international institute for security and cooperation

International Institute ForInternational Institute For

Security and CooperationSecurity and Cooperation

Rodolfo PeikovMember of the Advisory Board

IISC

NARCOTERRORISM

Moscow, RussiaDecember 9-10, 2009

DRUGS AND TERRORISMDRUGS AND TERRORISM A GLOBAL THREATA GLOBAL THREAT

World Trade Center, New York, USA, September 11, 2001over 3000 dead, over 5000 wounded

World Trade Center, February 26, 1993 6 dead, over 1000 wounded

PENTAGON

189 dead

PENNNSYLVANIA44

dead


Kuta, Bali, Indonesia, October 12, 2002202 dead, 209 wounded

Bali, Indonesia, October 1, 200523 dead, 129 wounded


British Consulate and Synagogues, Istanbul, Turkey,November 15-20, 2003

57 dead, over 700 wounded

Atocha Train Station, Madrid, Spain, March 11, 2004191 dead, over 2000 wounded



Beslan, Респу́>блика Се>верная Осе>тия-Ала>ния, Respublika Severnaya Osetiya-Alaniya,September 1-3, 2004

over 300 dead, over 700 wounded


Metro and Bus, London, United Kingdom, July 7, 200556 dead over 700 wounded


Train station attacks, Mumbai (Bombay), India, July 11, 2006209 dead over 700 wounded


Benazir Bhutto is assassinated by an attacker who blows himself up resulting in over 20 dead and several wounded.

Rawalpindi, Pakistan, December 27, 2007


Mumbai (Bombay), India, November 26-29, 2008over 173 dead over 300 wounded


Peshawar, Pakistan, October 28, 2009over 95 dead over 220 wounded


Невский экспресс , Nevsky Espress (St. Petersburg-Moscow), November 27, 2009

27 dead over 90 wounded


““Kill one, Kill one,

frighten thousands.”frighten thousands.” Sun TzuSun Tzu The Art of WarThe Art of War (China 544 B.C. – 496 B.C.)(China 544 B.C. – 496 B.C.)

NARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISMThis presentation is intended only to furnish you with a This presentation is intended only to furnish you with a basic knowledge of terrorism and drug related basic knowledge of terrorism and drug related terrorism, and could be a starting point for further and terrorism, and could be a starting point for further and more detailed study.more detailed study.

It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, It is not to be taken as a complete or detailed work but, rather, as an introduction to a very complex and dynamic rather, as an introduction to a very complex and dynamic subject.subject.

It gives a minimum essential background knowledge It gives a minimum essential background knowledge required to properly analyze the terrorist threat at the required to properly analyze the terrorist threat at the worldwide level.worldwide level.

FLAGS OF TERRORIST FLAGS OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

LIST OF TERRORIST LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS ORGANIZATIONS

Abu Nidal organization, (ANO) , Fatah—the Revolutionary Council, Arab Abu Nidal organization, (ANO) , Fatah—the Revolutionary Council, Arab Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and Revolutionary Organization of Revolutionary Brigades, Black September, and Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims (now inactive since the closing of offices in Egypt and Lybia Socialist Muslims (now inactive since the closing of offices in Egypt and Lybia in 1999. in 1999. Abu Nidal found dead in Iraq August 2002.Abu Nidal found dead in Iraq August 2002. (Palestine, Lebanon) (Palestine, Lebanon)

Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) or al-Harakat al-Islamiyya (Philippines, Brunei, Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) or al-Harakat al-Islamiyya (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand)Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand)

Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen)Aden-Abyan Islamic Army (Yemen) Al-Aqsa Foundation (Palestine)Al-Aqsa Foundation (Palestine) Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (al-Aqsa) (Palestine)Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade (al-Aqsa) (Palestine) Al- Badr (India, Pakistan)Al- Badr (India, Pakistan) Alex Boncayao Brigade, ABB (in 1997 it was joined by the Revolutionary Alex Boncayao Brigade, ABB (in 1997 it was joined by the Revolutionary

Proletarian Army, RPA) (Philippines) Proletarian Army, RPA) (Philippines) Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, Al-Gama’a al-Islamiyya, Gamaat IslamiyaGamaat Islamiya, , al Jamaat al Islamiya, Gama'a El al Jamaat al Islamiya, Gama'a El

Islamiyya Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) (Egypt)(Islamic Group, IG) (Egypt) Al Ghurabaa (re-established along with the Saviour Sect inAl Ghurabaa (re-established along with the Saviour Sect in Ahlus Sunnah wal Ahlus Sunnah wal

Jamaah as an Internet forum in 2005) (Al Ghurabaa and Saviour Sect were Jamaah as an Internet forum in 2005) (Al Ghurabaa and Saviour Sect were banned in 2006) (U.K.) banned in 2006) (U.K.)

Al-Haramain Foundation (Saudi Arabia) (banned GLOBAL by the U.N. 1267 Al-Haramain Foundation (Saudi Arabia) (banned GLOBAL by the U.N. 1267 in 1999)in 1999)

Al Ittihad Al Islamia (Somalia)Al Ittihad Al Islamia (Somalia) Al-Shabaab (Somalia)Al-Shabaab (Somalia) page 1 of 9page 1 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS

Alliance of Eritrean National Force, AEFN (in 1999 the Eritrean opposition Alliance of Eritrean National Force, AEFN (in 1999 the Eritrean opposition groups formed the AEFN) (Eritrea)groups formed the AEFN) (Eritrea)

Al-Qaeda, Qa‘idat al-Jihad (Afghanistan, Pakistan, now Global)Al-Qaeda, Qa‘idat al-Jihad (Afghanistan, Pakistan, now Global) Al-Umar Mujahidin (India)Al-Umar Mujahidin (India) All Tripura Tiger Force (India)All Tripura Tiger Force (India) Absa-al-Islam (Pakistan)Absa-al-Islam (Pakistan) Ansar-us-Sunna (Iraq)Ansar-us-Sunna (Iraq) Armata Corsa, AC, Corsica Army (founded in 1999 is rival to the other Armata Corsa, AC, Corsica Army (founded in 1999 is rival to the other

Corsican group FLNC) (France)Corsican group FLNC) (France) Armed Islamic Group (GIA Armed Islamic Group (GIA al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallahaal-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha) (Algeria) ) (Algeria) Asbat al-Ansar (Lebanon)Asbat al-Ansar (Lebanon) Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), now called Aleph (Japan)Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth), now called Aleph (Japan) Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia, Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia, United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia,

AUC (ColombiaAUC (Colombia Babbar Khalsa International (India, Pakistan)Babbar Khalsa International (India, Pakistan) Balochistan Liberation Army (Iran, Pakistan)Balochistan Liberation Army (Iran, Pakistan) Brigate Rosse, Red Brigades (BR) (Italy)Brigate Rosse, Red Brigades (BR) (Italy) Communist Party of India (India) Communist Party of India (India) Communist Party of Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA) (Philippines)Communist Party of Philippines/New People’s Army (CPP/NPA) (Philippines)

page 2 of 9page 2 of 9


Continuity Irish Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann (Ireland, U.K.)Continuity Irish Republican Army, Óglaigh na hÉireann (Ireland, U.K.) Deendar Anjuman, Islamic Organization (India)Deendar Anjuman, Islamic Organization (India) Dukhtaran-E-Millat, Daughters of the Nation, Wahabbi Fundamentalist Dukhtaran-E-Millat, Daughters of the Nation, Wahabbi Fundamentalist

Group (India, Pakistan)Group (India, Pakistan) Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad Group, Islamic Jihad, Al-Jihad (Egypt)Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Jihad Group, Islamic Jihad, Al-Jihad (Egypt) Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), National Liberation Army (Colombia)Ejército de Liberación Nacional (ELN), National Liberation Army (Colombia) Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Basque Homeland and Freedom (Spain)Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Basque Homeland and Freedom (Spain) Fatah al-Islam, Conquest of Islam (Lebanon, Palestine)Fatah al-Islam, Conquest of Islam (Lebanon, Palestine) Fianna na hEireann (Ireland, U.K.)Fianna na hEireann (Ireland, U.K.) Frontu di Liberazione Nazionalista Corsu, FLNC, Corsican National Frontu di Liberazione Nazionalista Corsu, FLNC, Corsican National

Liberation Front (France) Liberation Front (France) Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, Revolutionary Armed Forces

of Colombia (FARC) (Colombiaof Colombia (FARC) (Colombia Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO), Partido Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO), Partido

comunista de Espana. (possibly disbanded during June 2007 after the arrest of comunista de Espana. (possibly disbanded during June 2007 after the arrest of six components in Barcelona) (Spain)six components in Barcelona) (Spain)

Hamas, Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah, Islamic Resistance Movement Hamas, Ḥarakat al-Muqāwamat al-Islāmiyyah, Islamic Resistance Movement (now a political party in Palestine). (Lebanon, Palestine)(now a political party in Palestine). (Lebanon, Palestine)



Harkat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn, Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Palestine)Harkat al-Jihād al-Islāmi fi Filastīn, Islamic Jihad Movement in Palestine (Palestine) Harkat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), Movement of Holy Warriors, (formerly Harkat ul-Mujahidin (HUM), Movement of Holy Warriors, (formerly Harkat ul-Ansar,Harkat ul-Ansar,

HUA, or Jamiat ul-AnsarHUA, or Jamiat ul-Ansar) (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan)) (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Pakistan) Hezb-e-Islami GulbuddinHezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin ( (HIG) (Afghanistan)HIG) (Afghanistan) Hezbollah (Party of God), Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization, Hezbollah (Party of God), Islamic Jihad, Revolutionary Justice Organization,

Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Organization of the Oppressed on Earth, and Islamic Jihad for the Liberation of Palestine. Palestine. Information reveals that from 1992 Hezbollah (Hizbollah) operated in Information reveals that from 1992 Hezbollah (Hizbollah) operated in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other South American countries against Israelian Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and other South American countries against Israelian targetstargets (1)(1).. (Palestine, Lebanon) (Palestine, Lebanon)

Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party of Liberation. (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria)Hizb ut-Tahrir, Party of Liberation. (Lebanon, Palestine, Syria) Hizbul MujahideenHizbul Mujahideen, , Party of Freedom Fighters (Pakistan)Party of Freedom Fighters (Pakistan) Holy Land Foundation (allegedly an Islamic Charity Foundation. In 2009 the founders Holy Land Foundation (allegedly an Islamic Charity Foundation. In 2009 the founders

were sentenced to life in prison for funding HAMAS with $12 million) (USA, Palestine)were sentenced to life in prison for funding HAMAS with $12 million) (USA, Palestine) Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (might be associated to All Tripura) (India)Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council (might be associated to All Tripura) (India) International Sikh Youth FederationInternational Sikh Youth Federation (ISYF) (banned from India, UK, Canada) (India)(ISYF) (banned from India, UK, Canada) (India) Irish Republican Army (IRA) (now used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army or Irish Republican Army (IRA) (now used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army or

PIRA) (Ireland, U.K.)PIRA) (Ireland, U.K.)

(1) (Source: Italian Intelligence Magazine Gnosis, n. 1/2006)(1) (Source: Italian Intelligence Magazine Gnosis, n. 1/2006) page 4 of 9page 4 of 9


İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi, Great Eastern Islamic Raider’s Front İslami Büyükdoğu Akıncılar Cephesi, Great Eastern Islamic Raider’s Front (Turkey)(Turkey)

Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) (cell from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU Islamic Jihad Union (IJU) (cell from Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan IMU (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan)(Uzbekistan, Afghanistan)

Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)) (after the killing of Juma Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)) (after the killing of Juma Namangami former Soviet paratrooper in 2001 in Afghanistan, might re-Namangami former Soviet paratrooper in 2001 in Afghanistan, might re-emerge as Islamic Movement of Turkestan) (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, emerge as Islamic Movement of Turkestan) (Uzbekistan, Afghanistan, Kyrgystan, Tajikistan)Kyrgystan, Tajikistan)

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed) (Pakistan)Jaish-e-Mohammed (JEM) (Army of Mohammed) (Pakistan) Jamaat-ul-MujahidinJamaat-ul-Mujahidin, , Jama'atul Mujahidin (Bangladesh)Jama'atul Mujahidin (Bangladesh) Jemaah Islamiya (JI), associated with Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia. Jemaah Islamiya (JI), associated with Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia. Leader Leader

Noordin Mohammed Top’s assistant Amir Ibrohim (Amir Abdullah) was Noordin Mohammed Top’s assistant Amir Ibrohim (Amir Abdullah) was killed in a gunfight with police in Temanggung, Java, Indonesia on August 8, killed in a gunfight with police in Temanggung, Java, Indonesia on August 8, 2009. Noordin Mohammed Top was killed in a police raid in Indonesia on 2009. Noordin Mohammed Top was killed in a police raid in Indonesia on September 16, 2009.September 16, 2009. (Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand)(Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand)

Jund Ansar Allah, Soldiers of the Companions of God, associated to Al Qaeda. Jund Ansar Allah, Soldiers of the Companions of God, associated to Al Qaeda. On August 14, 2009 the leader Abdel-Latif Moussa, known also as Abu al-On August 14, 2009 the leader Abdel-Latif Moussa, known also as Abu al-Nour al-Maqdessi committed suicide during a gunfight with the police in Gaza Nour al-Maqdessi committed suicide during a gunfight with the police in Gaza in which 17 of his militants were killed along with six Hamas police officers in which 17 of his militants were killed along with six Hamas police officers and a baby girl.and a baby girl. (Palestine) (Palestine)



Jund Ash Sham, Jund al-Sham, Soldiers of Damascus Jund Ash Sham, Jund al-Sham, Soldiers of Damascus (Palestine)(Palestine)

Kahane Chai, Kach (Israel) Kahane Chai, Kach (Israel) Khalistan Commando Force, KCF Khalistan Commando Force, KCF (India)(India)

Kongra-Gel, former Kongra-Gel, former Kurdistan Workers’ Party, PKK, Partîya Kurdistan Workers’ Party, PKK, Partîya Karkerén Kurdîstan, Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Karkerén Kurdîstan, Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress, KADEK, Freedom and Democracy Congress of Congress, KADEK, Freedom and Democracy Congress of Kurdistan. (Turkey)Kurdistan. (Turkey)

Khuddam ul-Islam, Islamist Militant Group possibly Khuddam ul-Islam, Islamist Militant Group possibly associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed, JEM (Pakistan)associated with Jaish-e-Mohammed, JEM (Pakistan)

Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan, Kurdistan Freedom Falcons, Teyrêbazên Azadiya Kurdistan, TAK, Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (Turkey)TAK, Kurdistan Freedom Hawks (Turkey)

Lashkar-e-Taiba(LT), LLashkar-e-Taiba(LT), Laškar-ĕ Tayyiba, Army of the Good, aškar-ĕ Tayyiba, Army of the Good, Army of the Righteous, Army of the PureArmy of the Righteous, Army of the Pure (Pakistan) (Pakistan)

Lashkar I Jhangvi (LJ), Army of Jhangvi (Pakistan)Lashkar I Jhangvi (LJ), Army of Jhangvi (Pakistan)page 6 of 9page 6 of 9


Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, (LIFG), Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, (LIFG), Al-Jama’a al-Islamiyyah al-Muqatilah bi-Libya (Libya) Libya (Libya)

Loyalist Volunteer ForceLoyalist Volunteer Force ( (LVFLVF) ) (Ireland, U.K.)(Ireland, U.K.) Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Moroccan Islamic Fighting Group,Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group, Moroccan Islamic Fighting Group, Groupe Groupe

Islamique Combattant Marocain (GICM) (Morocco)Islamique Combattant Marocain (GICM) (Morocco) Movimiento Revolucionario Tùpac Amaru, Tupamaros (MRTA), Revolutionary Movimiento Revolucionario Tùpac Amaru, Tupamaros (MRTA), Revolutionary

Movement Tupac Amaru (Peru, Uruguay) Movement Tupac Amaru (Peru, Uruguay) Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), National Liberation Army of Iran Mujahedin-e Khalq Organization (MEK or MKO), National Liberation Army of Iran

(NLA, the militant wing of the MEK), the People’s Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National (NLA, the militant wing of the MEK), the People’s Mujahedin of Iran (PMOI), National Council of Resistance (NCR), the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), Muslim Council of Resistance (NCR), the National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI), Muslim Iranian Student’s Society (front organization used to garner financial support). (Iran)Iranian Student’s Society (front organization used to garner financial support). (Iran)

Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwān Al-Muslimūn,Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwān Al-Muslimūn, Society of the Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwān,Society of the Muslim Brothers, Al-Ikhwān, the Brotherhood, (MB) (Egypt)the Brotherhood, (MB) (Egypt)

National Democratic Front of Bodoland, (NDFB),National Democratic Front of Bodoland, (NDFB), Bodo Security Force (agreed to Bodo Security Force (agreed to ceasefire on June 1, 2005) (India)ceasefire on June 1, 2005) (India)

National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (India)National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT) (India) Ndrangheta, Organized crime group in Calabria (Italy), associated with the AUC, Ndrangheta, Organized crime group in Calabria (Italy), associated with the AUC,

Autodefensas Unidas de ColombiaAutodefensas Unidas de Colombia Orange Volunteers (Ireland, U.K.)Orange Volunteers (Ireland, U.K.) Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (Palestine)Palestine Islamic Jihad (PIJ) (Palestine)



Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Palestine)Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) (Palestine) People's Revolutionary Party of KangleipakPeople's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) (India)(PREPAK) (India) Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Palestine)Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) (Palestine) Real IRA (RIRA), True IRA (Ireland, U.K.)Real IRA (RIRA), True IRA (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Commando (associated with Ulster Volunteer Force Red Hand Commando (associated with Ulster Volunteer Force

(decommissioned in June 2009) (Ireland, U.K.)(decommissioned in June 2009) (Ireland, U.K.) Red Hand Defenders (RHD) (Ireland, U.K.)Red Hand Defenders (RHD) (Ireland, U.K.) Revolutionary Nuclei,Revolutionary Nuclei, Επαναστατικοί ΠυρήνεςΕπαναστατικοί Πυρήνες or or Epanastatiki PyrinesEpanastatiki Pyrines)), (RN) , (RN)

(former Revolutionary Popular Struggle) (inactive since 2000) (Greece)(former Revolutionary Popular Struggle) (inactive since 2000) (Greece) Revolutionary Organization 17 NovemberRevolutionary Organization 17 November, , Epanastatiki OrganosiEpanastatiki Organosi 17 17

noemvri , 17 November (Greece)noemvri , 17 November (Greece) Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front, Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front, Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş Devrimci Halk Kurtuluş

Partisi/Cephesi,Partisi/Cephesi, (DHKP/C) (Turkey)(DHKP/C) (Turkey) Revolutionary Struggle,Revolutionary Struggle, Επαναστατικός Αγώνας or Epanastatikos AgonasΕπαναστατικός Αγώνας or Epanastatikos Agonas

(EA) Greece(EA) Greece The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) (Algeria) (possibly connected The Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC) (Algeria) (possibly connected

now with Al-Qaeda)now with Al-Qaeda) Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path (SL) (Peru)Sendero Luminoso, Shining Path (SL) (Peru)


LIST OF TERRORIST LIST OF TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS Society of the Revival of Islamic Heritage, Jamiat Ihya at-Turaz al-IslamiSociety of the Revival of Islamic Heritage, Jamiat Ihya at-Turaz al-Islami , ,

(RIHS) (a Non Governmental Organization in Kuwait was, possibly, (RIHS) (a Non Governmental Organization in Kuwait was, possibly, infiltrated by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Embargoed by the U.S. infiltrated by Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Embargoed by the U.S. and the ONU. Banned in Russia) (Kuwait, Afghanistan, Pakistan)and the ONU. Banned in Russia) (Kuwait, Afghanistan, Pakistan)

Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) (possibly infiltrated by Al-Qaeda, Students Islamic Movement of India (SIMI) (possibly infiltrated by Al-Qaeda, might operate now under the name Indian Mujahidin) (India)might operate now under the name Indian Mujahidin) (India)

Takfir wal-Hijra, Excommunication and Exodus (might operate in Spain Takfir wal-Hijra, Excommunication and Exodus (might operate in Spain under the name Martyrs of Morocco) (Egypt, Morocco, Spain)under the name Martyrs of Morocco) (Egypt, Morocco, Spain)

Taliban. (Students of Taliban. (Students of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam)) Leader of Taliban group Tehrik-Leader of Taliban group Tehrik-i-Talibani Pakistan, i-Talibani Pakistan, Baitullah Mehsud, killed August 5, 2009 in drone plane Baitullah Mehsud, killed August 5, 2009 in drone plane attack attack in the Zangar area of South Waziristan.(*)in the Zangar area of South Waziristan.(*) (Afghanistan, Pakistan and (Afghanistan, Pakistan and other countries)other countries)

Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia (Indonesia)Tandzim al-Qaedat Indonesia (Indonesia) Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, Movement for the Enforcement of Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi, Movement for the Enforcement of

Islamic LawIslamic Law ( (TNSM) (banned in Pakistan in 2002) (Pakistan, Afghanistan)TNSM) (banned in Pakistan in 2002) (Pakistan, Afghanistan) Ulster Defence AssociationUlster Defence Association ( (UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) (terminated UDA), Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) (terminated

operations on November 11, 2007) (Ireland, U.K.)operations on November 11, 2007) (Ireland, U.K.) United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (India)United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) (India) United Mujahidin Forces of the Caucasus, Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria United Mujahidin Forces of the Caucasus, Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria

and Dagestan (leader Shamil Basayev died July 10, 2006) (Chechnya)and Dagestan (leader Shamil Basayev died July 10, 2006) (Chechnya) United Wa State Army, (Myanmar-Burma, Thailand)United Wa State Army, (Myanmar-Burma, Thailand) Vanguard of Conquest, VC, al Jihad, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (joined Al’Qaeda Vanguard of Conquest, VC, al Jihad, Egyptian Islamic Jihad (joined Al’Qaeda

in 2001) (Egypt)in 2001) (Egypt)(*)source: The Guardian, UK August 7, 2009(*)source: The Guardian, UK August 7, 2009 page 9 of 9 page 9 of 9

LIST OF TERRORIST LIST OF TERRORIST ATTACKS SINCE 2001ATTACKS SINCE 2001

Year Victims AttacksYear Victims Attacks 2001 3221 262001 3221 26 2002 11842002 1184 8181 2003 5812003 581 3131 2004 1339 2222004 1339 222 2005 419 382005 419 38 2006 6752006 675 5151 2007 801 912007 801 91 2008 2241 226 2008 2241 226 2009(2009(JulyJuly) 781 137) 781 137

Attacks in Iraq only. Not included Attacks in Iraq only. Not included in the other listin the other list

20032003 25 25 20042004 140140 20052005 478478 20062006 297297 20072007 442442 20082008 257257 20092009 76 76

NARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISM

Drug money has financed terrorist activities in countries such as Colombia, Peru and other South American countries and that the international drug trade generates

profits which help terrorists flourish in Afghanistan?

Source:Source:

20092009

Khun SaKhun Sa Pablo EscobarPablo Escobar


““Narcoterrorismo” (Narcoterrorism or Narco-Terrorism).Narcoterrorismo” (Narcoterrorism or Narco-Terrorism).Term coined Term coined in 1983 by Fernando Belaúnde Terry,in 1983 by Fernando Belaúnde Terry,President of Peru (1963-68 / 1980-1985) President of Peru (1963-68 / 1980-1985) when describingwhen describingterror against his nation’s anti-narcotics police. terror against his nation’s anti-narcotics police. The presidentThe presidentwas referring to “Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path)” awas referring to “Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path)” acommunist group conducting terrorist attacks againstcommunist group conducting terrorist attacks againstthe police and institutions in his countrythe police and institutions in his country. .

Fernando Belaúnde Terry (1912-2002)


UNITED NATIONSUNITED NATIONSCONVENTION AGAINST ILLICITCONVENTION AGAINST ILLICITTRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGSTRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS

AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES,AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES,19881988


See next pageSee next page

The Parties to this Convention,The Parties to this Convention,Deeply concerned Deeply concerned by the magnitude of and rising trend by the magnitude of and rising trend in the illicit production of, demand for and traffic in in the illicit production of, demand for and traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which pose narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, which pose a serious threat to the health and welfare of human a serious threat to the health and welfare of human beings and adversely affect beings and adversely affect the economic, cultural and the economic, cultural and political foundations of societypolitical foundations of society…,…,Recognizing Recognizing the links between illicit traffic and other the links between illicit traffic and other related organized criminal activities which related organized criminal activities which undermine undermine the legitimate economies and threaten the stability, the legitimate economies and threaten the stability, security and sovereignty of Statessecurity and sovereignty of States……(page 10 of the:)(page 10 of the:)

FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR THE ADOPTION OF A FINAL ACT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE FOR THE ADOPTION OF A CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCESSUBSTANCES


International Narcotics Control BoardInternational Narcotics Control Board(INCB)(INCB)

(1992) (1992) 5. Illicit cultivation of narcotic plants and illicit trafficking in 5. Illicit cultivation of narcotic plants and illicit trafficking in

drugs continue to be a threat to the political, economic and social drugs continue to be a threat to the political, economic and social stability of several countries. stability of several countries. Links appear to exist between illicit Links appear to exist between illicit cultivation and drug trafficking and the activities of subversive cultivation and drug trafficking and the activities of subversive

organizations in some countriesorganizations in some countries in South America and south east in South America and south east Asia, but similar connections have also been reported in other Asia, but similar connections have also been reported in other

regions in the world. Proceeds derived from offering “protection” regions in the world. Proceeds derived from offering “protection” to illicit cultivators and from involvement in the illicit marketing to illicit cultivators and from involvement in the illicit marketing and distribution of the illicit products often constitute the main and distribution of the illicit products often constitute the main

financial basis of terrorist activities.”financial basis of terrorist activities.”


World ConferenceWorld Conference on Human Rights on Human Rights

Vienna, Austria, 14-25 June, 1993Vienna, Austria, 14-25 June, 199317. The acts, methods and practices of terrorism in all its 17. The acts, methods and practices of terrorism in all its

forms and manifestations as well as linkage in some forms and manifestations as well as linkage in some countries to countries to drug trafficking are activities aimed at the drug trafficking are activities aimed at the

destruction of human rights, fundamental freedoms and destruction of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democracy, threatening territorial integrity, security of democracy, threatening territorial integrity, security of

States and destabilizing legitimately constituted States and destabilizing legitimately constituted GovernmentsGovernments. The international community should take . The international community should take

the necessary steps to enhance cooperation to prevent and the necessary steps to enhance cooperation to prevent and combat terrorism.combat terrorism.

NARCOTERRORINARCOTERRORISMSM

Council of Europe Pompidou GroupCouncil of Europe Pompidou Group22ndnd Pan-European Ministerial Conference Pan-European Ministerial Conference

Strasbourg, 4 February, 1994Strasbourg, 4 February, 1994""considering the continuous increase considering the continuous increase in and the spread of drug trafficking in and the spread of drug trafficking incidents, the involvement of violent incidents, the involvement of violent

organizations in such activities organizations in such activities constitute a serious threat to the constitute a serious threat to the

contemporary society", and thus, "it contemporary society", and thus, "it is vital for the security forces to is vital for the security forces to

combat terrorism effectivelycombat terrorism effectively" (Art.15)" (Art.15)


United Nations DeclarationUnited Nations Declaration4949thth Session of the General Assembly Session of the General Assembly

20052005Underlines the concern of the international Underlines the concern of the international community at the growing and dangerous community at the growing and dangerous

links between terrorist groups, drug links between terrorist groups, drug traffickers, and their paramilitary gangs traffickers, and their paramilitary gangs

which have resorted to all types of violence, which have resorted to all types of violence, thus endangering the constitutional order of thus endangering the constitutional order of the States and violating basic human rightsthe States and violating basic human rights..


Oxford Dictionary: Narcoterrorism: Terrorism associated to the trade of illegal drugs. (1999)

U.S. criminologist Rachel Ehrenfeld: Narcoterrorism: Use of drug trafficking to conduct the objectives of some governments and terrorist organizations. (1990)

Rachel Ehrenfeld

Italian economist Loretta Napoleoni: Narcoterrorism:Use of terror tactics by the narco-traffickers and drug lords to protect their illegal businesses. It also describes the alliance between drug lords and armed organizations. Both have interests in destabilizing governments and breaking down the established social order. (2003) Loretta Napoleoni

In the original context, narcoterrorism is understood to mean that the narcotics traffickers attempt to influence the policies of governments by the systematic threat or use of violence.

Definitions ofDefinitions ofNARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISM

Combs & Slann (Encyclopedia of Terrorism): Narcoterrorism: Narcoterrorism is the alliance between drug producers and an insurgent group carrying out terrorist acts. (…) While the ultimate ends sought by each group are usually different, the alliance offers them immediate benefits. The members of these alliances – the coca growers, drug traffickers, and terrorist groups – often share common goals. These include, but are not limited to, the destabilization of the government, the creation of discipline (for market purposes) among growers, and liberation from the meddling of the police and military. Mutual needs make the pursuit of these goals beneficial in some respects to all involved. (2003)

C. Augustus (Gus) Martin, California State University Dominguez Hill: Narcoterrorism:Political violence committed by dissident drug traffickers who are primarily concerned with protecting their criminal enterprise. (2003)



United States Drug Enforcement Administration. Asa Hutchinson, Administrator: Narcoterrorism:A subset of terrorism, in which terrorist groups, or associated individuals, participate directly or indirectly in the cultivation, manufacture, transportation, or distribution of controlled substances and the monies derived from these activities. (…) Further, DEA uses the term to characterize the participation of groups or associated individuals in taxing, providing security, or otherwise aiding or abetting drug trafficking endeavours in an effort to further, or fund, terrorist activities. (2002)

Gregory J. Petrakis (+2008): Narcoterrorism:…. the involvement of terrorist organizations and insurgent groups in the

trafficking of narcotics,…. there are three main variants of narcoterrorism. These include:

1. Insurgents using the drug trade to support their political objectives;2. States sponsoring ´drugs for arms´ and narcotics operations to further their

influence to create instability;3. Dope dealers utilizing terrorist tactics like bombings, assassinations and

kidnappings to enhance their profits. (2001)

General Rosso Josè Serrano Cadena, former Chief of the Colombian Police from 1994 to 2000:Pablo Escobar Gaviria and the others used terror, yes, but as a mean to intimidate the legimate Colombian government not to interfere with their criminal activities”. Those were regular criminals without ideologies, they only were delinquents following the myth of Al Capone and were not looking for power, but only for space to conduct their criminal activities. They were brutal and were not looking for public approval in some revolutionary antisystem ideologies as it happens now with the Taliban or FARC (Fuerzas Armadas Revoluzionarias de Colombia).

General Serrano arrests Miguel

Rodriguez Orejuela (Cali Cartel)


Rudolf Giuliani, former Mayor of New York:Rudolf Giuliani, former Mayor of New York:The links between drugs and terrorism are substantial. The The links between drugs and terrorism are substantial. The link has been known to law enforcement for a long time, but link has been known to law enforcement for a long time, but we didn't see it as Americans because we thought we were we didn't see it as Americans because we thought we were immune to terrorism.immune to terrorism.

Terrorists and NarcoticsTerrorists and NarcoticsThe NexusThe Nexus

Some terrorist groups believe that they can weaken Some terrorist groups believe that they can weaken their enemies by flooding their societies with their enemies by flooding their societies with addictive drugs. addictive drugs.

Terrorists gain a source of revenue and expertise in Terrorists gain a source of revenue and expertise in illicit transfer and laundering of proceeds from illicit illicit transfer and laundering of proceeds from illicit transactions. transactions.

Drug traffickers benefit from the terrorists military Drug traffickers benefit from the terrorists military skills, weapons supply, and access to clandestine skills, weapons supply, and access to clandestine organizations.organizations.

Traffickers and terrorists have similar logistical needs Traffickers and terrorists have similar logistical needs in terms of material and the covert movement of in terms of material and the covert movement of goods, people and money. goods, people and money.

The methods used for moving and laundering The methods used for moving and laundering money for general criminal purposes are money for general criminal purposes are similar to those used to move money to similar to those used to move money to support terrorist activities. support terrorist activities.

Migrant smuggling, document fraud, arms Migrant smuggling, document fraud, arms trafficking, auto theft, smuggling of trafficking, auto theft, smuggling of contraband, and illegal financial transactions contraband, and illegal financial transactions are tools for terrorists as well as narcotics are tools for terrorists as well as narcotics traffickers. traffickers.

Terrorists and NarcoticsTerrorists and NarcoticsThe NexusThe Nexus

Five categories of Five categories of NarcoterrorismNarcoterrorism

11. Narcotics traffickers use terrorist tactics to further the organizations . Narcotics traffickers use terrorist tactics to further the organizations narcotics enterprise. Avoid prosecution, hinder or prevent enforcement narcotics enterprise. Avoid prosecution, hinder or prevent enforcement activity, through intimidation of judges, prosecutors, police, and the activity, through intimidation of judges, prosecutors, police, and the public.public.-Pablo Escobar-Pablo Escobar (Colombia)(Colombia)-Medellin/Cali/Norte del Valle Cartels-Medellin/Cali/Norte del Valle Cartels (Colombia)(Colombia)

- Mexican Drug Cartels- Mexican Drug Cartels (Mexico)(Mexico)

SENDERO LUMINOSO (Peru)SENDERO LUMINOSO (Peru)FARC FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia

ELN ELN Ejército de Liberación Nacional, ColombiaAUC AUC Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia

22. Terrorist organization provides . Terrorist organization provides protection for narcotics traffickers or protection for narcotics traffickers or

allows shipments to travel through allows shipments to travel through regions without interference for money regions without interference for money

but is not involved in narcotics but is not involved in narcotics trafficking.trafficking.

-Al Qa’eda-Al Qa’eda-AUC-AUC

Five categories of Narcoterrorism

Five categories of Five categories of NarcoterrorismNarcoterrorism3. Organization actively 3. Organization actively

involved in narcotics involved in narcotics trafficking and using trafficking and using

proceeds to fund terrorist proceeds to fund terrorist activities.activities.

-FARC-FARC

-Sendero Luminoso-Sendero Luminoso


4.4. Drug Trafficking Organization Drug Trafficking Organization shares its smuggling routes, money shares its smuggling routes, money laundering capabilities and other laundering capabilities and other criminal enterprises with terrorist criminal enterprises with terrorist organizations in exchange for organizations in exchange for money/weapons.money/weapons. But Lorenzo Fernando Da Costa

exploits was in Colombia. According to the Colombian military, he hooked up with the rebel Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, or FARC, providing cash and weapons smuggled from Suriname in exchange for cocaine and protection.

Souce: CNN May 27, 2001


5. 5. Governments and Terrorist Organizations who, Governments and Terrorist Organizations who, allegedly, flood their “enemy” with narcotics aimed allegedly, flood their “enemy” with narcotics aimed at the destabilization of the target government and at the destabilization of the target government and the undermining of its society.the undermining of its society.

TalibanTaliban -Colombia-ColombiaAsian countriesAsian countries -Cuba-Cuba

World Narcoterrorism CountriesWorld Narcoterrorism Countries

United States

Mexico

Panama

Colombia

Cuba

Venezuela

Ireland

Содружество Независимых Государств СНГ (CSI)

Baltic Countries

China Japan

Sri Lanka

Spain

Lebanon

SyriaIsrael

Egypt

Libya Afghanistan

Iran

Peru

Pakistan

CocaineCocaine

Coca Plant Cocaine HCL

Coca Cultivation AreasCoca Cultivation Areas

Cocaine Trafficking RoutesCocaine Trafficking Routes

Source Countries

C O C A I N E

from Colombia to the Far East

t

i

c

A t l a n t i cO c e a n

A t l a n t i cO c e a n

MOROCCO

E G Y P T

CHAD

LIBYA

ALGERIA

WESTERNSAHARA

MAURITANIAMALI

NIGER SUDAN

GHANA

KENYA

ANGOLA

DEMOCRATICREPUBLIC OFTHE CONGO

ZAMBIA

TANZANIA

NAMIBIAZIMBABWE

MOZAMBIQUE

MALAWI

BURUNDI

RWANDA

UGANDA

ETHIOPIASOMALIA

REPUBLIC OFTHE CONGOGABON

CAMEROON

BENINBURKINA

SENEGAL

LIBERIA

SIERRALEONE

THEGAMBIAGUINEA-BISSAU

C.A.R.

GUINEA

SOUTHAFRICA

BOTSWANA

LESOTHO

SWAZILAND

SAUDIARABIA

YEMEN

SYRIA

SWITZ.

IRAN

PORTUGAL

TUNISIA

TURKEY

BULGARIAITALY

IRAQ

TURKMENISTAN

UZBEKISTAN

QATAR

BAHRAIN

GREECE

SPAIN

U.A.E.

PAKISTAN

AFGHANISTAN

MADAGASCAR

UNITEDKINGDOM

IRELAND

LUX .GERMANY

POLAND

NORWAY

SWEDEN

FINLAND

FRANCE

BEL.

AUS.

ROMANIA

MOLDAVA

BELARUS

UKRAINE

DENMARKLITH.

LAT.

EST.

AZER .

GEOR.

ARM.

CZECHREPUBLIC

MACEDONIA

SLO.

SLOVAKREPUBLIC

IVORYCOAST TOGO

OMAN

LIECHT.

LEBANON

JORDAN

RUSSIA

NETH.

I n d i a nO c e a n

ICELAND

P a c i f i cO c e a n

CAMBODIA

PHILIPPINES

HongKong

I N D I A

NEPAL

KYRGYSTAN

TAJ.

BANGLADESH

BHUTAN

C H I N A

VIETNAMBURMA

THAILAND

M O N G O L I A

S.KOREA

N.KOREA

JAPAN

RU S S I A

LAOS

I N D O N E S I A

SRILANKA

M A L AY S I A

SINGAPORE

A U S T R A L I A

PAPUANEW

GUINEA

NEWZEALAND

P a c i f i cO c e a n

BRAZIL

ARGENTINA

PERU

BOLIVIA

PARAGUAYCHILE

URUGUAY

MEXICO

GUATEMALA

COLOMBIA

VENEZUELA

NICARAGUA

PANAMA

ECUADOR

HONDURAS

U NIT E DSTAT ES

BELIZE

EL SALVADOR

COSTA RICA

PUERTORICO

DOM.REP.

HAITI

CUBA

JAMAICA

GUYANA

SURINAMEFR.

GUIANA

CANADA

NIGERIA

EQUATORIALGUINEA

DJIBOUTI

ERITREA

KUWAIT

K A Z A K H S TA N

ISRAEL

BRUNEI

TAIWAN

HUNG.

SERBIA

MONT.

ALB.

CROATIA

BOSNIAAND

HERZ.

from Mexico to central U.S.

Source: DEA

Andean Potential Cocaine ProductionAndean Potential Cocaine Production1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)

200

350

325

150

435

240

70

680

175

43

695

141

60

617

150

60

580

160

79

550

230

98

640

270

80

640

260

94

610

280

104

600

290

113

430

302

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Bolivia Colombia Peru

875825

925879

827Totals

879859

980 984994

845

1008

Source: UNODC World Drug Report 2009

NARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISMMAJOR COCAINEMAJOR COCAINE

TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONSTRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS

Pablo EscobarPablo Escobar

Medellin CartelMedellin CartelAt the height of their power the Medellin Cartel was making over 60 At the height of their power the Medellin Cartel was making over 60 million dollars per months for an estimated total of over 28 billion dollars. million dollars per months for an estimated total of over 28 billion dollars. Responsible for the murder of government officials and police officers Responsible for the murder of government officials and police officers along with the killings of rival traffickers.along with the killings of rival traffickers.

Cali CartelCali CartelColombian sources say that at the height of their power, the Cali Cartel Colombian sources say that at the height of their power, the Cali Cartel was responsible for 80% of the cocaine exported from Colombia to the was responsible for 80% of the cocaine exported from Colombia to the U.S. Responsible for the murder of government officials and police U.S. Responsible for the murder of government officials and police officers along with the killings of rival traffickers.officers along with the killings of rival traffickers.


TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONSTRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONSNorte del Valle CartelNorte del Valle Cartel

According toAccording to RICO, the U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt RICO, the U.S. Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act, between 1990 and 2004, the Norte del Valle Cartel Organizations Act, between 1990 and 2004, the Norte del Valle Cartel exported from Colombia to the U.S. over 500 tons of cocaine valued at exported from Colombia to the U.S. over 500 tons of cocaine valued at over 10 billion dollars. Their fight against rival traffickers caused over over 10 billion dollars. Their fight against rival traffickers caused over 1000 deaths between 2003 and 2004 in the region of Valle del Cauca.1000 deaths between 2003 and 2004 in the region of Valle del Cauca.

Mexican CartelsMexican Cartels Mexico, a major drug producing and transit country, is the main foreign supplier of marijuana and a major supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of heroin consumed in the United States. An estimated 90% of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico. In the actual drug wars in Mexico there have been over 5000 deaths so far in 2009 (January-September).


TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONSTRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS NDRANGHETANDRANGHETA Italian organized crime group originating from Italian organized crime group originating from

Calabria, a region in the lower tip of Italy.Calabria, a region in the lower tip of Italy.

Pablo EscobarPablo EscobarThe most wealthy and ruthless of The most wealthy and ruthless of the Colombian drug traffickers the Colombian drug traffickers was Pablo Emilio Escobar was Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria.Gaviria.

Born in a suburb of Medellin Born in a suburb of Medellin (Colombia) in 1949, in 1975 took (Colombia) in 1949, in 1975 took the position of Fabio Restrepo the position of Fabio Restrepo who was murdered that year.who was murdered that year.

He became known for his way of He became known for his way of dealing “Plata o Plomo” (Silver dealing “Plata o Plomo” (Silver or Lead) indicating that he was or Lead) indicating that he was willing to pay for services or kill willing to pay for services or kill whoever he could not buy.whoever he could not buy.

Escobar was, allegedly, behind the November 6, 1985 Escobar was, allegedly, behind the November 6, 1985 attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the “19th of attack on the Supreme Court, carried out by the “19th of April” insurrectionist movement in which 12 of 25 April” insurrectionist movement in which 12 of 25 Supreme Court Justices were killed. (Supreme Court Justices were killed. (On July 11, 2008, On July 11, 2008, Virginia Vallejo, former lover of Pablo Escobar from 1983 to 1987 Virginia Vallejo, former lover of Pablo Escobar from 1983 to 1987 gave a statement at the Colombian Consulate in Miami in which she gave a statement at the Colombian Consulate in Miami in which she said that Escobar told her he gave 1 million dollar cash plus 1 said that Escobar told her he gave 1 million dollar cash plus 1 million dollar in weapons and ammunitions to the movement “19th million dollar in weapons and ammunitions to the movement “19th of April” to attack the Supreme Court to steal files of the cocaine of April” to attack the Supreme Court to steal files of the cocaine traffickers to be extradited to the United Statestraffickers to be extradited to the United States).).

On November 27 1989 a bomb exploded on Avianca On November 27 1989 a bomb exploded on Avianca flight 203 from Bogota to Cali few minutes after take off flight 203 from Bogota to Cali few minutes after take off killing all 107 passenger and crew plus 3 victims on the killing all 107 passenger and crew plus 3 victims on the ground. The alleged target was César Gaviria Trujillo, ground. The alleged target was César Gaviria Trujillo, leading candidate in the presidential election who was leading candidate in the presidential election who was not on board.not on board.


Virginia Vallejo Garciaauthor of the book:

Amando a Pablo, Odiando a Escobar(Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar)

Random House, 2007

Later accused for the bomb on the Avianca Later accused for the bomb on the Avianca flight was Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera, also flight was Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera, also known as "La Quica", allegedly chief assassin known as "La Quica", allegedly chief assassin for the Pablo Escobar’s Medellin Cartel. for the Pablo Escobar’s Medellin Cartel. Muñoz Mosquera was arrested in Queens, Muñoz Mosquera was arrested in Queens, New York while travelling with false passport New York while travelling with false passport in 1991 and was eventually sentenced to 10 in 1991 and was eventually sentenced to 10 life sentences plus 45 years, all to be served life sentences plus 45 years, all to be served consecutively at the Federal ADX Florence consecutively at the Federal ADX Florence prison, the same were Zacarias Moussaoui, prison, the same were Zacarias Moussaoui, the terrorist who admitted guilty on the the terrorist who admitted guilty on the September 11, 2001 bombing in New York, is September 11, 2001 bombing in New York, is incarcerated.incarcerated.



On December 6, 1989, a bomb on a bus which was On December 6, 1989, a bomb on a bus which was parked outside DAS Colombia's police intelligence parked outside DAS Colombia's police intelligence headquarters in Bogota, was detonated by remote headquarters in Bogota, was detonated by remote control. Over 70 people died and hundreds were control. Over 70 people died and hundreds were wounded, more than 300 commercial properties in the wounded, more than 300 commercial properties in the area destroyed.area destroyed.

Had over 500 Medellin police officers killed in 1990 Had over 500 Medellin police officers killed in 1990 paying $2,000.00 to $3,000.00 for each death.paying $2,000.00 to $3,000.00 for each death.

Once arrested, afraid of being extradited to the United Once arrested, afraid of being extradited to the United States he escaped from prison and was eventually States he escaped from prison and was eventually killed in a gunfight with police on December 2, 1993.killed in a gunfight with police on December 2, 1993.

Medellin CartelMedellin Cartel

Killed in gunfight

with police 1993

Cooperated

with

Colombian

government.

Free Prison. Sentenced

in 2003 to 30 years

in USA for the

murder of Barry

Seal

Jorge Ochoa

Pablo Escobar

Barry Seal

Murdered

19/02/86 in

Louisiana, USA

Fabio Ochoa

Cooperated

with

Colombian

government.

Free

Carlos Lehder

Cooperated

with USA on

trial of

Noriega.

Under Witness

Protection

Program

Prison

Juan David Ochoa

George Jung

Gonzalo Rodriguez Gacha

Founder of the Cartel

Killed in gunfight

with police 1989

plus others

Cali CartelCali Cartel

plus others

Helmer Herrera Buitrago“Pacho”

Jose Santacruz Londono

Gilberto Rodriguez-Orejuela

Miguel Rodriguez-Orejuela

Victor Patiño-Fomeque

Henry Loaiza-CeballosEl Alacran (The Scorpion)

Prison

Prison

Prison

Prison

PrisonPrison

PrisonKilled in gunfight

with police 1996

Norte del Valle CartelNorte del Valle Cartel

plus others

Diego Leon Montoya Sanchez

Eugenio Montoya Sanchez

Luis Hertnando Gomez-Bustamante

Carlos Alberto Rentería Mantilla

Wilber Alirio Varela Fajardo

Found murdered

In Merida, VZ

January 2008

Prison

PrisonPrison

Fugitive

$ 5 million reward

Juan CarlosRamirez-Abadia

Prison

José Dagoberto Flores Ríos

Prison

MexicoMexico

Source: Map Resources Congressional Research Service, Mexico’s Drug Cartels, updated February 25, 2008

Mexican CartelsMexican Cartels

Source: U.S. Drug Enforcement Admnistration Congressional Research Service, Mexico’s Drug Cartels, updated February 25, 2008


Source: Congressional Research Service, Mexico’s Drug-Related Violence, May 27, 2009

After the disappearance of Colombia's Cali and Medellin, Mexican drug cartels or Drug Trafficking Organizations, in existence sine the 1980’s, have become more powerful. Mexico, a major drug producing and transit country, is the main foreign supplier of marijuana and a major supplier of methamphetamine to the United States. Although Mexico accounts for only a small share of worldwide heroin production, it supplies a large share of the heroin distributed in the United States. Drug cartels in Mexico control approximately 70% of the foreign narcotics that flow into the United States. The State Department estimates that 90% of cocaine entering the United States transits Mexico with Colombia being the main cocaine producer and that wholesale of illicit drug sale earnings estimates range from $13.6 billion to $48.4 billion annually. Mexican drug traffickers increasingly smuggle money back into Mexico in cars and trucks, likely due to the effectiveness of U.S. efforts at monitoring electronic money transfers.The violence of these cartels is recognizable by the numberof deaths, approximately 15.000 from December 2006 toSeptember 2009 of whom over 1.000 police and othergovernment officials such as prosecutors and hundreds ofcivilians. Close to 45.000 cartel members are incarcerated.close to 50.000 soldiers and 10.000 policemen are at waragainst un undisclosed number of traffickers (close to10.000). In addition the war of the cartels against themselves.

Red area are where most of the conflicts take places



Sinaloa Federation and Cartel (Sinaloa)By 2008, a federation dominated by the Sinaloa cartel (which included the Beltrán Leyva Organization and the Carillo Fuentes or Juárez cartel) broke apart. The federation reportedly had controlled a majority of the cocaine passing through Mexico to the United States. The Sinaloa cartel itself remains strong and effective in smuggling cocaine from South America to the United States, but it has lost control of territory in Mexico to its competitors as the result of the inter-cartel battles during 2008. It is headed by Joaquin “El Chapo” Guzman, probably the most wanted drug smuggler in Mexico.

Gulf Cartel (Tamaulipas)A year ago, the Gulf cartel was considered the most powerful DTO in Mexico, but it has been a steady target of the government campaign and now it is “an open question…whether the cartel is intact.”19 The cartel’s headquarters is the northeastern Mexican state of Tamaulipas. The suspected leader of the cartel, Osiel Cardenas Guillen, was arrested in 2003. However, he was not extradited to the United States until 2007. The Gulf cartel no longer controls Los Zetas, formerly their paramilitary enforcement arm. The relationship today between the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas remains unclear though it is likely they still cooperate.



Beltrán Leyva Organization (Michoacan)Until last year, this syndicate was a part of the Sinaloa federation. As part of the Sinaloa federation, it controlled access to the U.S. border in Sonora state. It has become independent of the Sinaloa federation and has grown to be one of the most powerful drug trafficking organizations in Mexico, still controlling large areas of the country. It is believed to be responsible for the May 2008, assassination of acting federal police director Edgar Millán Gomez in Mexico City, and has gone after other high-ranking government officials. This organization has quickly secured narcotics transport routes in the states of Sinaloa, Durango, Sonora, Jalisco, Michoacan, Guerrero and Morelos. Their attempt to take territory from their former Sinaloa partners reportedly unleashed a wave of violence.

Arrellano Felix Organization/Tijuana Cartel (Baja California)This syndicate, once one of the two most powerful Drug Trafficking Organizations, was weakened significantly in 2008 by both U.S. and Mexican law enforcement efforts to capture their highest ranking leadership. The arrest of Eduardo “El Doctor” Arrellano Felix, in October 2008, the last of the Arrellano brothers to be captured or killed, was symbolic of its demise. This cartel split into two groups whose conflict for dominance led to extensive violence in the Tijuana area.



Vicente Carillo Fuentes Organization/Juárez Cartel (Chihuahua)This organization is based in Ciudad Juárez in Chihuahua state, across the border from El Paso, Texas. It operates in much of northern Chihuahua state and part of Nuevo Leon and Sonora states. Over the past year there has been an ongoing violent battle between Sinaloa (their former partner) and this cartel for control of Juárez. The Juárez cartel has a longstanding alliance with the Beltrán Leyva Organization. Some analysts fear that this once very powerful cartel will again grow in power after splitting from Sinaloa.

La Familia Michoacana (Michoacan)Once a criminal group affiliated with the Sinaloa cartel and now described by the DEA as an “emergent cartel,” is active in the struggle for control of drugs arriving from Colombia in the seaports of Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Chiapas states. La Familia was among three Drug Trafficking Organizationsdesignated as significant foreign narcotics traffickers under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act, on April 15, 2009 by President Barack Obama in advance of his trip to Mexico to meet with President Calderón.29 Four days after this designation, which imposes U.S. financial sanctions on group members, the Mexican government arrested an entire party of suspected La Familia members at a christening hosted by Rafael Cedeña Hernández, allegedly the number two in the gang. During October 2009, U.S. DEA and FBI arrested over 300 members of the Familia in the United States. (source: DEA October 22, 2009)



Los ZetasThis group of former military counternarcotics commandos, known for its violence and effective use of tactics and weaponry, has grown in power even though it lost Daniel Perez Rojas. He was arrested in Guatemala this past year and was allegedly the leader of the group’s activities in Central America. Los Zetas, since their split with the Gulf cartel, have contracted themselves to a variety of drug trafficking organizations throughout the country, notably the Beltrán Leyva Organization. The Zetas who formed as fearsome enforcers for the Gulf cartel have gained power under suspected Zeta leader Heriberto Lazcano. In 2009, U.S. authorities have come to believe this organization may be operating as an independent Drug Trafficking Organizations. Los Zetas quickly established a reputation as one of the most violent enforcer gangs withmilitary-level expertise in intelligence, weaponry and operational tactics. Some argue

that the escalation in violence in 2007 and 2008 can be traced in part to them.

NDRANGHETANDRANGHETA

Source: Open Sources DEA Italian Direzione Centrale per i Servizi Antidroga

The most powerful and wealthy Italian organized crime group. It originates from Calabria, the lower tip of Italy, mostly in the province of Reggio Calabria.Today this group is the most dangerous and active in the drug trafficking specializing in cocaine. It is estimated that since the early 1990’s the Ndrangheta imported from South America tons and tons of cocaine. From 1991 trough 1994 they had already imported 11 tons of cocaine, 5.4 tons of which were seized in northern Italy in 1994. The Ndrangheta had dealing with Colombian guerrilla groups such as the AUC (Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia) whose leader Salvatore Mancuso Gomez, son of an Italian emigrant to Colombia, was arrested in 2007 and extradited to the United States during May 2008, along with other 13 guerilla associates.According to Eurispes 2008, Ndrangheta has a business turnover of 44 billions Euro.

Salvatore Mancuso Gomez

HEROINHEROIN

White HeroinBrown Heroin

COLOMBIA

MEXICO AFGHANISTAN

PAKISTAN

BURMA

THAILAND

LAOS

Heroin Source Areas

The Threat from Illegal DrugsThe Threat from Illegal DrugsInternational Heroin Trafficking FlowsInternational Heroin Trafficking Flows

Iran

Afghanistan

Pakistan

Mexico

Colombia

BurmaLaos

Thailand

Guatemala

Lebanon

•NORTHERN BLACK SEA ROUTE

•BALKAN ROUTE

•EAST MEDITERRANEAN ROUTE

K.K.T.C.

Heroin Movement from AfghanistanHeroin Movement from Afghanistan

Source: Turkish Police 2008

Estimated Worldwide Opium ProductionEstimated Worldwide Opium Production1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)

48234346

5764

4692

1630

4520 4783 4850 4620

6610

88478178

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008


2008 estimates are a total for Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnamand Colombia. Estimates for Mexico and smaller production countries not available.

Totals

COMPARING OPIUM PRODUCTION BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN AND REST OF THE WORLD

YearYear

OPIUM OPIUM PRODUCTION PRODUCTION

ININAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN

(TONS)(TONS)

GLOBALGLOBALOPIUM OPIUM

PRODUCTION PRODUCTION (TONS)(TONS)

PERCENTAGE OFPERCENTAGE OFPRODUCTION INPRODUCTION INAFGHANISTANAFGHANISTAN

19981998 22,,693693 44,,346346 62%62%

19991999 44,,565565 55,,764764 79%79%

20002000 33,,276276 44,,691691 70%70%

20012001 185185 11,,596596 12%12%

20022002 33,,400400 44,,491491 76%76%

20032003 33,,600600 44,,765765 76%76%

20042004 44,,200200 44,,850850 87%87%

20052005 44,,100100 44,,620620 89%89%

20062006 66,,100100 66,,610610 92%92%

20072007 88,,200200 88,,847847 93%93%

Source: UNODC


482435

576

469

163

452 478 485 462

660

880815

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Estimated Worldwide Heroin ProductionEstimated Worldwide Heroin Production1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)1997 – 2008 (in metric tons)


2008 estimates are a total for Afghanistan, Pakistan, Lao, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnamand Colombia. Estimates for Mexico and smaller production countries not available.

Totals

NARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISMMAJOR HEROINMAJOR HEROIN

TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONSTRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS Khun SaKhun Sa

Chang Chi-fuChang Chi-fu (traditional Chinese: (traditional Chinese: 張奇夫張奇夫 . Thai Name : Chan Jangtrakul (Thai : . Thai Name : Chan Jangtrakul (Thai : นายจั�นทร์� นายจั�นทร์�จัางตร์ะกู ลจัางตร์ะกู ล), more commonly known by the nom de guerre of ), more commonly known by the nom de guerre of Khun SaKhun Sa, was a warlord from , was a warlord from Burma. He was also dubbed the "Opium King" due to his opium trading in the so-called Burma. He was also dubbed the "Opium King" due to his opium trading in the so-called Golden Triangle (350,000 square kilometres that overlaps the mountains of four countries of Golden Triangle (350,000 square kilometres that overlaps the mountains of four countries of Southeast Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand) . He was the leader of the Southeast Asia: Myanmar (Burma), Vietnam, Laos, and Thailand) . He was the leader of the Shan United Army. Shan United Army.

Le Milieu French-Corsican. The French Connection.Le Milieu French-Corsican. The French Connection.In partnership with the Italian Mafia, the Milieu, whose leaders for drug trafficking were In partnership with the Italian Mafia, the Milieu, whose leaders for drug trafficking were François Spirito and Antoine Guérini associated with Brasilian Auguste Ricord, the Corsicans François Spirito and Antoine Guérini associated with Brasilian Auguste Ricord, the Corsicans Paul Mondoloni and Lucian Sarti and others, was trafficking heroin from France to the United Paul Mondoloni and Lucian Sarti and others, was trafficking heroin from France to the United States. States.

Mafia (Italy). The Pizza Connection.Mafia (Italy). The Pizza Connection.When the French Connection was disbanded from police authorities, Italian Mafia When the French Connection was disbanded from police authorities, Italian Mafia took over the heroin trafficking from Southeast Asia to Italy and the United States. took over the heroin trafficking from Southeast Asia to Italy and the United States.

Taliban (Afghanistan-Pakistan)Taliban (Afghanistan-Pakistan)Afghan and U.S. officials believe that taliban insurgents and regional groups associated with Afghan and U.S. officials believe that taliban insurgents and regional groups associated with Al Qaeda continue to profit from Afghanistan’s burgeoning narcotics trade. Officials also Al Qaeda continue to profit from Afghanistan’s burgeoning narcotics trade. Officials also suspect that drug profits provide some Al Qaeda operatives with financial and logistical suspect that drug profits provide some Al Qaeda operatives with financial and logistical support. U.S. officials believe that financial and logistical relationships between narcotics support. U.S. officials believe that financial and logistical relationships between narcotics traffickers, terrorists, and criminal groups pose threats to the security of Afghanistan andtraffickers, terrorists, and criminal groups pose threats to the security of Afghanistan andthe wider international community. (the wider international community. (source: source: International Narcotics and Law Enforcement AffairsInternational Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs))

Khun SaKhun Sa Until January 1996, Khun Sa also known by his Until January 1996, Khun Sa also known by his

Chinese name of Chang Chi Fuwas, the head of Chinese name of Chang Chi Fuwas, the head of the Shan United Army (SUA), was the leading the Shan United Army (SUA), was the leading heroin trafficking group in the Golden Triangle, heroin trafficking group in the Golden Triangle, which comprises the countries of Burma, which comprises the countries of Burma, Thailand, and Laos. In 1989 a court in New York Thailand, and Laos. In 1989 a court in New York accused him to have attempted to introduce 1000 accused him to have attempted to introduce 1000 kilograms of heroin to the USA.kilograms of heroin to the USA.

Khun Sa and his family have been active in the Khun Sa and his family have been active in the opium trade for many years. In 1960, the opium trade for many years. In 1960, the Burmese government organized a self defense Burmese government organized a self defense force under Khun Sa to defend itself against force under Khun Sa to defend itself against ethnic Shan resistance groups in the Shan State. ethnic Shan resistance groups in the Shan State. To support his self defense force, Khun Sa To support his self defense force, Khun Sa transported opium for some of the major transported opium for some of the major traffickers. By January 1969, Khun Sa emerged traffickers. By January 1969, Khun Sa emerged as one of the most powerful ethnic Chinese self as one of the most powerful ethnic Chinese self defense force leaders in Upper Burma.defense force leaders in Upper Burma.

HEROINHEROIN

Source: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROINHEROIN After arrest and subsequent release by Burmese authorities, After arrest and subsequent release by Burmese authorities,

Khun Sa took up residence in Thailand. A Thai sweep Khun Sa took up residence in Thailand. A Thai sweep operation against his Shan United Army headquarters forced operation against his Shan United Army headquarters forced Khun Sa to relocate most of his headquarters to Burma. Khun Khun Sa to relocate most of his headquarters to Burma. Khun Sa eventually built an army from a few thousand men to an Sa eventually built an army from a few thousand men to an estimated 20,000 well-equipped and well trained troops. With estimated 20,000 well-equipped and well trained troops. With this army, Khun Sa became the most significant heroin this army, Khun Sa became the most significant heroin trafficker in the Golden Triangle and the world.trafficker in the Golden Triangle and the world.

Beginning in 1994, however, three major developments Beginning in 1994, however, three major developments combined against Khun Sa. First, the Thai Government closed combined against Khun Sa. First, the Thai Government closed their border against him, thus depriving the SUA of valuable their border against him, thus depriving the SUA of valuable goods and services; second, the DEA, working with the Royal goods and services; second, the DEA, working with the Royal Thai Government, arrested 13 of Khun Sa's top lieutenants in Thai Government, arrested 13 of Khun Sa's top lieutenants in "Operation Tiger Trap," thus depriving the SUA of cash from "Operation Tiger Trap," thus depriving the SUA of cash from heroin trafficking; and third, the Burmese Army stepped up heroin trafficking; and third, the Burmese Army stepped up military operations against him, thus depriving the SUA of military operations against him, thus depriving the SUA of needed military hardware.needed military hardware.

Source: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROINHEROIN With their heroin-trafficking empire disabled, the Shan United Army surrendered to the With their heroin-trafficking empire disabled, the Shan United Army surrendered to the

Burmese Army in December 1995, and Khun Sa stepped down from its leadership. After the Burmese Army in December 1995, and Khun Sa stepped down from its leadership. After the surrender, Khun Sa relocated to Rangoon, and is reportedly involved in a number of business surrender, Khun Sa relocated to Rangoon, and is reportedly involved in a number of business deals with the Burmese Government and the Burmese business community.deals with the Burmese Government and the Burmese business community.

Khun Sa died in Rangoon October 29, 2007.Khun Sa died in Rangoon October 29, 2007.

But during March 2009, Peerayuth Phetsakol, Charn-narong Muser also known as Kasemthat, But during March 2009, Peerayuth Phetsakol, Charn-narong Muser also known as Kasemthat, and Vicharn Suthiphan were arrested in Chiang Mai, Thailand on charges of heroin trafficking and Vicharn Suthiphan were arrested in Chiang Mai, Thailand on charges of heroin trafficking and found in possession of some rifles and U.S. $ 3.4 million in cash.and found in possession of some rifles and U.S. $ 3.4 million in cash. According to a statement from the Thailand’s Department of Special Investigation, their According to a statement from the Thailand’s Department of Special Investigation, their office was urged by Drug Enforcement Administration in Thailand to investigate a drug and office was urged by Drug Enforcement Administration in Thailand to investigate a drug and money laundering network.money laundering network.

The group has a drug production factory in Burma near Thailand’sThe group has a drug production factory in Burma near Thailand’sborder, where it produces heroin and methamphetamine.border, where it produces heroin and methamphetamine.The factory is guarded by UWSA (The factory is guarded by UWSA (United Wa State ArmyUnited Wa State Army))..

The drugs were smuggled in The drugs were smuggled in for sale in Thailand, China, Lao,for sale in Thailand, China, Lao,Cambodia Vietnam and later Cambodia Vietnam and later sent to Philippines, Canada and USA.sent to Philippines, Canada and USA.The group is related to the late Khun Sa. The group is related to the late Khun Sa.

Khun SaSource: Open Sources Drug Enforcement Administration

HEROINHEROIN French ConnectionFrench ConnectionThe heroin trafficking of the Milieu originated in 1937 and the so-called French Connection is The heroin trafficking of the Milieu originated in 1937 and the so-called French Connection is only a chapter of the history. After years of fighting the traffic, in 1971 the Turkish government only a chapter of the history. After years of fighting the traffic, in 1971 the Turkish government agreed to a complete ban on the growing of Opium, effective from June 29, 1972 thus stopping agreed to a complete ban on the growing of Opium, effective from June 29, 1972 thus stopping the flow of opium to the French laboratories in Marseille. In the same period the United States the flow of opium to the French laboratories in Marseille. In the same period the United States Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), predecessor of the U.S. DEA, had major Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD), predecessor of the U.S. DEA, had major roundups and BNDD agents with French authorities seized 50 kg of heroin at the Paris airport. roundups and BNDD agents with French authorities seized 50 kg of heroin at the Paris airport. Subsequently, traffickers Jean-Baptiste Croce and Joseph Mari were arrested in Marseilles. Subsequently, traffickers Jean-Baptiste Croce and Joseph Mari were arrested in Marseilles. Another seizure by French authorities netted 95 kg of heroin worth $38 million (1973). Another seizure by French authorities netted 95 kg of heroin worth $38 million (1973). In February 1972, French traffickers offered a U.S. Army sergeant $96,000 to smuggle 109 kg of In February 1972, French traffickers offered a U.S. Army sergeant $96,000 to smuggle 109 kg of heroin into the United States. He informed his superior who in turn notified the BNDD. As a heroin into the United States. He informed his superior who in turn notified the BNDD. As a result of this investigation, five men in New York and two in Paris were arrested with 120 kg of result of this investigation, five men in New York and two in Paris were arrested with 120 kg of heroin, which had a street value of $50 million. In a 14-month period, starting in February 1972, heroin, which had a street value of $50 million. In a 14-month period, starting in February 1972, six major illicit heroin laboratories were seized and dismantled in the suburbs of Marseilles by six major illicit heroin laboratories were seized and dismantled in the suburbs of Marseilles by French national narcotics police in collaboration with U.S. drug agents. On February 29, 1972, French national narcotics police in collaboration with U.S. drug agents. On February 29, 1972, French authorities seized the shrimp boat, Caprice des Temps, as it put to sea near Marseilles French authorities seized the shrimp boat, Caprice des Temps, as it put to sea near Marseilles heading towards Miami, it was carrying 415 kg of heroin. heading towards Miami, it was carrying 415 kg of heroin. Additional success of the police authorities finally terminated the trafficking operation. The Additional success of the police authorities finally terminated the trafficking operation. The French Connection investigation demonstrated that international trafficking networks were best French Connection investigation demonstrated that international trafficking networks were best disabled by the combined efforts of drug enforcement agencies from multiple countries. In this disabled by the combined efforts of drug enforcement agencies from multiple countries. In this case, agents from the United States, Canada, Italy and France had worked together to achieve case, agents from the United States, Canada, Italy and France had worked together to achieve success.success. (source: Open Sources)

HEROINHEROIN Pizza ConnectionPizza ConnectionWhen the heroin trafficking of the French Connection stopped around 1973-1974 with the disbanding of When the heroin trafficking of the French Connection stopped around 1973-1974 with the disbanding of the organization, the Italian Mafia started its own laboratories in Sicily for the production of heroin to send the organization, the Italian Mafia started its own laboratories in Sicily for the production of heroin to send to the United States. The opium was coming from the Golden Triangle thanks to Khun Sa and other to the United States. The opium was coming from the Golden Triangle thanks to Khun Sa and other suppliers. In addition the murder of Carmine Galante, a New York based Mafia boss in 1979 and who did suppliers. In addition the murder of Carmine Galante, a New York based Mafia boss in 1979 and who did not want to share the drug trafficking market with other Mafia groups, left the road open to the Sicilians not want to share the drug trafficking market with other Mafia groups, left the road open to the Sicilians and production started.and production started.Several U.S. police agencies were seizing heroin and were working investigations without talking to each Several U.S. police agencies were seizing heroin and were working investigations without talking to each other until the request of the subscriber for one telephone number in Philadelphia brought together the FBI other until the request of the subscriber for one telephone number in Philadelphia brought together the FBI in New York working with the New York Police Department and the DEA in Philadelphia.in New York working with the New York Police Department and the DEA in Philadelphia.The result was the Pizza Connection from the location were the heroin transactions were made, in pizza The result was the Pizza Connection from the location were the heroin transactions were made, in pizza shops along the U.S. East Coast.shops along the U.S. East Coast.Furthermore the assistance of Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno, Mafia bosses who started to Furthermore the assistance of Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno, Mafia bosses who started to cooperate with authorities helped to bring to trial cooperate with authorities helped to bring to trial 32 mafia members and associates who were indicted in 32 mafia members and associates who were indicted in the case. Gaetano Badalamenti, a major player in the Mafia drug trafficking organization, was arrested in the case. Gaetano Badalamenti, a major player in the Mafia drug trafficking organization, was arrested in Spain and extradited to New York for the trial where he was sentenced to 45 years in prison and died Spain and extradited to New York for the trial where he was sentenced to 45 years in prison and died incarcerated in 2004. incarcerated in 2004. The war between the Mafia groups in Sicily and the success of the authorities eventually ended the heroin The war between the Mafia groups in Sicily and the success of the authorities eventually ended the heroin trafficking between Italy and the United States. This war also claimed, in the years 1980-1984, thousand of trafficking between Italy and the United States. This war also claimed, in the years 1980-1984, thousand of victims including magistrates and police officers. The war of the Mafia against the Institutions claimed victims including magistrates and police officers. The war of the Mafia against the Institutions claimed also the life of Judges Giovanni Falcone (May 23, 1992) and Paolo Borsellino (July 19, 1992).also the life of Judges Giovanni Falcone (May 23, 1992) and Paolo Borsellino (July 19, 1992).

((source: Open Sourcessource: Open Sources))

HEROINHEROIN TalibanTaliban

The Taliban (Pashto: The Taliban (Pashto: طالبانطالبان ṭālibānṭālibān, meaning "students") (students of , meaning "students") (students of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam), also known as Taleban, is a Sunny Islamist, Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam), also known as Taleban, is a Sunny Islamist, predominantly ethnic Pashtun radical religious. After the collapse of the predominantly ethnic Pashtun radical religious. After the collapse of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (born after the retreat of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan in 1992 (born after the retreat of the Soviet Army in 1989), supported by the URSS, Afghanistan found itself in Soviet Army in 1989), supported by the URSS, Afghanistan found itself in a civil war among the various fighters of Islamic resistance (mujaheddina civil war among the various fighters of Islamic resistance (mujaheddin) ) each fighting its own Jihad (fight). The Taliban were mostly Madrasah each fighting its own Jihad (fight). The Taliban were mostly Madrasah (public schools) teachers and Afghan refugees who had studied in Islamic (public schools) teachers and Afghan refugees who had studied in Islamic schools in Pakistan, some were former military. With training, schools in Pakistan, some were former military. With training, supplies supplies and arms received from the Pakistani government, particularly the and arms received from the Pakistani government, particularly the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and headed by Mullah Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and headed by Mullah Mohammed Omar, they waged a guerrilla war against the other groups and Mohammed Omar, they waged a guerrilla war against the other groups and eventually were able to enter Kabul in 1996 and taking control of eventually were able to enter Kabul in 1996 and taking control of Afghanistan until 2001 when the U.S. lead coalition entered Afghanistan. Afghanistan until 2001 when the U.S. lead coalition entered Afghanistan. The Taliban used, at the beginning, drug trafficking revenues until the year The Taliban used, at the beginning, drug trafficking revenues until the year 2000 when they banned opium production in Afghanistan. The production 2000 when they banned opium production in Afghanistan. The production of opium returned, increasing, to normal after 2001. Since the Taliban’s of opium returned, increasing, to normal after 2001. Since the Taliban’s return to illegality the drug trafficking has become their major revenue. return to illegality the drug trafficking has become their major revenue.


HEROINHEROIN Taliban and Al QaedaTaliban and Al Qaeda

Taliban are making more money today with narco-traffic that when they were in Taliban are making more money today with narco-traffic that when they were in power in Afghanistan.power in Afghanistan.

Ten years ago the Taliban were receiving $75-100 million per year by taxing the Ten years ago the Taliban were receiving $75-100 million per year by taxing the opium cultivation and that was the only way they could obtain dollars. Today the opium cultivation and that was the only way they could obtain dollars. Today the Taliban obtain approximately $125 million yearly by taxing the cultivation and Taliban obtain approximately $125 million yearly by taxing the cultivation and commerce of opium plus they obtain money from the laboratories which are commerce of opium plus they obtain money from the laboratories which are refining opium into heroin and from the importation of precursor chemicals refining opium into heroin and from the importation of precursor chemicals necessary to the laboratories. Furthermore, Taliban and groups connected to necessary to the laboratories. Furthermore, Taliban and groups connected to Al-Al-QaedaQaeda are obtaining money from the opium products market in Pakistan (a market are obtaining money from the opium products market in Pakistan (a market which is valued at approximately $1billion).which is valued at approximately $1billion).

The involvement of the Taliban in the drug trafficking allow them to finance a war The involvement of the Taliban in the drug trafficking allow them to finance a war machine always more complex and geographically expanded. machine always more complex and geographically expanded. Narco-cartels are Narco-cartels are now growing in Afghanistan and nearby countries.now growing in Afghanistan and nearby countries.

Source: UNODC Vienna, October 21, 2009Statement by Antonio Maria CostaExecutive Director



Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda

Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda

Al-Qā‘edaAl-Qā‘eda ( (القاعدةالقاعدة, al-qā‘ida /more proper), "the base". In an interview given , al-qā‘ida /more proper), "the base". In an interview given by Osama bin Laden to Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Alouni in 2001 said that by Osama bin Laden to Al Jazeera journalist Tayseer Alouni in 2001 said that the name “Al-Qaeda” was established a long time ago when the late Abu the name “Al-Qaeda” was established a long time ago when the late Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri (Egyptian born policeman, whose brother participated in the Ubaidah al-Banshiri (Egyptian born policeman, whose brother participated in the assassination of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, left Egypt to join anti-assassination of Egyptian president Anwar El Sadat, left Egypt to join anti-Soviet efforts in Afghanistan where Osama bin Laden made him Commander of Soviet efforts in Afghanistan where Osama bin Laden made him Commander of the Afghan Arabs. Died in a boat accident in Lake Victoria in 1996) established the Afghan Arabs. Died in a boat accident in Lake Victoria in 1996) established the training camps for the mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. They used to the training camps for the mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. They used to call the training camp Al-Qaeda. The name stayed.call the training camp Al-Qaeda. The name stayed.

Other opinions are available for the name, one given by U.K. newspaper The Other opinions are available for the name, one given by U.K. newspaper The Guardian in an interview with former Foreign Minister Robin Cook says that Guardian in an interview with former Foreign Minister Robin Cook says that Cook believed that the name Al-Qaeda meant “data-base” and it was a data-base Cook believed that the name Al-Qaeda meant “data-base” and it was a data-base of the U.S. government with the names of thousands of mujahedeen enrolled by of the U.S. government with the names of thousands of mujahedeen enrolled by CIA to fight against the Soviet troop in Afghanistan. CIA to fight against the Soviet troop in Afghanistan.



Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda Al-Qaeda was not funded by Bin Laden himself but was Al-Qaeda was not funded by Bin Laden himself but was

supported by fundraising from various Islamic charities in the supported by fundraising from various Islamic charities in the Gulf region, mostly from Saudi Arabia who stopped financing Gulf region, mostly from Saudi Arabia who stopped financing in 1993, as well as "financial facilitators who gathered money in 1993, as well as "financial facilitators who gathered money from both witting and unwitting donors”.from both witting and unwitting donors”.

At the time of the 9/11 attacks, Al Qaeda operated with $30 At the time of the 9/11 attacks, Al Qaeda operated with $30 million per year, including $20 million that annually went to million per year, including $20 million that annually went to support the Taliban. Funds were also used for training camps support the Taliban. Funds were also used for training camps in Afghanistan, to create terrorist networks and alliances, and in Afghanistan, to create terrorist networks and alliances, and support the jihadists and their families. A relatively small support the jihadists and their families. A relatively small amount of money went to finance operations, including the amount of money went to finance operations, including the 9/11 attacks.9/11 attacks.



Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda The U.S. Commission Report on the September The U.S. Commission Report on the September

11, 2001 attacks to the Twin Towers in New York, 11, 2001 attacks to the Twin Towers in New York, Pentagon in Washington and the Pennsylvania Pentagon in Washington and the Pennsylvania crash, stated that it might have cost Al-Qaeda crash, stated that it might have cost Al-Qaeda between $400,000 and $500,000 to execute them between $400,000 and $500,000 to execute them considering that the operatives spent more than considering that the operatives spent more than $270,000 in the United States. And they say that, $270,000 in the United States. And they say that, at the time of publication (2004) they did not see at the time of publication (2004) they did not see any connection with drugs, although the could not any connection with drugs, although the could not identify where the money was coming from:identify where the money was coming from:


((see next page)see next page)

“ …“ …we have not been able to determine the origin of we have not been able to determine the origin of the money used for the 9/11 attacks. Al Qaeda had the money used for the 9/11 attacks. Al Qaeda had many sources of funding and a pre 9/11 annual many sources of funding and a pre 9/11 annual budget of $30 million. If a particular source of funds budget of $30 million. If a particular source of funds had dried up, Al Qaeda could easily have found had dried up, Al Qaeda could easily have found enough money elsewhere to fund the attack…“. enough money elsewhere to fund the attack…“.

Allegations that Al Qaeda used a variety of illegitimate means to finance itself, both before and after 9/11, continue to surface. The most common involve the drug trade, conflict diamonds, and state support; none can be confirmed…

(Source: The 9/11 Commission Report, Executive Summary, page 14)(Source: The 9/11 Commission Report, Executive Summary, page 14)


“ …“ …After reviewing the relevant intelligence on Al Qaeda’s involvement in After reviewing the relevant intelligence on Al Qaeda’s involvement in drug trafficking and interviewing the leading authorities on the subject, we drug trafficking and interviewing the leading authorities on the subject, we have seen no substantial evidence that Al Qaeda played a major role in the have seen no substantial evidence that Al Qaeda played a major role in the drug trade or relied on it as an important source of revenue either before or drug trade or relied on it as an important source of revenue either before or after 9/11. While the drug trade was an important source of income for the after 9/11. While the drug trade was an important source of income for the Taliban before 9/11, it did not serve the same purpose for Al Qaeda. Taliban before 9/11, it did not serve the same purpose for Al Qaeda. Although there is some fragmentary reporting alleging that Bin Laden may Although there is some fragmentary reporting alleging that Bin Laden may have been an investor, or even had an operational role, in drug trafficking have been an investor, or even had an operational role, in drug trafficking before 9/11, this intelligence cannot be substantiated and the sourcing is before 9/11, this intelligence cannot be substantiated and the sourcing is probably suspect. One intelligence analyst described the reporting as probably suspect. One intelligence analyst described the reporting as “bizarre.” Bin Laden may, however, have encouraged drug traffickers to “bizarre.” Bin Laden may, however, have encouraged drug traffickers to sell to Westerners as part of his overall plan to weaken the West (though sell to Westerners as part of his overall plan to weaken the West (though much of that intelligence is also suspect)”…much of that intelligence is also suspect)”…

Source: Source: National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Chapter 2. National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Chapter 2. Terrorist Financing Staff Monograph, 2004Terrorist Financing Staff Monograph, 2004


Arabian Gulf (Dec. 16, 2003) – A U.S. Navy boarding team Arabian Gulf (Dec. 16, 2003) – A U.S. Navy boarding team operation from the guided missile destroyer USS Decatur operation from the guided missile destroyer USS Decatur (DDG 73) discovered an estimated two tons of narcotics with (DDG 73) discovered an estimated two tons of narcotics with a street value of around eight to ten million dollars aboard a a street value of around eight to ten million dollars aboard a 40-foot dhow intercepted in the Arabian Gulf. The dhow’s 12 40-foot dhow intercepted in the Arabian Gulf. The dhow’s 12 crewmembers were taken into custody and transferred to USS crewmembers were taken into custody and transferred to USS Decatur, and Decatur sailors are in control of the dhow. Decatur, and Decatur sailors are in control of the dhow. The The smuggling routes are known to be used by smuggling routes are known to be used by Al-QaedaAl-Qaeda and three and three of the 12-crew members are believed to have links to the of the 12-crew members are believed to have links to the organization.organization.


Source: Navy.MilSource: Navy.Mil Official Website of the United States NavyOfficial Website of the United States Navy December 16, 2003December 16, 2003

U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Michael Sandberg. U.S. Navy photo by Photographer’s Mate 2nd Class Michael Sandberg. (RELEASED)(RELEASED)


A report from the US Department of State by the title:Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy“Narco-Terrorism”:Afghan and U.S. officials believe that Taliban insurgents and regional groups associated with Al Qaeda continue to profit from Afghanistan’s burgeoning narcotics trade. Officials also suspect that drug profits provide some Al Qaeda operatives with financial and logistical support. U.S. officials believe that financial and logistical relationships between narcotics traffickers, terrorists, and criminal groups pose threats to the security of Afghanistan and the wider international community.

page 12

Source: Department of StateInternational Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs 2005

Updated January 25, 2006

A new book published in 2009:A new book published in 2009:SEEDS OF TERRORSEEDS OF TERRORHOW HEROIN IS HOW HEROIN IS

BANKROLLING THE BANKROLLING THE TALIBAN AND AL-QAEDATALIBAN AND AL-QAEDA


See next pageSee next page

““This isn’t a fanciful conspiracy theory. SeedsThis isn’t a fanciful conspiracy theory. Seedsof Terror is based on hundreds of interviewsof Terror is based on hundreds of interviewswith Taliban fighters, smugglers and lawwith Taliban fighters, smugglers and lawenforcement and intelligence agencies. Theirenforcement and intelligence agencies. Theirinformation is matched by intelligence reportsinformation is matched by intelligence reportsshown to the author by frustrated U.S. officialsshown to the author by frustrated U.S. officialswho fear the next 9/11 will be far deadlier thanwho fear the next 9/11 will be far deadlier thanthe first-and paid for with drug profits.”the first-and paid for with drug profits.” Seeds of Terror makes the case that we mustSeeds of Terror makes the case that we mustcut terrorists off their drug earnings if we evercut terrorists off their drug earnings if we everhope to beat them.hope to beat them.(quote from the dust jacket)(quote from the dust jacket)


Seeds of Terrorby Gretchen PetersThomas Dunne BooksSt. Martin’s PressNew YorkMay 2009

NARCOTERRORISMNARCOTERRORISMThe same illegal drug production funds that

attack civilized society also destabilize democracies across the globe. Illegal drug

production undermines worldwide’s culture; it funds terror; and it erodes democracy. And they all represent a clear and present danger to our

security.

Asa Hutchinson, Director, Drug Enforcement AdministrationHeritage Foundation: Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International StudiesWashington, DC, April 2, 2002

GLOBALGLOBALCOOPERATIONCOOPERATION

IS THE KEYIS THE KEY

GLOBALGLOBALCOOPERATIONCOOPERATION

IS THE KEYIS THE KEY

international institute for security and cooperation

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