Conflict, Security, & Cooperation

Conflict, Security, & CooperationAbout C, S, & CTypes of Force

◦Conventional◦Unconventional

Special operations Terrorism Piracy

Approaches to State Security◦The cooperation continuum

Unilateral self-defense to pacifism

Military Spending 2011Country Military

SpendingCompared % in World

US $698 B 43%

China $119 B 7%

UK $60 B 4%

France $59 B 4%

Russia $59 B 3.5 %http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures

ABOUT CONFLICT, COOPERATION, & SECURITY

Conflict Changes over Time

4 Main Changes1. Increase in arms transfers

Cold War and post-Cold War UK weapons sales

2. Increase in severity of conflict Technology

3. Increase in frequency of conflict Decolonization Civil unrest

Conflict Changes over Time

4 Main Changes4. Change in focus of security Guns and bombs Guns kill far more people than bombs

Human security For GN, much easier In GS, a challenge

When you stop to get gas, are you likely to see this guy?

Convenience store security guard, Guatemala

TYPES OF FORCE

Conventional v. Unconventional Force

Conventional: Disputes between states

◦Can be declared wars or acts of aggression

Unconventional: Disputes provoked by non-state

actors

Unconventional Force3 Types of Unconventional Force1. Special Operations2. Terrorist Acts3. Piracy

#1 Special OperationsEspionage

◦Spy games not new◦Intelligence gathering

Overt v. covert force◦Undermine government from within◦Influence a country’s policies◦Paramilitary training, troops◦Monetary, technical, intelligence

support

#2 Terrorist Acts: DomesticWhat is terrorism?

Types of Terrorism◦Domestic, International, State-Sponsored

Domestic◦How do people challenge their government?◦Coup d’état, assassinations, guerrilla fighting

Colombia’s National Liberation Army Basque separatist group Eta

◦Why might domestic opposition be considered terrorism? Freedom fighters Syria’s rebel Free Syrian Army Kurdish Worker’s Party (PKK) in Turkey

#2 Terrorist Acts: InternationalInternational

Not a new phenomenonOrganize and/or attack across state

borders◦Al Qaeda◦Taliban

Cold War v. post-Cold War◦Linked to colonization, hijacks for political

leverage IRA v. UK; Algeria v. France TWA Flight 847- Hezbollah Cruise ship Achille Lauro-PLO

◦Target US and Western cultural influence 9/11, Madrid, London, Bali

#2 Terrorist Acts: State-Sponsored

State-Sponsored TerrorismInternational terrorismSyria and Iran Hezbollah, HamasSudan, Afghanistan, Somalia al-

QaedaLibya Pan Am Flight 103

#3 PiracyDifficult to police international

watersNot new phenomenonRecently revived

◦Concern piracy will increase due to ‘Pirate Value Chain’

More common near loosely-governed and failed states poor people◦Nigeria◦Somalia

THE COOPERATION CONTINUUM

IndividualStates

Some cooperati

on

More cooperati

on

Full cooperati

on

The Cooperation Continuum

Unilateral Self-Defense Traditional approach to securing a

stateIdea that states either defend or be

overtakenSelf-defense through military spendingSelf-defense v. acts of aggression

Limited Self DefenseCan be bilateral or multilateral

During CW- often bilateral US & SU treaties

Multilateral often through UNTypes of arms limitation pacts:

Conventional: Antipersonnel Mine TreatyNuclear:

Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT)Chemical:

Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC)Biological:

Biological Weapons Convention (BWC)

International Security ForcesCollective Security through IGOs: Regional IGOs◦NATO in Afghanistan◦ECOWAS in Ivory Coast◦Arab League in Syria

Conflict spilled into neighboring Lebanon Divided between pro- and anti-Syrian government

supporters ◦Why intervene?

Economic, political, social interests

International Security ForcesCollective Security through IGOs: Global IGOs

INTERPOLUN

◦ Peacekeeping First used in 1948 in Kashmir and Palestine 13 missions from 1948-1988 resulting from

decolonization Relied on non-UNSC member troops Changed at end of CW

Considered ‘second-generation’ of peacekeeping Includes UNSC member troops

◦ Peacemaking Combination of troops and civilian personnel Monitors elections Encourages peaceful negotiations Food distribution

◦ Peacebuilding

Abolition of WarPacifism

◦War is morally wrong◦Ranges from opposing all violence, to

using violence as last resort◦Bottom-up theory of peace

Passive non-violent resistance Sit ins, protests, civil disobedience Way to make a statement Gandhi, MLK George Clooney

Push for complete disarmament◦Requires full cooperation◦Realistic international security approach?

Conflict, Security, & CooperationAbout C, S, & CConventional & unconventional

forceApproaches to state security

range from unilateral to fully cooperative

States use regional & global IGOs