. Ahmed SV and Zuberi MI (1973). Effect of seed size on yield and some of its components in rapeseed, Brassica campestris L. Var. Toria Crop Sci. 13: 119.

2. Bernestein NWK and Lauchli A (1993). Growth and development of sorghum leaves under conditions of NaCl stress. Planta. 191, 433-439.

3. Black JN (1958). Aus. J. Ecol. 54: 367.

4. Kumari P.,Vishnuvardhan Z. and Babu K.(2013) A study on effect of NaCl stress on Kodomillet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) during germination stage. Annals of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2287-688X.

5. Munns R and Termaat A (1986). Whole-plant responses to salinity. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 143-160.

6. Reddy NSK, Reddy MB and Ankaiah R

(1994). Seed Res. 22: 22.

7. Sharma A, Setia N and Setia RC (2001). Influence of seed size and plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling growth in three Brassica species. J. of Plant Sci. Res. 17: 26-29.

8. Twamley BE (1967). Effect of seed size and seedling vigor in birdsfoot trefoil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 603-609.

Significant at 5% level, values represent mean + S.E.

Table 2: Effect of presoaking of seeds of different varieties of Cicer arietinum in different

salt concentrations on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture content (%) of plumule

at different intervals of time.


Page20

Structural and Magnetic Properties BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 Nanocomposite Thin Films.

Binod Kumar, Mintu Tyagi*,Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India

Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Multiferroic (1-x)BiFeO3(BFO)–xNiFe2O4(NFO) (x=0,0.1,0.2, 0.3) nanocomposite thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique and their Structural, electrical and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm the coexistence of both perovskite BFO and spinel NFO phases. The magnetic properties were much improved by incorporation of NFO grains in matrix of BFO. The saturation magnetization (Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) increased as high as ~34 emu/cm3 and ~7 emu/cm3 respectively for x=0.1. Keywords : Thin films, multiferroic, nanocomposites, Magnetic

Introduction

The broad and enthusiastic study towards

Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) materials

has been paid huge attention over the last

decade as the investigators are looking for

to study and develop these materials due to

their potential use in wide variety of

electronic devices[1-3]. Studies to date

based on single phase Multiferroic materials

have been reported, but very few of them

have significant ME coupling due to

principle reasons [4]. In this regard,

Multiferroic nanocomposite thin films

because of large surface area and

remarkable tunability between ferroelectric

and magnetic order parameters via their

interfaces are of great interest and provides

a new approach for developing such

materials. [5]. Several investigations based

on ferroelectric–ferrite nanocomposite thin

films including BiFeO3 (BFO), BaTiO3

(BTO) and PbTiO3 (PTO) as ferroelectric

constituents and CoFe2O4(CFO) and

NiFe2O4(NFO), as ferrimagnetic constitute

have been reported in literature showing

both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic

properties [6].

However, studies on Multiferroic

nanocomposite thin films using low

anisotropy magnetic oxide component are

relatively few in literature [7]. Therefore, in

this study NFO with an inverse spinel

structure having soft magnetic nature, low

magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and

good chemical stability has been chosen for

preparation of Multiferroic nanocomposite

thin films[8]. Based on the above

considerations, we have applied the sol-gel

spin coating method to prepare BFO-xNFO

(x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanocomposite thin

films and systematically investigated the

structural and magnetic properties of

nanocomposite thin films at room

temperature.

Experimental Procedure

High purity bismuth nitrate

[Bi(NO3)3.5H2O], nickel nitrate

Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, iron nitrate

[Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and 2-methoxyethanol of

Sigma Aldrich (99.99%) were used for

synthesis. In the first step, BFO and NFO

precursor solutions were individually

prepared by standard sol-gel method [8]. In

the second step, both precursor solutions of

BFO and NFO were mixed together with

volume ratio of (1-x)BFO-xNFO (x = 0, 0.1,

0.2, 0.3) using Hamilton microliter

microsyringe, heated and stirred

continuously at 70 °C for 1 hours to get a

well mixed BFO/NFO gel solution. The

mixed solution was spin coated onto indium

tin oxide coated (ITO) glass substrate at

3000 rpm for 40 seconds and subsequently


Page21

baked at 300 °C for 5 minutes. Finally the

thin films were obtained by repeating this

spin-coating-baking-annealing process

twice. The films were annealed at 600 °C

for 30 min in ambient atmosphere. Phase

analysis of the samples were done by X-ray

diffraction (XRD) using CuKα radiation (λ

= 1.54178Ǻ) (Philips X-pert PRO). The

cross-section of the films were analyzed

with scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Zeiss EVO-50 ESEM (Carl Zeiss SMT, Inc.,

New York). Surface morphology of the

films were studied by Atomic force

microscopy (AFM) model (NT-MDT

SOLVER NEXT). For electrical

measurements, the Au dots of 0.8 mm were

deposited using the mask on the film by

sputtering technique. Room temperature (R-

T) Dielectric and polarization-electric field

(P-E) loops were measured using HP 4192A

impedance analyzer and ferroelectric tester

(Radiant Precision Premier II Technology).

Magnetization-applied magnetic field (M-H)

loops were measured using a

superconducting quantum interference

device (SQUID) (Quantum Design’s MPMS

XL7).

Results and discussion

Figure 1 displays the XRD pattern of BFO,

NFO and BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin

films after annealing at 600ºC. The XRD

patterns of BFO and NFO exhibit the

prominent peaks of perovskite BFO and the

cubic spinel symmetry NFO respectively.

At the same time, the peaks corresponding

to NFO in BFO/NFO composite thin films

spectra were hard to see due to

superimposition of NFO peaks with both

BFO and ITO peaks. Moreover, due to the

low volume ratio of NFO as compared to

BFO, the NFO grains were trapped around

of ferroelectric grains of BFO phase, and its

growth was found to be restrained [9].

Fig. 1 XRD pattern of BFO, NFO and BFO/NFO

nanocomposite thin films

Figure 2 (a), (b) and (c) showed the surface

morphology of BFO, NFO and BFO/NFO

thin films obtained from the atomic force

microscopy (AFM). The micrograph

suggests the films were dense and well

crystallized. The introduction of NFO grains

in BFO matrix greatly affect the surface

morphology of BFO thin films. Particularly,

the fine grain size and lower roughness

value of the BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin

films were observed as compared to BFO

thin films. The root mean square roughness

(Rq) values were measured using the 10 μm

x 10 μm area for better statics and found to

decrease for composite thin films as

compared to BFO. The Rq values were ~

9.32nm, ~6.29 and ~5.33nm for BFO,

BFO/NFO and NFO thin films respectively.


Page22

Fig. 2 AFM images of (a) BFO (b) NFO and (c)

BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin films

Figure 3 (a) shows the in plane M-H

behaviour of BFO and BFO/NFO(x=0.1)

nanocomposite thin films at 300K. BFO

sample typically exhibit the anti-

ferromagnetic behaviour due to its

magnetism arises from self-canted spin

magnetic moments of Fe3+. Whereas, the

well defined M-H loop was observed for

BFO/CFO nanocomposite thin films. This

indicates that the major contribution to

magnetic moment of the BFO/CFO

nanocomposite thin films mainly arises

from NFO. The saturation magnetization

(Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) were

found to be as high as ~ 34 emu/cm3 and ~ 7

emu/cm3 respectively for x=0.1. This

suggests that the ferromagnetic character of

the composite sample is sustained even at

minimum NFO content in our samples.

Also, as shown in zoom view of figure 4(a),

the coercive field is as small as ~192 Oe

which confirms the soft magnetic nature of

the sample. The magnetic data of the

BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin films

demonstrate that the magnetic properties

can be quite tuned in the composites.

Fig. 3 (a) Magnetic hysteresis loops of pure BFO and

BFO/CFO nanocomposite thin films at 300K.

Conclusions:

Multiferroic (1-x)BiFeO3(BFO)–

xNiFe2O4(NFO) (x=0,0.1,0.2, 0.3)

nanocomposite thin films are prepared

without any impurity phase using sol-gel

method. The addition of NFO in BFO

matrix shows a strong effect on dielectric,

magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The

nanocomposite thin films showed improved

Multiferroic behaviour. The saturation

magnetization (Ms) and remnant

magnetization (Mr) increased as high as ~

34 emu/cm3 and ~ 7 emu/cm3 respectively

for x=0.1. In conclusion, the sample with

(x= 0.1) was the best sample of our study

demonstrating good ferroelectric as well as

magnetic properties, provide a great


Page23

opportunities for many passive electronic

devices used for future potential

applications.

References

1. Narendra B S, Hsu J H, Chen Y S,

Lin J G 2011 Magnetoelectric

response in lead-free multiferroic

NiFe2O4–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composites

J. Appl. Phys. 109 07D904

2. Srinivas A, Krishnaiah R V, Karthik

T, Suresh, Asthana S, Kamat S V

2012 Observation of direct and

indirect magnetoelectricity in lead

free ferroelectric (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)–

magnetostrictive (CoFe2O4)

particulate composite App. Phys.

Lett. 101 082902

3. Sheikh A D, Fawzi A, Mathe V L

2011 Microstructure-property

relationship in magnetoelectric bulk

composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter.

323 740

4. Chang K, Feng W, Chen L Q 2009

Effect of second-phase particle

morphology on grain growth

kinetics Acta Materialia 57 5229–

5236

5. Tu C S, Siny I G, and Schmidt V H

1994 Sequence of dielectric

anomalies and high-temperature

relaxation behavior in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3

Phys. Rev B 49 11550

6. Kounga B, Zhang S, Jo W, Granzow

T, and Gel J R 2008 Morphotropic

Phase Boundary in (1-

x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xK0.5Na0.5NbO3

Lead-Free Piezoceramics Appl.

Phys. Lett. 92 222902

7. Guo Y, Gu M, Luo H, Liu Y, and

Withers R 2011 Composition-

Induced Antiferroelectric Phase and

Giant Strain in Lead-Free (Nay,

Biz)Ti1-xO3(1-x)-xBaTiO3 Ceramics

Phys. Rev. B. 83 054118–24

8. Jigong H, Bo S, Jiwei Z, Chunze L,

Xiaolong L, Xingyu G 2013

Switching of morphotropic phase

boundary and large strain response

in lead-free ternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–

(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3

system J. Appl. Phys. 113 114106

9. Pradhan D K, Barik S K, Sahoo S,

Puli V S, and Katiyar R S 2013

Investigations on electrical and

magnetic properties of Multiferroic

[(1-x)Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3-

xNi0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4] composites J.

Appl. Phys. 1113 44104


Page24

Fluoride Removal From Ground Water Using Low Cost Adsorbents

Gaurav ThakurDolphin PG College, Chunni Kalan , Punjab

E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract: Drinking water contamination by fluoride is recognized as a major public health problem in many parts of the world. In fact, although fluoride is an essential trace element for animals and humans, excessive fluoride intake may cause adverse health effects.Among several treatment technologies applied for fluoride removal, adsorption process has been explored widely and offers satisfactory results, so objective of this study was to investigate or check efficiency of low cost adsorbent. Batch adsorption studies are carried out.Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the adsorbents have the significant capacity to adsorb the Fluoride from water. The experiments were carried out in laboratory on certain low cost adsorbents like pineapple peel powder, orange peel powder, groundnut shell powder and rice husk.Key Words: Drinking water, Fluoride

contamination,

Low cost methods, bioadsorbent

Introduction

Clean and safe water is the primary need of

the human being. Rapid increase in

population, urbanization, industrialization

and injudicious use of water resources have

led to degradation of water quality and

reduction in per capita availability in

various developing countries. The

groundwater is getting polluted due to

various reasons like disposal of hazardous

wastes, liquid and solid wastes from

industries, sewage disposal, surface

impoundments etc. One such contaminant is

fluoride. When the level of fluoride in water

is beyond its permissible limit, it is

responsible for various types of fluorosis

among human being. Around one million

people in India are affected by endemic

fluorosis [1,2]. Maximum permissible limit

of fluoride in drinking water has been set as

1.5 mg/ L by many regulatory authorities

like WHO, US EPA, CPCB etc. Several

methods are available for defluoridation but

these are costlier. Therefore, now there is a

need to develop some low cost method for

defluoridation..

Literature review indicates that removal of

fluoride from water can be achieved by

using bioadsorbents like rice husk ash, neem

leaf, peepal leaf, khair leaf, tamarind fruit

shell, coffee husk, Phyllanthus emblica,

bark of babool, pine apple peel powder,

orange peel powder,groundnut shells,

babool bark, mango, java plum, neem seed

coat of tur, Camellia sinensis, corn cob,

turkish red pine, gooseberry seeds, Guava

bark, Khaya senegalensis fruits etc [3-17].

Adsorption methods are adopted for

removal of fluoride and these methods are

suitable when fluoride is present in low

concentrations [18].

Materials and methods

In the present study an attempt has been

made to suggest certain low cost materials

as effective adsorbents of fluoride. The

adsorbents primarily screened were horse

gram powder, ragi powder, multhani matti,

red mud, concrete, pine apple peel powder,

chalk powder and orange peel powder .

Initially, all the adsorbents are screened by

adding 1gm of each adsorbent to 100 mL of

solution of Fluoride . Adsorption methods

are adopted for removal of fluoride and

these methods are suitable when fluoride is

present in low concentrations. For this

purpose, an aqueous solution of 100 mL of

fluoride of various concentrations is taken

in 100 mL Stoppard bottles and 1 gm of

adsorbent is added to the solutions. Batch


Page25

adsorption experiments are carried out at

room temperature, a contact time of 2-4 hrs

is maintained. The initial and final

concentrations of aqueous solution of

fluoride was determined by was determined

by spectrophotometric method by using

Spands and percentage removal of fluoride

was determined [19].

Results and discussion

Our results predict that the bioadsorbents

taken as filter media are highly potential in

their work. For RH (rice husk) the

degradation percentage is 98.2% which

conclude that it is best for the purpose of

fluoride removal at low cost and with

appropriate availability.

Next effective bioadsorbent was found to be

Groundnut Shells, most easily available and

low cost material for the people even in

village areas. It shows degradation of 98%

though earlier studies done, reveals that the

process can remove fluoride up to 90%.

This result is in the favor of the people who

are not capable of purchasing high cost

membrane filters to remove fluorine from

their drinking water.

The other two bioadsorbents showed

degradation of 86% and 79 respectively.

They are also teasily available raw material.

Conclusions

Our study reveals that removal of fluoride

with the help of Bioadsorbent is very

efficient process for Defluoridation. Among

various types of deflouridation techniques

we selected the process of adsorption as it

can easily be applicable at small scale even

at household level. Various bioadsorbents

used by us are mostly the dried leaves and

waste of agriculture products. These

bioadsorbents showed high amount of

adsorption of fluoride. These raw materials

are easily available at low cost. Thus these

can be used by the village people in areas

affected with high concentration of fluoride;

because of its low cost they are affordable

Table 1: Percentage removal of Fluoride

using different adsorbents

S.N

o.

Adsorb

ents

Initial

Concentra

tions of

Fluoride

in mg/L

Final

Concentra

tions of

Fluoride

in mg/L

%

Remo

val

1. Pineap

ple peel

powder

10 1.4 86

2. Orange

peel

powder

10 2.1 79

3. Ground

nut

shell

powder

10 0.2 98

4. Rice

husk

10 0.18 98.2

Figure 1: % Removal of Fluoride

.

References

1. Bell M.C. and Ludwig T.G., 1970. The

supply of fluoride to man: ingestion from


Page26

water, fluorides and Human Health, World

Health Organization, Geneva, WHO

Monograph Series 59

2. Singh R. and Maheshwari R.C., 2000.

Defluoridation of drinking water–a review,

Ind. J. Environ. Protec., 21(11), 983–991.

3. Mondal Naba Kr, BhaumikRia, Banerjee

A., Datta J.K., Baur T.A., 2012.

Comparative study on the batch

performance of fluoride adsorption by

activated silica gel and activated rice husk

ash, International J. of Env.Sci., 2(3), 1643-

1660.

4. Jamode A.V., Sapkal V.S. and Jamode

V.S., 2004. Defluoridation of water using

inexpensive adsorbents, J.Indian Inst. Sci.,

(84) 163–171.

5. Sivasankar V., Ramachandramoorthy T.

and Chandramohan A., 2010. Fluoride

removal from water using activated and

MnO2-coated Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus

indica) shell: Batch and column studies,

J.Haz. Mater. 177 719–729.

6. Patil R.N., Nagarnaik P. B. and Agrawal

D.K..http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.a

sp19 [email protected]

7. Mamilwar B.M. ,.Bhole A.G,Sudame

A.M,2012. Removal Of Fluoride From

Ground Water By Using Adsorbent,

International Journal of Engineering

Research and Applications, 2 ( 4) ,334-338.

8. Mumtazuddin S., Azad AK.,2012.

International Journal of Advances in

Pharmacy, Biology And Chemistry Vol.

1(3), ISSN: 2277 - 4688 .

9. Jamode A. V., Sapkal V. S., Jamode V.

S., 2004. Defluoridation of water using

inexpensive adsorbents, J. Indian Inst. Sci.,

84, 163–171 .

10. Mangrulkar D., Dhoble R.M., Kirkate

R.,2011. Defluoridation from Groundwater

by Seed Coat of Tur (SCOT): A Low Cost

Adsorbent, International Journal of

Environmental Research and Development.

Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 17-30

11. Sharmila. D, Muthusamy P.,2013

Removal of heavy metal from industrial

effluent using bioadsorbents(Camellia

sinensis) Journal of Chemical and

Pharmaceutical Research, , 5(2):10-13.

12. Mahdi R.S.,2014. Removal of The Blue

Methylene Dye from an Aqueous Solution

By Using Powdered Corn Cob, International

journal of Civil Engineering and

technology, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 21-34.

13. Hassan A.A., 2014. Removal of

Reactive Red 3b From Aqueous Solution

By Using Treated Orange Peel,

International journal of Civil Engineering

and technology, Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 160-

169.

14. Baslar S., Dogan Y., Durkan N., Bag

H.,2009. Biomonitoring of zinc and

manganese in bark of Turkish red pine of

western Anatolia, Journal of Environmental

Biology, 30(5) 831-834 .

15. Aravind J., Sudha G., Kanmani P.,

Devisri A.J., Dhivyalakshmi S.,

Raghavprasad M., 2015. Equilibrium and

kinetic study on chromium (VI) removal

from simulated waste water using

gooseberry seeds as a novel biosorbent,

Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 233-

244..

16. Panhekar D.,2015. Activated Tree Bark

as an Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal:

Study Through Isotherm Analysis,

International Journal of Chemical and

Physical Sciences, Vol. 4 Special Issue –

NCSC Jan-2015

17. Casmir E. Gimba1, Odike Ocholi, Peter

A. Egwaikhide, Turoti Muyiwa, Emmanuel

E. Akporhonor, 2009. New raw material for

activated carbon. I. Methylene blue

adsorption on activated carbon prepared

from Khaya senegalensis fruits, Cien. Inv.

Agr. 36(1):107-114.


Page27

18. Tomar V. and Kumar D., 2013. A

critical study on efficiency of different

materials for fluoride removal from aqueous

media, Chemistry Central Journal,

19. Sharma S., Vibhuti, Vishal and Pundhir

A, 2014. Removal of fluoride from water

using bioadsorbents. Curr Res Microbiol

Biotechnol, 2(6): 509-512.


Page28

Vibrational behaviour of tapered Square Plate under Simply Supported Boundary Condition

Anmol, Narinder Kaur*

Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India

Abstract: In this paper, an analysis is presented to the study for frequencies of exponential thickness distribution on the basis of square plate which is simply supported along the boundary. It is assumed that thickness of the plate varies exponentially in one direction. Also, exponential variation in poisson ratio is taken due to non-homogeneity presented in plate material. Rayleigh-Ritz technique on the basis of square plate theory is applied to solve the fourth order differential equation of motion. Numerical values of frequency are calculated with the help of Mathematica (Software) and are presented in tabular and graphical forms for different values of taper constant, thermal gradient and non-homogeneity constant.

Introduction

Vibration problems of elastic plate are very

much comprehensive due to various

geometrical shapes with complications of

anisotropy, visco-elastic, non-homogeneity,

variable thickness, surrounding media, in

plane force, large deflections, elastic

foundation, shear deformation and rotatory

inertia, simple and mixed boundary

conditions etc.

Thickness variations are a reality in any

plating and anodizing operation. Plates with

variable thickness along with thermal

condition are extensively used in modern

technology i.e. naval structure; aircraft etc.

which provide a number of attractive

features such as material saving, high

strength and reliability and also meet the

desirability of economy. Plates of variable

thickness are being extensively used in civil,

electronic, mechanical, aerospace and

marine engineering applications. It becomes

very necessary now a day to study the

vibration behavior of plates to avoid

resonance excited by internal or external

forces.

Non-homogeneous visco-elastic tapered

plates are mainly used for two-fold

requirements of safety and economy due to

their high strength, high temperature

resistance characteristics, low cost and high

durability. Due to this, vibration of plates

had become one of the most interesting

research area in last few decades.

Gupta & Kaur [1] evaluated the effect of

linear temperature variation on first two

modes of vibrations of clamped plate with

various values of aspect ratio, thermal

constants etc. Gupta & Sharma [2]

examined free transverse vibrations of non-

homogeneous trapezoidal plates of linear

thickness variation in the x-direction under

thermal gradient effect and parabolic

density variation in y-direction. Gupta &

Sharma [3] investigated natural frequencies

of non-homogeneous orthotropic trapezoidal

plate of linearly varying thickness using

numerical method. Khanna et. al. [4]

observed the temperature-thickness

coupling problem of a non-homogeneous

rectangular plate. Avalos & Laura [5]

discussed the transverse vibrations of a

simply supported plate of generalized

anisotropy with oblique cutouts. Lessia [6]

provided the excellent data for vibration of

plates of different shapes with different

boundary conditions in his monograph.

Bambill et. al. [7] carried out an experiment

on transverse vibrations of an orthotropic

rectangular plate of linearly varying

thickness with free edges. Imrak &

Gerdemeli [8] studied the exact solution of

isotropic rectangular plate with four

clamped edges. Chakraverty & petyl [9]

estimated transverse vibration of non-

homogeneous elliptical and circular plates


Page29

using two-dimentional boundary

characteristics orthogonal polynomials.

Chakraverty et. al. [10] noticed the effect of

non-homogeneity on natural frequencies of

vibration of elliptic plates. Cheung & Zhou

[11] judged the free vibration of thin

orthotropic rectangular plates. Chyanbin et.

al. [12] sorted the buckling and free

vibration of composite sandwich beams and

smart composite sandwich beams with

surface bounded piezoelectric sensor and

actuators. De & Debnath [13] measured out

the effect of a thermal gradient on free axi-

symmetric vibrations of an orthotropic

elastic circular plate of exponentially

varying thickness by Frobenius method.

The object of present paper is to determine

the frequencies of exponential thickness

distribution on the basis of square plate

which is simply supported along the

boundary. Values of natural frequencies are

calculated for first two modes of vibrations

for various values of taper constant, thermal

gradient, aspect ratio & non-homogeneity

constant by using Rayleigh Ritz

method.

Differential Equation of Motion

The fourth order differential equation of

motion of a visco-elastic square plate of

variable thickness in Cartesian form is given

by [10]

( )

4 4 4 3 31

1 4 2 2 4 3 2

23 3 2 221 1

3 2 2 2 2

2 22 2 21 1

2 2 2

2 2

2 2 0

2 2 1

DW W W W WD

x x y y x x x y

D DW W W Wp gW

y y y x x x y

D DW W W

y y x x y x y

n r

n n

é ùæ ö æ ö¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶+ + + +ê úç ÷ ç ÷

¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è øê úê úæ ö æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + + - =ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê úè ø è øê ú

æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + -ç ÷ê ú¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è øë û

(1)

where W=W(x,y), g, & are deflection r n

function, thickness of plate, density and

poisson ratio of plate material respectively.

Also, D1 is flexural rigidity of rectangular

plate is defined as

D1

=

(2)

where E is the temperature of Young’s

modulus.

Boundary Conditions and Deflection

Function

Since the plate is assumed as simply

supported at all the four edges, so the

boundary conditions are

at 0W

Wx

¶= =

¶0,x a=

at 0W

Wy

¶= =

¶0,y a=

The two term of deflection function on

square plate is taken as follows:-

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1p q r s

W x a y a x a y a C C x a y a x a y aé ù= - - + - -é ùë ûë û

(5)

As our plate is clamped at all the four edges

so p, q, r, s = 1

then the deflection function is taken as

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1W x a y a x a y a C C x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û

(6)

5. Methodology

Rayleigh-Ritz technique is applied to solve

the frequency equation. This method is

based on principal of conservation of energy

i.e. maximum strain energy S must be equal

to the maximum kinetic energy K. So it is

necessary for the problem under

consideration

that [4]:

(7)

Where

(8) 20

0 0

1

2

a a

K p h Wdxdyr= ò ò

and

Eh3

12(1 ‒ 2)

V


Page30

( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2

0 0

12 2 1

2

a aW W W W W

S D dydxx y y y x y

n nì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï

= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ

ò ò

(9)

Now assuming the non-dimensional

variable as

(10)

Using eq. (10) in the deflection function

(W), kinetic energy (K) and potential energy

(S) becomes

(11) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1W X Y X Y C C X Y X Y= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û

(12) * 2

0 0

1

2

a a

K p hWdYdXr= ò ò

( )

( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2

* 3

2 2 2 220 0

2 2 124 1

a aE W W W W W

S h dXdYX Y X Y X Y

n nn

ì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶- è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ

ò ò

(13)

After using equation,

one get(12)and(13)inequation(7)

(14) ( )** 2 ** 0S Kl- =

Where

(15)

Here is a frequency parameter equation

consists two unknown constants i.e. (15) 1

and arising due to the substitution of W 2

from equation .These two constants (10)

are to be determined as follows

(16)

On simplifying one gets equation(16),

(17)

Where involve parametric

constant i.e. taper constant frequency

parameter.

For a non-trivial solution, the determinant of

the coefficient of equation must be zero, one

obtained the frequency equation as

(18)

Equation (18) is a quadratic equation in λ2

from which two values of λ2 can be found

from these two values of λ2 , one can easily

obtained the two modes of vibration of

frequency i.e λ1 (mode1) and λ2 (mode2).

6. Result and Discussion

In order to obtained numerical values of

frequency for first two modes of vibration

λ1 (mode 1)

and λ2 (mode 2), the following parameters

are used :-

E0 = 7.08×1010 N/m2, G = 2.632×1010 N/m2 ,

ν = 0.345, ρ = 2.80×1010 kg/m2,

All the results are obtained for first two

modes of vibrations are represented in

tabular as well as graphical form.

Results and discussions

Table 1:- Frequency Vs Taper Constant

Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Taper Constant

(β) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 2.0

Table 1, shows the result for frequency

parameter for different values of taper

β Mode 1 ( λ2)

0.0 19.7858

0.2 21.9918

0.4 24.719

0.6 28.0803

0.8 32.2117

1.0 37.2791

1.2 43.4884

1.4 51.0957

1.6 60.4205

1.8 71.8609

2.0 85.9125

c

c


Page31

constant β from 0.0 to 2.0 for first mode of

vibration. It can be seen that frequency

parameter increases when thermal gradient

α increases for first mode of vibration.

Graph:- Frequency Vs Taper constant

for Mode 1

From Graph 1, we can conclude that

exponential temperature variation increases

the values of frequency for first mode of

vibration and frequency parameter increases

when taper constant β increases for first mode of vibration.

Table 2:- Frequency Vs Taper Constant

Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Taper Constant

(β) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 2.0


parameter for different values of taper

constant β from 0.0 to 2.0 for first mode of

vibration. It can be seen that frequency


α increases for first mode of vibration.

Graph:- Frequency Vs Taper constant

for Mode 2





when thermal gradient α increases for first

mode of vibration.

7. Conclusions

The object of this paper is to clarify the

characteristics of vibration of plates with

thermal gradient. It shows that the proposed

results have a good convergence and

satisfactory accuracy. Frequency directly

depends on temperature variation in the

plate. Frequency found maximum for plates

under no taper condition (β=0).

Β Mode 2 ( λ2)

0.0 140.485

0.2 156.581

0.4 177.436

0.6 204.207

0.8 238.304

1.0 281.461

1.2 335.812

1.4 404.001

1.6 489.307

1.8 595.8

2.0 728.534


Page32

References

1. A. K. Gupta and H. Kaur, 2008

Study of the effect of thermal

gradient on free vibration of

clamped visco-elastic rectangular

plates with linearly thickness

variation in both direction

Meccanica 43, 499-458.

2. A. K. Gupta and P. Sharma

2011Thermal effect on vibration of

non-homogeneous trapezoidal plate

of linearly varying thickness

International Journal of Applied

Mathematics and Mechanics 7 1-17

3. A. K. Gupta S. Sharma 2011 Study

the Effect of Thermal Gradient on

Transverse Vibration of Non

Homogeneous Orthotropic

Trapezoidal Plate of Parabolically

Varying Thickness Applied

Mathematics 2 1-10

4. A. Khanna, N. Kaur and A. K.

Sharma 2012 Effect of varying

poisson ratio on thermally induced

vibrations of non homogeneous

rectangular plate Indian Journal of

Science and Technology 5 3263-

3267.

5. Avalos D. R. and Laura P. A. 2002

Transverse vibrations of a simply

supported plate of generalized

anisotropy with an oblique cut-out J.

Sound and Vibration 258 773–776

6. A. W. Leissa 1969 Vibrations of

plates NASA-SP, 160.

7. Bambill D. V., Rossit C. A., Laura

P. A. and Rossi R. E. 2000

Transverse vibrations of an

orthotropic rectangular plate of

linearly varying thickness and with a

free edge J. Sound and Vibration

235 530–538.

8. Imrak and I. Gerdemeli 2007 The

problem of isotropic rectangular

plate with four clamped edges 32

181-186

9. Chakraverty S. and Petyl M. 1997

Natural frequencies for free

vibration of non homogeneous

elliptical and circular plates using

two-dimentional orthogonal

polynomial Applied Mathematics

Modelling 21 399-417

10. Chakraverty S, Jindal R and

Agarwal VK. 2007 Effect of non-

homogeneity on natural frequencies

of vibration of elliptic plates

Meccanica 42 585-599

11. Cheung Y. K. and Zhou D. 1999

The free vibrations of tapered

rectangular plates using a new set of

beam functions with the ray liegh-

ritzmethod J. Sound & Vibration,

223 703-722

12. Chyanbin H., Chang W. C. and Gai

H. S 2011 Vibration suppression of

composite sandwich beams J. Sound

and Vibration 272 1-20

13. De and D. Debnath 2011 Thermal

effect on axi-symmetric vibrations

of a circular plate of exponentially

varying thickness and density

International Journal of

Mathematical Science &

Engineering Applications 5325-334


Page33

An analytical investigation of the effect of exponential temperature variation on the vibration of square plate

Sonali Jain, Narinder Kaur*

Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India

Abstract The present work is to develop for the use of research workers in space technology, mechanical science and nuclear energy where certain components of the structure have to operate under elevated temperature. The analysis presented here is to study the thermal effect on vibration of square plate under clamped boundary condition. Thermal effect on vibration of such plates has been taken as one dimensional temperature distribution in linear form only. Rayleigh-Ritz technique has been used to obtain the frequency equation. The frequencies corresponding to the first two modes of vibration of a clamped square plate has been computed for different values of thermal gradient. Numerical values of frequency are calculated with the help of Mathematica (Software). These results have been presented in tabular as well as graphical forms.

Introduction

In the field of mechanical engineering, new

discoveries can’t be possible without

considering the effect of vibration as almost

all machines and engineering structures

experience. Study of vibration is not just

confined to science but also our day to day

life. All life vibrates. Everything living

moves. All colors and sounds vibrate to a

frequency nothing sits idle. Vibration

concept comes in desginning of every

mechanical equipments. In many

ways people can expect to obtain an

ideal machine viewed from the angle of

vibration, which is a machine that produces

no vibration at all. Such an ideal

machine will greatly save energy because

of all the energy given to

the whole machine will be used to perform

the work alone, whether pumping a fluid,

crushing paper etc.

Most of the mechanical structures i.e.

missiles, nuclear reactor etc. work under the

influence of temperature which changes the

mechanical properties of the material of

structure. In these days, it becomes the

subject of interest for scientists and

researchers to know that how temperature

variation affects the vibrational properties of

the structures. Therefore, it becomes the

need of hour to study the effect of different

temperature variations i.e. linear, parabolic

etc. on the vibration for the betterment of

the structures. Due to variation in

temperature, non-homogeneity develops in

the material. Thermal effect on vibration of

non-homogenous plates are of great interest

in the field of engineering such as for better

designing of gas turbines, jet engine, space

craft and nuclear power projects.

Avalos & Laura [1] evaluated the lower

frequencies of the transverse vibration of

rectangular plates of generalized anisotropy

using Rayleigh-Ritz method by deducting

the subsidiary functional. De & Debnath [2]

explored the effect of a thermal gradient on

free axisymmetric vibrations of an

orthotropic elastic circular plate of

exponentially varying thickness. The

governing differential equation of motion is

solved by Frobenius method. Gupta &

Khanna [3] investigated the effect of linear

thickness variations in both directions on

vibrations of visco-elastic rectangular plate

having clamped boundary conditions on all


Page34

the four edges. Gupta & Singhal [4]

observed the thermal effect on vibration of

non-homogeneous orthotropic visco-elastic

rectangular plate of parabolically varying

thickness. Gupta et. al. [5] determined the

free vibration of a clamped visco-elastic

rectangular plate having bi-direction

exponentially varying thickness on the basis

of classical plate theory. Gutirrez et.al. [6]

studied the fundamental frequency of a

rectangular plate of thickness variation.

Hasheminejad et. al. [7] sorted the two

dimensional analytical model is formulated

for free extensional vibration of a thin

elastic plate of elliptic planform with an

arbitrarily located elliptical cutout. Khanna

et. al. [8] examined the temperature-

thickness coupling problem of a non-

homogeneous rectangular plate in which

temperature varies bilinearly and thickness

varies linearly in x-direction. Khanna &

Kaur [9] assessed the temperature-thickness

coupling problem of non-homogeneous

rectangular plate with varying thickness in

x-direction. Khanna & kaur [10] judged the

effect of varying structural parameters on

vibration of non-homogeneous visco-elastic

rectangular plate. Khanna & Sharma [11]

estimated the effect of thermal gradient on

vibration of square plate of bi-parabolic

thickness variation. Nagaya [12] speculated

the vibration and transient response

problems of non-periodically elastic

supported visco-elastic continuous plate. In

this three authors element visco-elatic

model adopted. Lal et. al. [13] inspected

the effect of the non-homogeneity with

varying values of aspect ratio on nature

frequencies for the first three models of

vibration. These three dimensional mode

shapes have been presented for all the four

boundary conditions. Leissa & Chern [14]

measured an approximate method for the

forced vibration analysis of plates.The

method is demonstrated for two types of

plates- simply supported rectangular and

clamped circular. Dhotarad & Ganesan [15]

specified the dynamic free response of thin

rectangular plates subjected to one and two

dimensional steady sate temperature

distributions. The accuracy is accessed by

comparing the results with classical

methods.

The object of the present study is to

determine the effect of a thermal gradient on

the frequencies of a clamped square plate.

All the edges are taken as clamped. The

Rayleigh-Ritz technique has been used to

determine the frequencies equation of the

plate. The frequency to the first two modes

of vibration is obtained for a clamped

square plate for various values of thermal

gradient (α).

Differential Equation of Motion

The fourth order differential equation of

motion of a visco-elastic square plate of

variable thickness in Cartesian form is given

by [14] :

( )

4 4 4 3 31

1 4 2 2 4 3 2

23 3 2 221 1

3 2 2 2 2

2 22 2 21 1

2 2 2

2 2

2 2 0

2 2 1

DW W W W WD

x x y y x x x y

D DW W W Wp gW

y y y x x x y

D DW W W

y y x x y x y

n r

n n

é ùæ ö æ ö¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶+ + + +ê úç ÷ ç ÷

¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è øê úê úæ ö æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + + - =ç ÷ ç ÷

¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê úè ø è øê ú

æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + -ç ÷ê ú¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è øë û

(1)

where W=W(x,y), g, & are deflection r n

function, thickness of plate, density and

poisson ratio of plate material respectively.

Also, D1 is flexural rigidity of rectangular

plate is defined as

(2)

where E is the temperature of Young’s

modulus.

Assumption


Page35

The temperature variations is taken as:

(3) 0 1 1x

aet t aæ öæ ö

= - -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø

Where denotes the temperature excess t

above the reference temperature at any point

on the plate and denotes the temperature 0t

excess above the reference temperature at

x=0 and �a� denote the length of square

plate respectively.

The temperature dependence of the modulus

of elasticity for most of engineering

material is taken as follows

E=E0 (4) ( )1 gt-

where E0 is the value of the Young’s

modulus at reference temperature i.e. =0 t

and is the slope of the variation of E g

.After substituting the value of from eq. t

(3) and eq. (4) become

(5) 0 1 1x

aE E eaæ öæ ö

= - -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø

where lies thermal 0 (0 1)a gt a= £ £

gradient.

After using equation (5) in equation (2),we

can obtain:

(6)

Boundary Conditions and Deflection

Function

Since the plate is assumed as clamped at all

the four edges, so the boundary conditions

are

at 0W

Wx

¶= =

¶0,x a=

at 0W

Wy

¶= =

¶0,y a=

The two term of deflection function on

square plate is taken as follows:-é ù

(7)

As our plate is clamped at all the four edges

so p, q, r, s = 2 then the deflection function

is taken as:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2

1 21 1 1 1W x a y a x a y a A A x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û

(8)

Methodology

Rayleigh-Ritz technique is applied to solve

the frequency equation. This method is

based on principal of conservation of energy

i.e. maximum strain energy P must be equal

to the maximum kinetic energy H. So it is

necessary for the problem under

consideration

that [8]:

(9)

Where

(10)

and

( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2

1 2 2 2 2

0 0

12 2 1

2

a aW W W W W

P D dydxx y y y x y

n nì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï

= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ

ò ò

(11)

Now assuming the non-dimensional

variable as

(12) (12)

Using eq. (12) in the deflection function

(W), kinetic energy (H) and potential energy

(P) becomes:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1p q r s

W x a y a x a y a A A x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ùë ûë û

(13)


Page36

* 2 2

0 0

1

2

a a

H p gW dYdXr= ò ò

(14)

( )( )

2 2 23 2 2 2 2 2*

2 2 2 220 0

2 2 124 1

a ah W W W W W

P E dXdYX Y X Y X Y

n nn

ì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷

¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶- è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þò ò

(15)

On using equation,

one get(14)and(15)inequation(9)

( )** 2 ** 0P Hl- =

(16)

Where

(17)

Here is a frequency parameter equation

consists two unknown constants i.e. (17) 1

and arising due to the substitution of W 2

from equation .These two constants (13)

are to be determined as follows:

(18)

On simplifying one gets equation(18),

(19)

Where involve parametric

constant i.e. thermal gradient frequency

parameter. For a non-trivial solution, the

determinant of the coefficient of equation

(19) must be zero, one obtained the

frequency equation as:

(20)

Equation (20) is a quadratic equation in λ2

from which two values of λ2 can be found

from these two values of λ2 , one can easily

obtained the two modes of vibration of

frequency i.e λ1 (mode1) and λ2 (mode2).

6. Result and Discussion

In order to obtained numerical values of

frequency for first two modes of vibration

λ1

2

(mode 1)

and λ

are

used :-

E0 = 7.08×1010 N/m2, G = 2.632×1010 N/m2 ,

ν = 0.345, ρ = 2.80×1010 kg/m2

All the results are obtained for first two

modes of vibrations are represented in

tabular as well as graphical form.

Table 1: - Frequency Vs Thermal

Gradient

Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Thermal gradient

(α) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 0.9

Graph 1:- Frequency λ2 Vs Thermal

Gradient for Mode 1

(mode 2), the following parameters

Α Mode 2 ( λ2)

0.0 140.884

0.1 145.792

0.2 150.54

0.3 155.143

0.4 159.614

0.5 163.962

0.6 168.199

0.7 172.331

0.8 176.366

0.9 180.311

A

A


Page37

From Graph 1,we can conclude that




when thermal gradient α increases for first

mode of vibration.

Table 2: - Frequency Vs Thermal

Gradient

Frequency λ2 (Mode 2) Vs Thermal gradient

(α) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 0.9


parameter for different values of thermal

gradient α from 0.0 to 0.9 for second mode

of vibration. It can be seen that frequency


α increases for second mode of vibration

Graph 2:- Frequency λ2 Vs Thermal

Gradient for Mode 2



the values of frequency for second mode of


when thermal gradient α increases for

second mode of vibration.

Conclusions

The object of this paper is to clarify the

characteristics of vibration of plates with

thermal gradient. It shows that the proposed

results have a good convergence and

satisfactory accuracy. Frequency directly

depends on temperature variation in the

plate. Frequency found maximum for plates

under no thermal condition (α=0).

References

1. Avalos D. R. and Laura P. A. 2002

Transverse vibrations of a simply

supported plate of generalized

anisotropy with an oblique cut-out

J. Sound and Vibration 258 773–776

2. De and D. Debnath 2011 Thermal

effect on axi-symmetric vibrations

of a circular plate of exponentially

varying thickness and density

International Journal of

Mathematical Science &

Engineering Applications 5 325-334

3. Gupta A. K. and Khanna A. 2007

Vibration of viscoelastic rectangular

plate with linearly thickness

variation in both directions J. Sound

and Vibration 301 450-457

Α Mode 1(λ2)

0.0 35.9998

0.1 37.254

0.2 38.4672

0.3 39.643

0.4 40.7848

0.5 41.8954

0.6 42.9772

0.7 44.0323

0.8 45.0626

0.9 46.0699


Page38

4. Gupta A. K. and Singhal P. 2010

Thermal effect on free vibration of

nonhomogeneous orthotropic visco-

elastic rectangular plate of

parabolically varying thickness

Applied Mathematics 1 456–463

5. Gupta A. K., Khanna A. and Gupta

D. V. 2009 Free vibration of

clamped viscoelastic rectangular

plate having bi-direction

exponentially thickness variation J.

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

47 457–471

6. Gutirrez R. H., Laura P. A. and

Grossi R. O. 1981 Vibrations of

rectangular plates of bilinearly

varying thickness with general

boundary conditions J. Sound and

Vibration 75 323 –328.

7. Hasheminejad S. M., Ghaheri A. and

Vaezian S 2013 Exact solution for

free in-plane vibration analysis of an

accentric elliptical plate Acta Mech.

224 1609-1624

8. Khanna A., Kaur N. and Sharma A.

K. 2012 Effect of varying poisson

ratio on thermally induced vibrations

of non-homogeneous rectangular

plate Indian J. Science and

Technology 5 3263–3267.

9. Khanna Anupam and Kaur Narinder

2014 An analytical investigation on

thermally induced vibrations of non-

homogeneous tapered rectangular

pate, Proceedings of the Third

International Conference on Soft

Computing for Problem Solving

Advances in Intelligent Systems and

Computing 258 641-652

10. Khanna Anupam and Kaur Narinder

2013 Effect of non-homogeneity on

free vibration of visco-elastic

rectangular plate with varying

structural parameters Journal of

Vibroengineering 15 2146-2155.

11. Khanna Anupam and Sharma Kumar

Ashish 2013 Natural vibration of

visco-elastic plate of varying

thickness with thermal effect

Journal of Applied Science and

Engineering 16 135-140

12. K. Nagaya 1977 Vibrations and

dynamic response of viscoelastic

plates on non-periodic elastic

supports Journal of engineering for

industry 99 404-409

13. Lal R., Kumar Y. and Gupta U. S.

2010 Transverse vibrations of

nonhomogeneous rectangular plates

of uniform thickness using boundary

characteristic orthogonal

polynomials Int. Jl. Appl. Math and

Mech 6 93–109

14. Leissa A. W. and Chern Tzong Yi.

1992 Approximate analysis of the

forced vibration response of plates J.

Vib. Acoust 114 106–111

15. M. S. Dhotarad and N. Ganesan

1978 Vibration analysis of a

rectangular plate subjected to a

thermal gradient Journal of Sound

and vibration 60 481-497.

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