ISSN : 2277 - 3878Website: www.ijrte.org

Technology and EngineeringTechnology and EngineeringInternational Journal of Recent International Journal of Recent

Volume-7 Issue-4, NOVEMBER 2018Volume-7 Issue-4, NOVEMBER 2018

Published by: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication

Published by: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication

n E d a n g i y n g e o e l r o i n n g h c e T t n e c e R I n f t o e l r na n at r i u o o n J l a

IjrteIjrte

Exploring Innovation

www.ijrte.org

EXPLORING INNOVA

TION

Editor-In-Chief Chair Dr. Shiv Kumar

Ph.D. (CSE), M.Tech. (IT, Honors), B.Tech. (IT), Senior Member of IEEE

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Lakshmi Narain College of Technology Excellence (LNCTE), Bhopal

(M.P.), India

Associated Editor-In-Chief Chair Dr. Vinod Kumar Singh

Associate Professor and Head, Department of Electrical Engineering, S.R.Group of Institutions, Jhansi (U.P.), India

Associated Editor-In-Chief Members Dr. Hai Shanker Hota

Ph.D. (CSE), MCA, MSc (Mathematics)

Professor & Head, Department of CS, Bilaspur University, Bilaspur (C.G.), India

Dr. Gamal Abd El-Nasser Ahmed Mohamed Said

Ph.D(CSE), MS(CSE), BSc(EE)

Department of Computer and Information Technology, Port Training Institute, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime

Transport, Egypt

Dr. Mayank Singh

PDF (Purs), Ph.D(CSE), ME(Software Engineering), BE(CSE), SMACM, MIEEE, LMCSI, SMIACSIT

Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, School of Engineering, Howard College, University of KwaZulu-

Natal, Durban, South Africa.

Scientific Editors Prof. (Dr.) Hamid Saremi

Vice Chancellor of Islamic Azad University of Iran, Quchan Branch, Quchan-Iran.

Dr. Moinuddin Sarker

Vice President of Research & Development, Head of Science Team, Natural State Research, Inc., 37 Brown House Road (2nd Floor)

Stamford, USA.

Dr. Shanmugha Priya. Pon

Principal, Department of Commerce and Management, St. Joseph College of Management and Finance, Makambako, Tanzania, East

Africa, Tanzania

Dr. Veronica Mc Gowan

Associate Professor, Department of Computer and Business Information Systems,Delaware Valley College, Doylestown, PA, Allman,

China.

Dr. Fadiya Samson Oluwaseun

Assistant Professor, Girne American University, as a Lecturer & International Admission Officer (African Region) Girne, Northern

Cyprus, Turkey.

Dr. Robert Brian Smith

International Development Assistance Consultant, Department of AEC Consultants Pty Ltd, AEC Consultants Pty Ltd, Macquarie

Centre, North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia

Dr. Durgesh Mishra

Professor & Dean (R&D), Acropolis Institute of Technology, Indore (M.P.), India

Executive Editor Chair Dr. Deepak Garg

Professor & Head, Department of Computer Science And Engineering, Bennett University, Times Group, Greater Noida (UP), India

Executive Editor Members Dr. Vahid Nourani

Professor, Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Iran.

Dr. Saber Mohamed Abd-Allah

Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai, China.

Dr. Xiaoguang Yue

Associate Professor, Department of Computer and Information, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming (Yunnan), China.

Dr. Labib Francis Gergis Rofaiel

Associate Professor, Department of Digital Communications and Electronics, Misr Academy for Engineering and Technology,

Mansoura, Egypt.

Dr. Hugo A.F.A. Santos

ICES, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas, Austin, USA.

Dr. Sunandan Bhunia

Associate Professor & Head, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia

(Bengal), India.

Dr. Awatif Mohammed Ali Elsiddieg

Assistant Professor, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Humatarian Studies, Elnielain University, Khartoum Sudan,

Saudi Arabia.

Technical Program Committee Chair Dr. Mohd. Nazri Ismail

Associate Professor, Department of System and Networking, University of Kuala (UniKL), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Technical Program Committee Members Dr. Haw Su Cheng

Faculty of Information Technology, Multimedia University (MMU), Jalan Multimedia (Cyberjaya), Malaysia.

Dr. Hasan. A. M Al Dabbas

Chairperson, Vice Dean Faculty of Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan.

Dr. Gabil Adilov

Professor, Department of Mathematics, Akdeniz University, Konyaaltı/Antalya, Turkey.

Dr. Ch.V. Raghavendran

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Ideal College of Arts and Sciences Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh), India.

Dr. Thanhtrung Dang

Associate Professor & Vice-Dean, Department of Vehicle and Energy Engineeering, HCMC University of Technology and Education,

Hochiminh, Vietnam.

Dr. Wilson Udo Udofia

Associate Professor, Department of Technical Education, State College of Education, Afaha Nsit, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.

Convener Chair Mr. Jitendra Kumar Sen

Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd., Bhopal(M.P.), India

Editorial Chair Dr. Sameh Ghanem Salem Zaghloul

Department of Radar, Military Technical College, Cairo Governorate, Egypt.

Editorial Members Dr. Uma Shanker

Professor, Department of Mathematics, Muzafferpur Institute of Technology, Muzafferpur(Bihar), India

Dr. Rama Shanker

Professor & Head, Department of Statistics, Eritrea Institute of Technology, Asmara, Eritrea

Dr. Vinita Kumar

Department of Physics, Dr. D. Ram D A V Public School, Danapur, Patna(Bihar), India

Dr. Brijesh Singh

Senior Yoga Expert and Head, Department of Yoga, Samutakarsha Academy of Yoga, Music & Holistic Living, Prahladnagar,

Ahmedabad (Gujarat), India.

Dr. J. Gladson Maria Britto

Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Secunderabad (Telangana), India.

Dr. Sunil Tekale

Professor, Dean Academics, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Secunderabad

(Telangana), India.

S.

No

Volume-7 Issue-4, November 2018, ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online)

Published By: Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication

Page

No.

1.

Authors: Ajala F. A., Adigun A.A, Oke A.O

Paper Title: Development of Hybrid Compression Algorithm for Medical Images using Lempel-Ziv-Welch and

Huffman Encoding

Abstract: Image compression is of utmost importance in data processing, because of the cost savings it offers and

because of the large volume of data transferred from one end to the other. The smaller the size of the data the better

transmission speed and it also saves time. In communication, transmission of data efficiently, fast and noise free is

essential.. Both the LZW and Huffman image compression algorithm are lossless in manner and these methods and

some versions of them are very common in use of compressing images. On the average Huffman gives better

compression results, while LZW give a better signal-noise-ratio and when the compression efficiency gap between

the LZW algorithm and its Huffman counterpart is the largest. In this work, Hybrid of LZW and Huffman image

compression was developed and used. It gives better compression ratio and SNR than Huffman Encoding and LZW

Algorithm. It also provides cheap, reliable and efficient system for image compression in digital communication

system. The average result shows that Huffman encoding has 59.46% and LZW has1,99% of compression ratio,

whereas the hybrid of Huffman and LZW has compression ratio of 47.61% but has 92.76% of Signal to Noise Ratio

that produce better result of the original image.

Keywords: Compression, Transmission, Huffman, LZW, Encoding.

References: 1. Subramanya A, (2002) “Image Compression Technique,” Potentials IEEE, Vol. 20, Issue 1, pp 19-23, 2. Meyer B and P. Tischer, (2010) “TMW—A New Method for Lossless Image Compression,” Australia,

3. Huffman D (1952), A Method for the Construction of Minimum Redundancy Codes,‖ Proc. IRE, pp. 1098-1101,

4. Rajeswari R and R. Rajesh, (2011) “WBMP Compression,” In- ternational Journal of Wisdom Based Computing, Vol. 1, No. 2, 5. Ramya R, and K. Mala, (2007) A hybrid Compression Algorithm for Compound Images, IEEE International Conference on Computational

Intelligence and Multimedia Applications, Vol.3, pp 68-72.

6. Sunil Kumar and R.C.Jain, (2007) “Low complexity fractal-based image compression techniques,” IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, Vol.43, no.4, pp 987-993,

7. Mohammed, (2008)“Highly scalable hybrid image coding scheme,” Digital Signal Processing, Vol.18, no.3, pp 364-374,

8. Zhe-Ming L.U.and P.E.I.Hui, (2005) “Hybrid image compression scheme based on PVQ and DCTVQ,” IEICE transactions on information

and systems, Vol.88, no.10, pp 2422-2426,

9. ZIV, J., AND LEMPEL(1978), A. Compression of individual sequences via variable-rate coding. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory

24, 530–536

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2.

Authors: Savita Sharma, Mausham Taneja

Paper Title: The Effect of Training on Employee Performance

Abstract: The Success or failure of modern business organizations depends on the quality of their human resources.

Well trained and highly developed employees are considered a cornerstone for such success. The employee is a

bloodstream of any business. The accomplishment or disaster of the firm depends on its employee performance.

Hence, top management realized the importance of investing in training and development for the sake of improving

employee performance. Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style are four

of the most important aspects of organizational studies. The focus of the current study is to understand the effect of

Training and Development, On the Job Training, Training Design and Delivery style on Organizational performance.

Low job satisfaction and low motivation do not only reduce the performance of the health systems but also constitute

a serious push factor for migration of health workers, both from rural areas to the cities and to other countries.

Employees – the vital part of the organization should be developed as they are contributing to the organization ‟s

success. Organizations require the employees of highly skilled, knowledgeable with the right attitude for its smooth

functioning and development. The present investigation is good to go to discover the effect of training on employee

work execution conduct among modern laborers of ventures situated in the National Capital Region. This paper focus

on the current practices being followed in organizations for training and development of the employees in industry

with analyze the impact of training and development programmers on employees’ work performance in the industries

located in Gautama Buddha Nagar, to highlight the problems responsible for the unsuccessful implementation of the

training and development programmers in the industries of Uttar Pradesh with some good suggestion to measures for

the successful implementation of training and development programmers in the organizations to uplift the level of

employees’ work performance.

Keywords: Training, Employee performance. Competence, Job Performance, Employee Quality, Training, and

Development, On the Job Training, Training Design, Delivery style, Organizational Performance.

References: 1. R J. (2002), Human Resource Management 2nd Edition, Jhon Wiley & Sons 2002.

2. George, S. A. & Scott, B. W. 2012, Managing Human Resource, 16th Edition.

3. Fakhar Ul Afaq, Anwar Khan (2008), “Case of Pearl Continental hotels in Pakistan, Relationship of training with Employees’ Performance in Hoteling Industry”.

4. Richard Chang Associates, INC., “Measuring the impact of training, demonstrate the measurable results and return on investment.”

5. McKinsey Quarterly (2006), “An executive take on the top business trends”, a McKinsey Global Survey. 6. Meyer, P.J. and Smith, A.C. (2000), “HRM practices and organizational commitment: a test of a mediation model”, Canadian Journal of

Administrative Sciences, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 319-31.

7. Colarelli, S. M., & Monteiro, M. S. 1996. Some contextual influences on training utilization. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 32(3): 306-322.

6-13

8. Tai, W. T., (2006). Effects of Training Framing, General Self-efficacy and Training Motivation on Trainees’ Training Effectiveness, Emerald Group Publishers, 35(1), pp. 51-65.

9. Gerhart, B., Milkovich, G. T., & Murray, B. 1992. Pay, performance, and participation. In D. Lewin, O. Mitchell, & P. Sherer (Eds.),

Research Frontiers in Industrial Relations, pp. 193-238. Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association. 10. Harvey, M. 2002. Human Resource Management in Africa: Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland. International Journal of Human Resource

Management. 13,7, 1119 – 1145.

11. Brotherton, J., Evans, C., (2010). The Importance of the Trainer: Factors Affecting the Retention of Clients in the Training Services Sector, Industrial and Commercial Training.

12. Emerald Group Publishers, 42(1), pp. 23-31.Brinkerhoff, R. O., (2006). Increasing Impacts of Training Investments: An Evaluation Strategy

for Building Organizational Learning Capability, Industrial and Commercial Banking. Emerald Group of Publishers, 38(6), pp. 302-307.

3.

Authors: M. S. Minu, Deepak Adithya K. N.

Paper Title: Real Time College Bus Monitoring and Notification System

Abstract: In today economic and traffic condition no one can predicts at wat time and when the required

transportation of a person can arrive .The aim of the paper work to provide a app which can be used for college

students so that they can manage the time during all days usefully and get to their transport point at the right time and

not lose the bus or any other college transportation receive provided by the college. I intent to use IOT and concepts

with the help of Arduino to complete and implement this product. This paper also aims to add feature like estimate

time of arrival, notification, students data base etc.

Keywords: Arduino, Economic and Traffic, College Students.

References: 1. Manash Pratim Gohain, Speed Governors, GPS must for school buses, The Times of India, February 24, 2017

2. Pham Hoang Oat, Micheal Drieberg and Nguyen Chi Cuong, Development of Vehicle Tracking System using GPS and GSM Modem , 2013 IEEE Conference on Open Systems (ICOS), December 2 - 4, 2013, Sarawak, Malaysia.

3. Maliha Mahbub, Anuradha Mandal, Sabira Khanam, M. Shamim Kaiser and Shamim Al Mamun, ”Improvement of RFID Tag Detection Using Smart Antenna For Tag Based School Monitoring System”, International Conference on Electrical Engineering and Information &

Communication Technology (ICEEICT) 2014

4. Yuanqing Zheng; Pengfei Zhou; Mo Li, "How Long to Wait? Predicting Bus Arrival Time with Mobile Phone Based Participatory Sensing, "Mobile Computing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.13, no.6, pp.1228, 1241, June 2014.

5. Isa, H. L., Saad, S. A., Badrul Hisham, A. Aisha, &Ishak, M. H. I., "Improvement of GPS Accuracy in Positioning by Using DGPS Technique

BT –Modeling, Design and Simulation of Systems: 17th Asia Simulation Conference, Asia Sim 2017, Melaka, Malaysia, August 27 – 29, 2017, Proceedings, Part II,"In M. S. Mohamed Ali, H. Wahid, N. A. Mohd Subha, S. Sahlan, M. A. Md. Yunus, & A. R. Wahap (Eds.), (pp.

3–11)Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017.

6. Maruthi, R., "SMS based Bus Tracking System using Open Source Technologies," Int. J. Comput. Appl. (0975 – 8887), pp. vol. 86, 44– 46,

2014.

7. Rahman, A. A., & Sidek, S., Abdullah, A. R., "The critical flaw in the implementation of GPS tracking system in express bus industry," 10th

IEEE Int. Conf. Serv. Oper. Logist. Informatics, SOLI 2015 - conjunction with ICT4ALL 2015, pp. 71–76, 2015. 8. Ramadan, M. N., Al-kheder, S., Al-khedher, M. a, & Member, S., a, "Intelligent Anti-Theft and Tracking System for Automobiles," Int. J.

Mach. Learn. Computer, pp. vol. 2, 88–92, 2012.

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4.

Authors: Ritu Maheshwari, Anil Rajput, Anil K. Gupta

Paper Title: Performance of “VCPHCF-RTT” Security Agent in Private Virtual Cloud Infrastructure

Abstract: Cloud Security issue is one of the biggest challenges that hampers the growth of Cloud for its various

service provisioning. An on-demand access to a shared pool of computing resources in the cloud is the major service

provisioning that involves delivering hosted services over the Internet. Security of Private Virtual Cloud

Infrastructure will be proposed against IP-Spoofing based DDoS Attacks using Private Virtual Cloud Infrastructure

Model. Virtualization Enhancement will be done in Cloud using proposed Security Agent VCPHCF-RTT.

Performance Parameters will be analysed after introspection to cloud security techniques to resolve focussed

Research Problem Issues and Challenges. VCPHCF-RTT improves the efficiency of the probability based Hop Count

Filtering technique using HCF at intermediate nodes between the Virtual Machines of Client VM and Server VM

along with RTT. It reduces the probability of guessing the RTT and VCHCF parameter values both at the

intermediate routers by the attackers. The robustness of VCPHCF-RTT has been shown in this paper against CHCF

and PHCF techniques.

Keywords: Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), Clouds, Virtual Machines (VM), Filter, Hop Count Filtering

(HCF), Time-to-live (TTL), Virtual Cloud Probabilistic Hop Count Filtering using Round Trip Time (VCPHCF-

RTT).

References: 1. L. Chi-Chun, H. Chun-Chieh, K. Joy, “A Cooperative Intrusion Detection System Framework for Cloud Computing Networks,” IEEE 39 th

International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops, pp. 280-284, 2010. 2. K. Kourai, T.Azumi, S. Chiba, “A Self-Protection mechanism against Stepping Stone Attacks for IaaS Clouds,” IEEE 9th International

Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing, pp. 539-546, 2012.

3. R. Shrivastava, R. Sharma, A. Verma, “MAS based Framework to protect Cloud Computing against DDoS Attack,” International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, IJRET, vol. 2(12), pp. 36-40, December, 2013.

4. L. Sheng-Wei, Y. Fang, “Securing KVM – based Cloud Systems via Virtualization Introspection,” IEEE 47th Hawaii International

Conference on System Science, pp. 5028-5037, 2014. 5. A. Kumara M.A., C.D. Jaidhar, “Hypervisor and Virtual Machine Dependent Intrusion Detection and Prevention System for Virtualized

Cloud Environment,” 1st International Conference on Telematics and Future Generation Networks, pp. 1-6, 2015.

6. Biswa Ranjan Swain, Bibhudatta Sahoo, “Mitigating DDoS attack and Saving Computational Time using a Probabilistic approach and HCF method,” IEEE International Conference on Advance Computing, NIT, Rourkela, India, pp. 1170-1172, 6-7, March 2009

7. R. Maheshwari, C. Rama Krishna, M. Sridhar Brahma “Defending Network System against IP Spoofing based Distributed DoS attacks using

DPHCF-RTT Packet Filtering Technique,” IEEE International Conference on Issues and Challenges in Intelligent Computing Techniques, KIET, Ghaziabad, India, pp. 211-214, 8th February 2014.

8. P. Jayashree, K.S. Easwarakumar, V. Anandharaman, K. Aswin, S. Raja Vijay, “A Proactive Statistical Defense Solution for DDOS Attacks

17-23

in Active Networks,” 1st IEEE International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering & Technology, Anna University, Chennai, India, pp. 878-881, 16-18, July, 2008.

9. J. Sen, “A Robust mechanism for defending distributed denial of service attacks on web servers,” International Journal of Network Security

and its Applications, vol. 3 (2), pp. 162-179, March 2011. 10. Q. Wu, R. Zheng, J. Pu, Shibao Sun, “An Adaptive Control Mechanism for Mitigating DDoS Attacks,” IEEE International Conference on

Automation and Logistics, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, pp. 1760-1764, 5-7, August, 2009.

11. H. Wang, C.Jin and K. Shang, “Defense Against Spoofed IP Traffic Using Hop-Count Filtering,” IEEE Transaction on Networking, vol. 15 (1), pp. 40-53, February, 2007.

12. F. Zhang, J. eng, Z. Qin, M. Zhou, “Detecting the DDoS Attacks Based on SYN proxy and Hop-Count Filter,” IEEE International

Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems, University of Electronic Science and Technology, China, pp. 457-461, 11-13, July, 2007.

13. I. B. Mopari, S.G. Pukale, M.L. Dhore, "Detection and defense against DDoS attack with IP spoofing," IEEE International Conference on

Computing, Communication and Networking, Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune, India, pp. 1-5, 18-20, December, 2008. 14. C. Jin, H. Wang, K. G. Shin, “Hop-count filtering: an effective defense against spoofed traffic,” 2003, [Online]. Available:

http://www.citeseerx.ist.psu.edu

15. A. Mukaddam, I. H. Elhajj, “Hop count variability,” 6th IEEE International Conference on Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, pp. 240-244, 11-14, December , 2011.

5.

Authors: Pankaj Kumar Gautam, Sudhasnhu Pandey, Vishwajeet Kumar Nanda

Paper Title: Robot Control by Accelerometer Based Hand Gesture using Arduino Microcontroller

Abstract: Most of robots are controlled by wireless connection (like remote or cell phones) or by direct (wired)

connection. In this project work we have designed a robot which is to be controlled by hand gesture of human and an

accelerometer is used to move robot according to hand movement. In this work the hardware requirements and

complexity has been removed because of not using remote control. Arduino microcontroller makes it a self activated

robot, which drives itself according to hand gesture of human standing in front of it. It follows the users hand gesture

using accelerometer which makes itself driven robot.

Keywords: Accelerometer, Arduino-Uno, Hand Gesture, Microcontroller, Robot.

References: 1. H.J. Boehme, A .Brakensiek, U.D. Braumann, M. Krabbes, and H.M. Gross. “Neural networks for gesture based remote control of a mobile

robot”. In Proc.1998 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence WCCI 1998 – IJCNN 1998, pages 372-377, Anchorage, 1998.

IEEE Computer Society Press. 2. L. Bretzner, I. Laptev, and T. Lindberg, "Hand Gesture Recognition using Multi-Scale Color Features, Hierarchical Models and Particle

Filtering", IEEE International Conf. on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2002.

3. R. Rosales, V. Athitsos, L. Sigal, and S. Sclaroff, "3D Hand Pose Reconstruction Using Specialized Mappings", IEEE International

Con. on Computer Vision, pp. 378- 385, 2001.

4. “Accelerometer-Based Control of an Industrial Robotic Arm” Pedro Neto, J. Norberto Pires, Member, IEEE, and A. Paulo Moreira, Member,

IEEE. 5. Y. Cui and J.J. Weng. “Hand sign recognition from intensity image sequences with complex backgrouns”. In Proceedings of the Second

International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Killington, Vermont, 1996.

6. www.arduino.com. 7. www.analog.com/static/imported- files/data_sheets/ADXL335.pdf.

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6.

Authors: Simran Verma, Taruna Dhingra, Rashmi Rameshwari

Paper Title: In Slilico Methods for Eradication of Papaya Leaf Curl Disease from Carica Papaya

Abstract: Carica papaya is a common fruit found in India. It has various medicinal properties. several viral diseases

of papaya cause huge lose to agricultural economy to a large scale. The most commonly reported is Papaya leaf curl

disease which is caused by Papaya leaf curl virus. Papaya leaf curl virus belongs to the genus Begomovirus i.e. has

bipartite genome. Its C2(L2) gene in segment A of genome functions as transcription activator. To remove the

infection of this virus from papaya gene silencing feature was considered. Out of several methods for gene silencing,

RNA interference was studied in detailed to remove Papaya leaf curl disease through in silico. AGO1, QDE-2, and

RDE-1are the related proteins required for transcriptional gene silencing in plants. These protein belong to Argonaute

family and play central role in RNA silencing processes. RISC is the RNA induced silencing complex responsible for

gene silencing. GW(Genome Wide Micro RNAs proteins) stand for (miRNA). It guides argonaute proteins to target

mRNAs leading to gene silencing. The maximum homology of Papaya leaf curl virus was found to be with Tobacco

Curly Shoot Virus. It has been found from literature that Carica papaya shares common ancestor with Arabidopsis

Thaliana. The related proteins i.e. AGO1, QDE-2, and RDE is common protein found in both the species. These

proteins are required for transcriptional gene silencing in plants. This suggests that these proteins can help in

transcriptional gene silencing in Carica papaya too. This transcriptional gene silencing will repress the gene C2(L2)

and thus stop further infection of virus. Bemisia tabaci is the insect vector of Papaya leaf curl virus. Controlling the

population of this insect vector can reduce the chances of this virus infecting Carica papaya. Dimethoate is an

insecticide used to kill this insect vector and is hazardous for human life. Anatoxin is a naturally occurring

organophosphate isolated from blue-green algae and can be used as an efficient insecticide against Bemisia Tabaci.

Keywords: Carica Papaya, Papaya Leaf Curl Virus, Gene silencing, Dimethoate, Bemisia Tabaci

References: 1. Aravind, G., Bhowmik, D., Duraivel, S., & Harish, G. (2013). Traditional and medicinal uses of Carica papaya. Journal of Medicinal Plants

Studies, 1(1), 7-15.Vinod Kumar, 2012

2. El-Zaher, E. H. A. (2014). Antifungal activity of Carica papaya seed extract against Aspergillus flavus as serious mycotoxins producing organism and causal organism for aspergillosis. Egypt. J. Exp. Biol.(Bot.), 10(1), 51-62.

3. Anibijuwon, I. I., & Udeze, A. O. (2009). Antimicrobial activity of Carica papaya (pawpaw leaf) on some pathogenic organisms of clinical

origin from South-Western Nigeria. Ethnobotanical Leaflets, 2009(7), 4. 4. Purcifull, D. E. (1972). Papaya ringspot virus, no. 84. Description of Plant Viruses. Comm. Mycol. Inst. Assoc. Appl. Biol., Kew, Surrey,

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England. 5. Thomas, K. M., & Krishnaswamy, C. S. (1939). First report of papaya leaf curl virus infecting papaya plants. Curr. Sci, 8, 316.

6. Chandra, K. J., & Samuel, L. D. K. (1999). Viral and phytoplasmal diseases of papaya in India. Diseases of horticultural crops-fruits. Indus

Publishing Company, New Delhi, 493-515. 7. Lokhande, N. M., Moghe, P. G., Matte, A. D., & Hiware, B. J. (1992). Occurrence of papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) in Vidharbha regions of

Maharashtra. Journal of Soils and Crops, 2, 36-39.

8. Pita, J. S., Fondong, V. N., Sangare, A., Otim-Nape, G. W., Ogwal, S., & Fauquet, C. M. (2001). Recombination, pseudorecombination and synergism of geminiviruses are determinant keys to the epidemic of severe cassava mosaic disease in Uganda. Journal of General Virology,

82(3), 655-665.

9. Fagard, M., Boutet, S., Morel, J. B., Bellini, C., & Vaucheret, H. (2000). AGO1, QDE-2, and RDE-1 are related proteins required for post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants, quelling in fungi, and RNA interference in animals. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences, 97(21), 11650-11654.

10. Bohmert, K., Camus, I., Bellini, C., Bouchez, D., Caboche, M., & Benning, C. (1998). AGO1 defines a novel locus of Arabidopsis controlling leaf development. The EMBO journal, 17(1), 170-180.

11. Hutvagner, G., & Simard, M. J. (2008). Argonaute proteins: key players in RNA silencing. Nature reviews Molecular cell biology, 9(1), 22.

12. Tang, G. (2005). siRNA and miRNA: an insight into RISCs. Trends in biochemical sciences, 30(2), 106-114. 13. Pontier, D., Picart, C., Roudier, F., Garcia, D., Lahmy, S., Azevedo, J., & Colot, V. (2012). NERD, a plant-specific GW protein, defines an

additional RNAi-dependent chromatin-based pathway in Arabidopsis. Molecular cell, 48(1), 121-132.

14. Ren, G., Xie, M., Zhang, S., Vinovskis, C., Chen, X., & Yu, B. (2014). Methylation protects microRNAs from an AGO1-associated activity that uridylates 5′ RNA fragments generated by AGO1 cleavage. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(17), 6365-6370.

15. Gupta, R. C., & Milatovic, D. (2014). Insecticides. In Biomarkers in toxicology (pp. 389-407).

16. Varun, P., Ranade, S. A., & Saxena, S. (2017). A molecular insight into papaya leaf curl—a severe viral disease. Protoplasma, 254(6), 2055-

2070.

17. Eulalio, A., Tritschler, F., & Izaurralde, E. (2009). The GW182 protein family in animal cells: new insights into domains required for

miRNA-mediated gene silencing. Rna.

7.

Authors: Rishi Choubey, V.B. Reddy

Paper Title: Performance Analysis and Channel Estimation Based on K-Means based Correlation

Abstract: In this paper an efficient k-means based approach has been used for channel estimation and performance

analysis. For experimentation 2×2, 3×3, 4×4, 5×5 systems (MIMO−OFDM) have been used. The parameter

considered are subcarriers, spreading code length, timing jitters, channel variations and temperature correlation. The

system is considered with the correlated timing jitters. First the subcarrier is considered according to the system with

the variable spreading length along with the variable timing jitters. For finding the nearer subcarriers in the related

frequency k-means algorithm have been applied. It is helpful in finding the related correlation. Additive white

Gaussian noise (AWGN) and Rayleigh fading channel have been considered. The results clearly indicate that the

improved performance has been obtained in case of increasing the systems or the subcarriers after the related

similarity correlation through our approach. It is also found better in terms of different parametric variations.

Keywords: AWGN, Rayleigh Channel, Channel Estimation, K-Means

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8.

Authors: A.S. Madhusudhan Rao

Paper Title: Energy Dependent γ- ray Attenuation Studies on Cs Halides & Determination of Photon Interaction

Parameters

Abstract: Experimental determination of mass attenuation coefficient (μm) of Cs halides at different γ-energies has

been taken up. Mixture rule is used to calculate the values of μm of compounds. Experimentally determined μm is

compared with the calculated and X-Com values. Other physical parameters of the Cs halides are evaluated using the

experimental, calculated and the X-Com values of μm and are reported for first time.

Keywords: Physical parameters, Cs halides, Pellets, X-Com, Mixture Rule.

References: 1. Turgut U, Simsek A, Buyukkasapp E and Ertugrul M, Spectrochim Acta B, 57, 261 (2002)

2. Sahin A. Un Y. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B. 269, 1506-1511(2011).

3. Abdel-Rahman, M.A., Badawi, E.A., Abdel-Hady, Y.L., Kamel, N., Nucl.Instrum. Methods A 447, 432–436 (2000). 4. Kurudirek M., Aygun M., Erzeneoğlu S.Z., Appl. Radiat. Isot., 68, 1006-1011(2010).

5. Singh H, Singh K, Gerward L, Sahota H.S, and Nathuram R, Nucl.Instrum. & Meth. B207, 257 (2003).

6. A. S. Madhusudhan Rao et al, Determination of Photon Interaction Parameters of CaO and MgO for Multi-Energetic Photons using γ-Ray Attenuation Technique, IOSR-JAP, Volume 8, Issue 2 Ver. I (Mar. - Apr. 2016), PP 103-109

7. L. Gerward, N. Guilbert, K.B. Jensen, H. Levring, X-ray absorption in matter. Reengineering XCOM, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 60

(2001) 23–24.

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