International Centre for Theoretical Physics

No. 1lJune 1988

Scicnce in the Serviceof Mankind

by Stig Lundqvist,Chairman of the

ICTP Scientific Council

an/l

Chalmers University of Technology,Gdteborg, Sweden

The following address was given at areception in the honour of the 1987Nobel Laureates in physics GeorgeBednorz and Alex Miiller at the DolderGrand llotel in Zilrich on 30 March 1988.

It is a grcat honour for me to beinvited to speak at this festive occasionin recognition of the path-breaking workby Georg Bednorz and Alex Mtillcr,which promiscs nothing lcss thantechnological rcvolution within a ncarfuture. I would also like to congratulateIBM Research Laboratory Riischlikonand the wholc IBM Researchorganisation. It is a remarkable feat thatthe Nobcl Prizes in physics in both1986 and 1987 were awarded toscientists at the IBM Laboratory inZirich. This shows not only the highcalibre of the scicntists themselves butis also a sign of the very specialatmosphere which has becn created hereand which is conducive to newimportant dcvclopments. Of course thisatmospherc has bccn created by thescicntists themselves. Contrary towhat many pcople believe, the IBMrescarch is not always focusscd on themofe short timc advanccs to rcachparticular technological goals. It alsooffers a large 'frcc soctor in which thcirbest scientists can take their owninitiatives, and go out of the mainstreamhaving the full support of the leadcrs andwith little or no restrictions on time and

resources. The prominent role of IBN{in scicnce has of course bcen wcllknown for all of us in condcnscd matterphysics for decades. The Nobel arvardstwo years in a row have now attnctedthe attention of thc cntirc internationalscientific community of IBM as aleading institution not only in hightechnology but also in basic sciencewhere it compares with the very bestacadcmic institutions. Becausc of theworld-widc activity and program of IBM,this is not only a recognition but itinvolvcs also a grcat rcsponsibility.

Thc thcme of my talk tonight isabout scicncc in the scn'ice of mankind.My pcrsonal window looking out overlhis enormous problcm is through mywork at the Intcrnational Centre forThcorctical Physics in Trieste sincemorc than twcnty ycars. This Centrcwas crcatcd by thc gcnius of AbdusSalam, himsclf a Nobcl Laurcate inphysics in 1979. It was crcatcd to hclpdevcloping countrics to contributc to thcbasic aspects of high encrgy, nuclcar andcondcnsed mattcr physics as wcll asgcophysics and mathcmatics. Latcr on,areas of applicd physics and hightechnology have bccn addcd for theriason that no ncw intcrnational centrewith a similar mandatc has bcen crcatcdfor thesc areas. A proposal has nowbcen made to cxtend the concept ofTricste to the othcr basic scienccs likebiology, chcrnistry and gcology. Thcproposal is to create an InternationalC e n t r e for Science and' e c h n o l o g y . Italy would bc thcmajor sponsor of such a ccntre. Itshould be mcntioncd that Italy sinccscvcral ycars has bccn thc major sponsorof thc ICTP in Tricstc.

Thcrc are four major arcas of Scicnccand Tcchnology: (1) Basic Scicnccs, (2)Applied Scienccs, (3) ClassicalTechnology and (4) Scicncc-bascd HighTcchnology.

This planet is inhabited by twodistinct types of humans, which I shallfor sirnplicity call the rich and thepoor. One quarter of mankind, or about1.1 billion people are developed and theycontrol 40Vo of the land area and about807o of the natural resources. Thedcveloping humans - the 3.6 billionpoor people - live on the remaining 6070of the globe. The rich counfries enjoyedin 1983 an income of $800 monthly percapita, while the poor had an average of$60 per month per capita. Let me herefocus on the 36 nations having a per-capita incomc lcss than $400 per year.They correspond to nearll' halfthe population of the rvorld andthey live on about $ 1 per dayon the average!

Thc rich countries suffer as a wholcfrom two problcms: (1) a nuclcarpsychosis and (2) unemployment. Forthc poor countries one can make a longlist: (l) lack of food, (2) of sheltcr, (3)of clothing, (a) of health care, (5) ofeducation, (6) of uncmployment, (7) ofovercrowding and (8) lack of sccurity.They suffer also from thc' advcrse tcnnsof trade and the chronic indebtcdness ofthe poor. Thcrc is presently a nctoutflow of funds - indeed thc poor ofthis world is financinc the rich!

Contcnts

Science in the Serviceof N{ankind 1

Dirac NIedaI: B.S. DeWitt 2

Activities at the ICTPfrom April to June 1988 3

Future Activities at ICTP 7

What do the rich do to help the poor?

Ncl's from ICTP - No. 11 - June 1988

Extremely little indccd. Theinternational organisations like theUnited Nations and their professionalagencies seem powerless. It really docsnot secm to help that they are in thehands of the Foreign Offices of themembcr nations and their DiplomaticCorps (the rich as well as the poornations). Most developcd nations havcagrecd to donate a mere 0.7 to lVo oftheir GNP to dcvcloping countries.Howevcr, in ordcr to make this helpreally useful, the national aid agencicswould need first-rate natural scientists ontheir staff rather than ttre ttrird-rate socialscientists, who are now dominating. Inaddition to the official support,it rvould be very important ifthe educational and scientifici n s t i t u t i o n s in d e v e l o p e dcountries rvould contr ibute intheir own ways. II]1\{ isdefinitely such an organisation.

All our cxpcricnces from thc ICTPin Trieste support the thesis that thesituation of the poor countries can onlybc improved in a long-l.crm pcrspccl.ivcthrough an assisted implantation ofscience and technology. Thceconomists have nevcr appreciatcd thcpoor countries' nced for Science andTcchnology - thcy have becn mainlyobscssed with thc nccd of capitalinvestmcnt. Thcir favouritc tcrm hasbccn the conccpt of ' f e c h n o l o g yTransfer . Wc have secn too manyexamplcs of this with short-tcrminvestmcnts to makc use of chcap labourwithout pcrmancnt ,bcncfit for the hostcountry. The movement of tcxtilcindustry from the rich countrics to, inturn, South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong,Malaysia, Thailand... is a good cxamplc.

Cradually the poor countrics sgem torcalize that their future lics in Scicnceand Tcchnology. Money lies with hightcchnology today, which has becndcmonstratcd by thc expericnce of Japan,South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore andothers. For example, biotcchnology asone of thc new sciencc-bascdtcchnologies in likcly to revolutionizeagriculture, cncrgy and mcdicinc in thcncxt century. Thc Third World systemdccply nceds tlte creation of a nctwork ofintcracting institutions in basic scicnccsancl high tcchnology to dcvclop apotcntial for thcir future.

Quality rathcr than quantity must be

the name of the game in our help to thepoor countries. To build up an institutewithout first class leadership andwithout a good scientific programme isjust a wastc of money. The donation ofexpcnsivc equipment to a place lackingthc scicntific lcadcrship and having nogood scientific program will give noprogress. Thc lack of potentiallcadcrship is a very diflicult factor. Wcare having many good people in ourprograms in Triestc but the number ofscientists who could take on theresponsibility to be leaders for ncwscientific dircctions in their countries isvery small. In my mind, one wouldalways havc to idcntify the potentiallcadcrs and focus thc support on themand by all mcans keep out all theenrcprcncurs who arc always arounil thecorncr to put thcir hands on whatcvcrsupporl. is availablc. In my opinion,small is bcautiful and in most countricsone should start by supporting a fcwstrong pcrsonalitics who would dcvelopinto scientific lcaders of thc nationalcffors.

These rcmarks takc mc back toGcorg Bcdnorz and AIex Miillcr, thcIBM Research Laboratory in Riischlikonand IBM Intcrnational. Thc discovcry ofthc ncw high tcmpcraturcsupcrconductors has givcn risc to grcal.cxpcctations in many of thc du,elopingcountrics lhat thcy could be in on theground floor in ftc ncw tcchnologicalrcvolution that most of us cxpcct willcome. Thc IBM Nobcl Laurcates andmany othcr IBN,I scicntists havc alrcadybccn of kcmcndous hclp in our Tricsteprogram. Thc IBIr{ Vicc-prcsidcnt forScicncc, Dr. Pravccn Chaudhari, hasroccntly arranged a major donation ofcomputcr cquipment to ICTP as well asgiven othcr forms of support. IBM ltalyhas rcally bccome our fricnd and isgiving gcnerous support to ourprogramme. Through the good officcsof Dr. Chaudhari an IBM support ofequiprncnt. to a ncw institute in Brasiliais now bcing workcd out. I bclicvc thatthis pattcrn startcd by Dr. Chaudharimight bc cxpandcd world-widc. IBM isin thc uniquc position to bc reprcsentcdworld-widc at thc highcst lcvcl ofstandards in high tcchnology. I bclicvethat creating conLact bctwccn thc IBMand the local scicntific lcadcrs, and withsomc modcst clonations and sccd moncv.

would in many countries result in acatalytic process speeding up theentrance into the high technology age.

I close here by congratulating theNobcl Laureates and the whole IBMresearch organisation and hope that theseoutstanding scientific achievements willnot only lead to dramatic advances inhigh technology but in a timepcrspectivc also to a better life for thepoor majority of mankind.

The poorest nationsThere are 36 nations yvith a GNP

income less than $400 per capita (eachwith a population of one million ormore). They are:

Asia: China, India, Laos, Vietnam,Kampuchea, BLtrma, Bangladesh,Bhutan, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka andAfghanistan.

Africa: Madagascar, Mozantbique,Malawi, Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda,Zaire, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia,Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Sudan, Chad,Niger, Mali, Central African Republic,Ghana, Guinea, Sierra Leonc, Senegal,Togo andBenin.

They account for nearly hnlf tlteworld's population (from GeraldSegal, Guide to the WorldToday, 1987).

Science and technology1. Basic sciences: physics,

chemistry, mathematics and biology.2. Applied science: agriculture,

energy, environment, earth science.3. Classical technology: bulk

chemicals, iron and steel, mctals,ceramics, power Ieneration.

4. Science-based high technology:new materials, microelectronics,microprocessors, computer-aided design,high I, superconductors, lasers, fibreoptics and pholonics, space science,pharmaceutical chemicals andbiolechnology.

Dirae MedalPresenting Ceremony

Bryce DeWitt

On 30 May 1988, one of Lhe trvo1987 Dirac Medals of the ICTP wasprcsented to Profcssor Bryce DeWittfrom the Unversity of Texas at Austin,in a ccrcmony hcld in thc Main Lccturc

NEN'S from ICTP - No. 11 - June 1988

Hall of ttre Centre.After the introduction of Bryce

DcWitt to the audience by ProfessorAbdus Salam, Prof. Ugo Loone,Director of thc UN Ccntre for SocialDcfcnce in Rome, presentcd the Mcdalto the rccipient with thc followingcitat"ion:

"Professor Bryce DeWiu is honouredfor his fundamental contribulions to thestudy of classical and quantum gravityand non-Abelian gauge theory. IIispioneering work with quqntum, ffictiveection underlies much of the modernformalism. Particularly important arethe background field method which heinvented, and the methodology of ghostloops in gauge theory, which he didmuch to develop, IIis name isassociated wilh the Wheeler-DeWittequation, which provides the basis formost work on quantum cosmology, andwith the Schtinger-DeWitt expansion,which is widely used in studying fieldlheories in curved space-time and inslring theory computations".

Immediatcly aftcr the presentation,Brycc DcWitt dclivcrcd a brilliant lectureon curved space time propiigators.

Professor Brycc S. DcWitt was bornin Dinuba, California, on 8 JanuaryL923. Hc studicd at Harvard Univcrsity,whcre hc rcccivcd his S.B., M.A. andPh.D. in 1943, 1947 and 1950,rcspcctively. Hc has bcen a Jane andRoland Blumbcrg Profcssor of Physicsat tho Univcrsity of Texas at Austinsince 1986. Professor DeWitt uscd to bea Mcmbcr of the Institutc of AdvanccdStudy, Princeton, in 1919-50, 1954,1964 and 1966. Hc workcd as aResearch Associate at theEidgcndssische Tcchnische Hochschule(Zirich, Switzcrland) in 1951-52, as aFulbright Rcsearch Scholar at the TataInstitute of Fundamental Rcscarch(Bombay, India), and as a SeniorRcscarch Physicist at the RadiationLaboratory, Univcrsity of California(Bcrkeley and Livcrmore) from 1952 to1955. From 1956 to 1971, he was atthc University of North Carolina atChapcl Hill as a Visiting Profcssor first,then as a Profcssor of Physics until1965 and latcr as an Agncw HuntcrBahnson Profcssor of Physics. In 1972,hc joincd thc Univcrsity of Tcxas as aProfessor of Physics whcrc he alsodirrctcd thc Ccntrc for Relativity (1972-

1987). Professor DeWitt has hcldVisiting Professor positions at theUniversity of Osaka, Japan (1964),Stanford University, California (197l)All Souls College, Univcrsity of Oxford(1975-76) and many othcr spccialpositions.

Prof. B. DeWittat the ceremony of presentation.

Hc is a Fcllow of thc AmcricanPhysical Socicty and has been awardedthc First Prize of thc Cravity RcscarchFoundation. He has lcctured in thc mostprcstigious Summer Schools like LcsHouchcs and Cargdsc in France andVarenna in Italy. Hc is thc author ofscvcnty scientific papcrs.

Thc other 1987 Dirac Medal will bepresented to Prof. B. Zumino from theUniversity of California at Berkeley, on26 July 1988.

The names of the 1988 Dirac Mcdalrccipients will be announced on 8August 1988 - the birthday of the lateP.A.M. Dirac.

Activitics at the ICTPfrom April to June 1988

Title: trNTERNATIONALMEETING ON LARGE-SCALESTRUCTURE AND MOTIONS INT'IIE UNIVERSE (6 - 9 April 1988).

Organizers: Professors J. Audouzc,

A. Cavaliere, G. Chicarini, G. Ellis, N{.Gellcr, M. Hack, P. Osmer, M. Rees,D. Sciama, G. Sctti, M. Abramowicz,G. Giuricin, F. Mardirossian, M.Mezzeti, M. Ramella.

Lectures: Structure and motion onlarge scales. Dwarf galaxies and largescale structure. The X-ray log N - log Srelation. Disnibution of dark mattcr ingalaxics. Large-scale motions in thcncarby universe as determined fromelliptical galaxies and spiral galaxics.Space distribution of clustcrs of galaxicsin X-rays. Information on the large-scalestructure from l.he X-ray sky. Theformation of the large scale structurc.Distribution of gravitating matter.Thcorctical framework on the formationof thc largc-scalc structurc in Lheuniverse. Thcoretical implications ofdcviations from Hubble flow. Fractal andmultifractal modcls, and the issue of thelocation of the crossovcr tohomogcneity. The anisotropies of thecosmic background radiation. Thc modclof baryonic islands of largc structurcs.AGNs and large scale structurc.Microwavc background. Thc baryonicisocurvature model. The large-scalcdistribution of IRAS galaxics. Quasarclustering and the evolution of structurc.A Rcdshift survey of faint galaxics.Structurcs 10% of the scale of thehorizon. Constraints on galaxyformation sccnarios from the IRASpoint sources cataloguc. X-raybackground, discrete sources and diffuseproccsscs.

Thc Mccting was attcndcd by 129lccturcrs and participants (10 fromdcvcloping countrics).

T i t l e : E X P E R I M E N T A LW O R K S H O P ON H I G HT'EN{PERATURE S U P E R -CONDUCTORS (11-22 April 1988).

O r g a n i z e r s : Dr. E. Babic(Univcrsity of Zagreb, Yugoslavia), Dr.F.C. Matacotta (Istituto pcr laTccnologia dci Matcriali Metallici NonTradizionali, ITM-CNR, Milan, Italy),Prof. C. Rizzuto (University of Genoa,Italy) and Prof. M. Tosi (Univcrsity ofTricstc and ICTP, Italy).

Lec tu re s : Phcnomenology andGinzburg-Landau thcory. Chcmistry ofpcrovskite oxidcs. Josephson and rclatedmacroscopic quantum phcnomcna. The

Ngvs from ICTP - No. 11 - June 1988

crystal chcmistry and structures of highTg superconducting oxidcs. Granularaspects of high Ts supcrconductors,intergrain coupling, critical currcnt,glassiness. Flux quantization andquantum devices. Applications of nuclcarresonance techniques in high Tc

superconductors. Critical currcnts,magnctization and susceptibilitymeasurements in granularsuperconductors. Introduction to X-raydiffraction activity. Tunnel spcctroscopy.High field applications ofsupcrconductivity.

Exper imenta l ac t iv i t i e s :Compound stoichiometry. Powderweighing and mixing. First rcaction.Quenching of samples. Grinding. Secondreaction. Qucnching and grinding. Dieprcssing. Final hcat trcatmcnt.Compound final hcat trcatmcnt. Fluxquantization demo. Levitation check.Resistivity mcasurcmcnt. Cornpoundfirst heat trcatmcnt. X-ray diffractionpattorns. Compound: grinding, mixing,second hcat trcatmcnt, final hcattreatment and susceptibilitymcasurcmcnt. X-ray datr proccssing.

Thc Workshop was attendcd by 102lccturers and participants (84 fromdcveloping countries).

Title: SPRING SCHOOL ANDWORKSHOP ON SUPERSTRINGS(rr-22 April 1988).

Organizers: Profcssors M. Grecn(Quccn Mary College, London, UK), M.Grisaru (Brandeis University, Waltham,USA), A. Stromingcr (University ofCalifomia, Santa Barbara, USA).

Lectures: (Spring School): Recentdcvclopments in string theory. o- modclsand p-functions. String pcrturbationtheory: bosons, fcrmions. Super-mcmbrancs. Ovcrview of non-pcrturbativc approachcs. Conformal ficldthcory. Four-dimcnsional strings. Thecovariant lattice construction of 4-Dstrings. Conformal ficld theory andstatistical mcchanics. Superstring modclbuilding. Fusion rulcs and modulartransformations. Loop calculations forsuperstrings. Virasoro and modularinvariance and string field theory topics.Super Ricmann surfaces. Two loopscomputal.ions. N = 4 supcr conformalalgcbra.

(Workshop): Open Ricmann surlaccs

and strings. On partition functions instring theory. The partition function ofthe SO(8192) bosonic string. BRSTcxtcnsion of a string propagator.Equivalcncc of thc scattcring amplitudesof the light cone gauge and theOsp(26,212) invariant string fieldtheorics. Covariant field theory ofintcracting closcd strings. On theopcrator solution of thc Liouvillethcory. Gcnus two fcrmionic partitionfunctions in thc scparating pinchinglimits. Hiddcn symmctries insupcrstrings. Asymmctric stringcompactification and chiral bosons. Agauge invariant. Lagrangian intopological quantum field theory.Dynamical symmetry brcakings on anonfivial topology. Four-dimensionalsupcrgravity from4-dirncnsional strings.Non-linear rcalization of thc Virasoro-Kac-Moody algcbra and thc anomalies.Extcndcd supcrsymmctric o modcls ongroup manifolds. Ncw N=4 supcr-conformal currcnt algcbras from groupmanifold o modcls. Hierarchy of thcYukawa couplings from orbifoldcompactification. On tlc supcrsymmctryanomaly at the (4,0) o modcls. SUSYbrcaking in 4d strings. Opcratorformalism for supcrstrings. On thefcrmionic ambiguity in the supcrstringmcasurc. String couplings frommeromorphic diflcrcntials. Four-point p-adic suing amplitudcs. Conncctions onvector bundlcs ovcr supcr Ricmannsurfaces. Operatorial formalism at gcnusg by using thc Krichcver-Novikovalgcbra. WKB quantization, masslessstatcs and supcrmembrancs. Incurablc p-branc anomalics. Thc supcrmcrnbranc: amodcl in supcrsymrnctric quantummcchanics. Propcrtics of the stresstcnsor in morc than two dimcnsion.Curvcd supcrspacc and cxtcndcd objccts.Strings and quantum gravity. Particlcscattcring at the Planck scale. Thesupcrparl.icle dcscriptions withGrassmann variablcs or with c-numbcrspinors. Thc 3-loop B-function for the 2-dimcnsional nonlincar o modcls with aWess-Zumino-Wittcn tcrm. Anomalicsin mcmbranc symmctry algebras.Supcrmembrancs and signature of spacetimc. Singlctons. Off-shcll singlctons.Opcn p-branes. Light-cone auxiliaryfields for ten-dimcnsional supcr Yang-Mills. Supcrcurrcnts and covariantlattices. Dcgencrate orbifolds.

The School and Workshop wereaucndcd by 231 lecturers and participants(69 from dcveloping countries).

T i t le : SCHOOL ON NON-ACCELERATOR PHYSICS (25 April -6 May 1988).

Organizers: Professors E. Bellotti(University of Milan, Italy), G.Giacomelli (Univcrsity of Bologna,Italy) and J. Stone (Boston University,USA).

Lectures: Standard model ofparticle physics. Beyond the standardmodcl. Very high energy neuffinos and yrays. The Gran Sasso Laboratory.Neutrino mass and double rate decayexpcrimcnts. Dark matter and relatedexperiments. Extensive air showerarrays. Superconducting detectors ofwcakly interacting particlcs. Cosmicrays and elementary particle physics@rom thc discovcry of thc mu-meson tothe discovery of its lcptonic nature).Gravitational waves. Vcry high cnergy Tray astronomy in India. Optical and X-ray observations of the Supernova1987A. Particle physics with balloons,satellites and space stations. Solarneutrinos or dark matter dctection. Solarneutrinos, ncutrino oscillations. Standardcosmology - status and expcriments,supcrstrings implications to particlephysics and cosmology. Large existingunderground detectors. N{agneticmonopoles scarchcs. High encrgycollisions. Double p dccay withaccclcral.ors or singlc atdm countingtcchniques to search for hypothcticalparticlcs.

The School was attcndcd by 55lccturcrs and participants (29 fromdcvcloping countrics).

Title: SPRING COLLEGE INCONDENSED MATTER ON "THEINTERACTION OF ATOMS ANDMOLECULES WITH SOLIDSURFACES" (25 April - 17 Junc1988).

Organizers: Professors P. Butchcr(Univcrsity of Warwick, UK), G.Chiarotti (II Universith di Roma, Italy),P. Fuldcr (Max-Planck-Institut fiirFcstkorperforschung, Stuttgart, FcdcralRepublic of Germany), F. Garcia-Molincr (Instituto de Ciencia de

Ne.r's frorn ICTP - No. 11 - June 1988

Materialcs, Madrid, Spain), F. Cauticr(Univcrsitd Louis Pastcur, Strasbourg,France), S. Lundqvist (ChalmersUniversity of Tcchnology, Gotcborg,Swedcn), Chi Wei Lung (Institute ofMetal Research, Acadcmia Sinica,Shenyang, P.R. China), N.H. March(University of Oxford, UK), K. Singwi(Northwestern University, Evanston,USA) and M.P. Tosi (Univcrsity ofTrieste and ICTP, Italy).

Resident Directors: ProfessorsV. Bortolani (University of Modena,Italy) and J.L. Moran Lopez (UniversidadAut6noma de San Luis Potosi, Mcxico).

Lectures: Chcmical bonds outsidesolid surfaces. Basic structural andelcctronic properties of semiconductorsurfaces. Basic electronic propcrl.ics ofmctal surfaces. Gas-surface intcractions(Basic thermodynamics and rcccnt workon sticking). Basic vibration propcrl.icsof surfaces. Atomic and molecularscattering from surfaces. The sticking ofa reactive paflicle. Low encrgy clcctrondiffraction. Adsorption (expcrimcntal andthcoretical). Inelastic He atom-surfacescattering: The surface phonons ofmetals. Scanning tunnellingmicroscopy. Surfacc ionization ofpolyatomic moleculcs and applications.Rate processcs. Sructure of adsorbates.Surface ferromagnetism. Ionbackscattcring from clean and lowcoverage adsorbal.e surfaces. Surfacephonons and thcir spcctroscopy by Hescattering. Adsorption-desorptionkinetics, dynamical effccts.Charactcrization of adsorbates byelectron spcctroscopy. Surfacc phononcalculations in noble metals.Magnetocatalytic and magneto-opticprocesses. Molecular conformationsoutside surfaces. Photocmission lromadsorbates. Surface reactivity andfundamentals of catalysis. Surfacemelting. Surface diffusion. Dynamicaland dissipative effects in chcmisorption(and catalysis) on metal surfaces.Molecular scattcring from surfaces.Collective surface excitations. Defectstructures at surfaces. Reactions onsurfaces and catalysis. Surfaccphcnomcna in the thcory of crystalgrowth. Gro'jvth processes at surfaces.High resolution He-scattering: surfacepcrfcction, damaging, roughening; lateraldistribution and diffusion of adsorbates,thcrmodynamics, structure and dynamics

of physisorbcd laycrs. Tight bindingmethod applicd to tunnellingchemisorption and physisorption. Metalmonolayers on surfaces.Oxygen/hydrogen-rcaction on the (1i1)-surface of platinum.

Group activities programme:In t erf a ce s (Superlat t ices .Physicochemical changes in siliconsurfaces due to Ar+ ion bombardrnent,annealing effect. High resolutionmultipurpose ESCA instrument:application to silicon-platinuminterfaces. Clean and cobalt coveredtungsten carbide ARUPS study.).Electronic properties (Expcrimcnts onmagnctism in 2D-systcms. Elcctronicstructure of mctallic glasses. Surfacescgregation in gas-covcrcd mcral alloys.Ion ncutralization spectroscopy ofsurface elcctronic states. Standardlcssmcthods of alloy analysis with clectronbeam. Core-levcl binding-encrgy shiftsin adsorbcd clusters (theory). Theinflucnce of tlre crystal band structurc onimage states. Collcctive modcs in aquasi-two dimcnsional system ofelectrons.). Atomic dynamics anddiffusion (SII'{S and applications.Analysis of matcrials with high encrgyparticlcs. Non additivity of Augerelcctron spectra on ttrc bombardrnent ofdiatomic moleculcs on surfaces. imagingof strain mctal surfaccs and changcs ofstructure and composition of stringrcgion undcr ion bombardmcnt. Methodsof computcr simulation in thc study ofatom-surfacc interaction. Ion-photonemission and ion-photon spcctroscopy.Clustcr's tight binding studics ofsecondary ion emission. Study of surfacediffusion by the ficld cmission mcthod.Ion-induccd Augcr clcctron emission.).Surface reactions and catalysis(Transmission elcctron microscopy ofcatalytic matcrials. Intcraction of Sitln

molecules with a-Si:H. Potcntial cncrgysurfircc computation of adsorption of I {2on Ni, Cu mctal and bimetallic clustors.29gi, 2 7 6 and 3 l p solid NMR and FI-IR studics on the niiture of a silicon-aluminium phosphatc with thc zcolitcstructure of thc Faujasitc. Thcorcticalstudics of the geomctry and vibrations ofmolecular adsorption: Acctylcnc.Dynamic scaling for fragmcntation ofporous media (computcr simulations).Thc chcmisorption and mcthanation ofCO on Rh surfacc - a FIM* atop probc

study. Interaction of an ionic solutionwith charged porous media.). Phasetransitions on surfaces (Oxygen orderingin the basal plane of the superconductorYBa2Cu3O6a5. Construction of two-dimensional phase diagrams bytensiometric trajectories. Semimagneticsemiconductor superlattices. On theordering of oxygen in the basal plane ofthe high Tg superconductors. Surfacephase transitions in binary alloys: Aphenomenological approach. Kinetics ofrccrystallization and precipitation incopper and cop per-alloys.). Adsorptionand desorprlon (Phonon spectra formetallic surfaces. Ab initio studies ofCO adsorbcd on copper surface. Thedynamics of chcmisorption of H2 on Fesurfacc. Chemisorption of submonolayeralkali-metal on transition mctal surface.Elccfton and energy propcrties of smallclusters adsorbcd on mctal surfaces(thcory). Angle-resolved thermaldesorption of atoms from solidsurfaces.). Structural properties(Structure determination from altcmativeLEED techniques. Radiation damages inzeolites in the electron microscopy.EXAFS study of local structure in non-crystallites. Calculation of surfacephonons in covalcnt scmiconductors.Monte Carlo simulation of surfaceoxidation: Application to Si(111)swfaces. Thc influence on non-structuralparameters on LEED.). Opticalproperties (Modulation tcchniques foroptical characterization ofsemiconductors. Optical constantsdctcrmination using ATR.Thermoreflectance spectroscopy ofFaAs:Ge. Optical properties of defects inionic crystals. Raman spcctra inYBaCuO and similar compounds.).

The Collcgc was attcndcd by 131lccturcrs and participants (84 fromdcveloping countries).

T i t l e : WORKSHOP ONMODELLING OF THEATMOSPHERIC FLOW FIELD (16 .20 May 1988).

Organizers: Professors D.P. Lalas(Wayne Statc Univcrsity, Dctroit, USA)and C.F. Ratto (University of Genoa,Italy).

Lectures: Parametrization ofturbulcnt fluxes in BL models.Observations and modcls of flow over

News from ICTP - No. 11 - June tr988

complex terrain. Boundary laycr flow incomplex terrain. Wind-flow estimationsin complex terrain: Wind-encrgy andwind-loading applications. The sea-landbreeze as a local wind. BZ and WAsPmodcls for flow in complex tcrrain. TheEDF simulation models. The use of amass consistcnt modcl in wind encrgysiting.

The Workshop was attcndcd by 45lccturers and participants (27 fromdeveloping countries).

Title: COURSE ON PHYSICALC L I M A T O L O G Y A N DIUETEOROLOGY FOR ENVI.RONMENTAL APPLTCATTONS (23May- 17 June 1988).

Organizers: Prolessors R. Guzzi(Institute for Geophysical andEnvironmental Mcthodologics of theNational Rescarch Council, IMGA-CNR, Modena, Italy), J. Shukla(University of Maryland, Collcge Park,USA) and B. Primault (Institute ofMeteorology, Zirich, Switzerland).

L e c t u r e s : The observationalnctwork and data collection. Theequations of the atmosphere. Dataassimilation and initialization. Modelequation and types of models.Introduction to parameterization.Introduction to basic numericaltcchniques. Global boundary conditions.High frcqucncy variability. The plancLaryboundary layer. The dynamics of mid-latitude cyclones. Continuous four-dimensional assimilation. Assimilationand initialization. The paramctcrizationof land processes. Thc low frcqucncyvariability in the tropics. Theparamctcrization of moisturc cffccts. Theparameterization of vcrtical mixing.Frontogencsis. Prediction of Eastcrlywaves over Africa and thc North Atlanticby the ECMWF modcl: synoptic andstatistical results. Global tropicalvariability: Intcr-annual, intra-seasonaland decadal variability. Predictability ofthe tropical atmosphcrc: Short range.Current NWP activity in Japan.Prcdictability of the tropical atmosphcrc:long range. Forecasting the monsoon.Numcrical wcather forccasting in Japan.Studying ot 1982183 El Niflo and S.O.with unoccupicd GCMs. Thcories of thelow-frequcncy variability. Atmosphcre-Iand intcraction. NWP activitv in India.

Curcnt forecasting rcscarch at ECN{\VF.Currcnt forecasting rcsearch at NMC.Numcrical simulation of Monsoons inEast Asia. Atmosphcrc encrgetics in theTropics. Synoptic aspccts of the CentralChile rainfall variability associatcd withwarm and cold events in the ccntralcquatorial Pacific. A review of theresearch on long-range forccasting inChina. The inter-annual climaticvariability of thc Caribbean and SouthAmerica rclated to ENSO. Currcntproblems and pcrspectives of NWP.Scasonal forccasts with a coupled model:preliminary studies. Current forccastingat thc Italian metcorological services.Prcdictability of extcndcd range forccasts.Current NWP activity in China.Systcmatic and transicnt crrors of currcntforccasLing modcls: dcscriptions andcauses. Satcllite metcorology.Mathcmatical invcrsion tcchniqucs.Application of radiative transfcrequations in thc atmosphcrc. Rcmotescnsing of the atmosphcre. Cloudclcaring. Diffuse solar radiationmcasurement in Malaysia. Turbidityovcr Cairo. Estimation of solar encrgyin Pcru. Global solar radiation inEthiopia. Surface propcrties fromsatcllite. Estimation of radiation onslopes. Proccssing and analysis ofrcscarch class solar radiation data. Theimportance of modcl ycar solar radiationdata for use in solar applications. Groundsolzu mcasuremcnts: prcscnt and futurcapplications. Estimation of long-wavcradiation. Atmosphcric minimization:Casc studies. Eslimation dcgrce days.Introduction to agromctcorology studics.Agromctcorologicll scrvicc inSwitzcrland. Modclling thc phcnology.Pcrspcctivcs of the agromctcorologicalservice in the Sahcl. Phcnology as an aidin climate studies. Italo-Yugoslavianrcscarch on hailsl.orms. Rcscarch in thcficld of IR radiativc transfcr at IN4GA.Use of Miukov chains to prcdict thcprobability of diffcrcnt incidcnt solarradiation lcvcls in Guatcmala. Soilmoisture availability from a boundarylaycr modcl combination with satcllitcitnagcry. Radiation mcasurcmcnts anddata processing in Czcchoslovakia.Gaussian plumc modcl as applicd to twotropical stations. Numcrical sirnulationof tropical cycloncs. Climatic aspcctsrelatcd to forcst fircs in SouthcrnArscntina. Modification of air flow duc

to the formation of a reservoir. Spectralirradiance model. An agrometeorologicalinformation systcm based on imageprocessing and computer mapping. Acrop yield modcl for cropping strategiesin the seasonally arid tropics. Climaticwater budget elements as a dcterminantof agriculture with rcfcrence to Nepal.Atmospheric ozone distribution overIraq. The regional metcorological serviceof Emilia-Romagna. Nct radiation foragricultural purposes in Egypt. Hailstudics in Bulgaria. Evaporationmeasurement and analysis in the DeadSea area.

The Coursc was attended by 103lccturers and participants (65 fromdevcloping counfties).

Title: ADRIATICO RESEARCHCONFERENCE ON: "UNOCCUPIEDELECTRONIC STATES" (21 - 25 lunc1988).

O r g a n i z e r s : Undcr thechairmanship of Profcssor S. Lundclvist(Chalmcrs University of Tcchnology,GOteborg, Swcden): Profcssors J.C.Fuggle (Katholieke Universitcit,Nijmegen, The Netherlands), R. Rosci(University of Trieste, Italy) and G.A.Sawatzky (Rijksuniversiteit Groningen,The Netherlands), with the co-sponsorship of the International Schoolfor Advanced Studies (ISAS-SISSA,Triestc, italy), Sincrotrone Triestc(Italy), thc University of Groningen (ThcNcthcrlands) and the University ofNijrncngcn (Thc Ncthcrlands).

Lectures: Optical studics. DOScalculations and corrcctions forcomparison with spcctroscopiesespccially for unoccupied statcs. TheDOS and multiple scattering approachesto unoccupicd states. Matrix clements inBIS. Core hole effects in XAS. BIS andmcasurcments of Coulomb corrclationencrgics. Sclf encrgies, rcal andirnaginary. Thcorctical studies of self-encrgics and lifctime broadening.Transition metal compounds. Multiplctstructure in XAS and its use as a probeof ground state elcctronic structurc in thcsolid state. Some thoughts on thc theoryof multiplet structurcs in XAS of solids.ELS studies of unoccupicd DOS.Multiphoton studies of unoccupied stiltesat surfaces and in adsorbates. Anglcrcsolvcd inverse photocmission. Spin

Ne*'s from ICTP 1 1 II - June 1988

polarized invcrse photoomission. Many-body effects on the single particle bandstructure of single metals. Photonemission with the scanning tunnellingmicroscope. Computation of excited andnegative affinity states in moleculcs andclusters. Inverse photoemission ofsurfaces and adsorbates. Uses of

symmctry in XAS, especially foradsorbates. Thc clcctronic structure ofsurfaccs. Thcoretical studies of thescanning tunnclling microscopc.Unoccupied surface states and rcsonanceson transition mctal surfaces: theoreticalaspects. On scmiconductors and mctal-semiconductor intcrfaces.

Thc Conference was attendcd by 61lccturers and participants (8 fromdeveloping countries).

Future Activities at ICTP

r988Comouter Simulation Techniclues for the Studv of Microscooic PhenomenaTowards the Theoretical Undcrstanding of High Tc SupcrconductorsFifth Trieste Semiconductor Symposium (IUPAP):4th International Confcrence on Superlatticcs, Microslructures and MicrodcviccsSummcr School on Dynamical SystemsThe Apnlication of Lascrs in Srrrfacc ScicnceWorking Party on "Electron Transport in Small Systems"Frontier Sources for Frontier SpcctroscorlySummer Workshoo on Dvnamical SvstemsFourth Summcr Collere in BionhvsicsCourse on Ocean Waves and TidcsCollese on Medical PhvsicsFirst Atumn Workshon on Mathematical EcolocvCollese on Neurophysics: "DeveloDmcnt and Organization of thc Brain"Workshop on Global Gcophysical Informatics with Applicationsto Research in Earthquake Prcclictions and Reduction of Seismic RiskCollege on Global Geometric and Topological Mcthods in Analysis

t989Fourth Workshoo on Total Enercv and Force McthodsWorkshorr on Theoret.ical Fluid Mechanics and ArrrrlicationsCourse on Basic Tclccommunications ScicnceCollegc on Al.omic and Molccular Physics: Photon Assistcd Collisionsin Atoms and MoleculesCollccc on Thcorctical and Exncrimcntal Rrrlionronrqation PhvsicsWorkshop on Space Physics: Materials in Micrograr.ityWorkshop on Rcmote Scnsing Techniqucs with Applical.ions to Agriculture,Watcr and Wcather ResourcesExncrimcnurl Workshon on Hich Tcmpcrat"urc Suncrcon(luctorsSpring School and Workshop on Supcrstrings

19-22 July26 - 29 lulv

8 -12 Aueustl6 Aucust - 9 Sentembcr

23 - 26 Ausust29 Aucust - 16 Seolember

30 August - 2 September5 - 23 Seotember

12 Seotember - T October26 Seotember - 28 October

l0 October - 4 November31 Octobcr -18 November7 November - 2 December

15 Novcmbcr- 16 December2l Novembcr - 16 December

4 - 6 Jantrarv9-27 Januarv

9 Januarv - 3 Februarv

30 Januarv - 24 Februarv6 - 24 Fcbruarv

27 Februarv- 17 March

27 Fcbruarv-21 March30 March- 14 Anr

3 - 14 AprWorkshop on Radon Monitoring on Radioprotcction, Environmcntal Radioactivityand Earth Scicnces 3-14 AprilTonical Mcctinc on Hvncrbolic Gcomctry anrl Ercodic ThcorvSpring Collcce on Materials Scicnce on "Ceramics and Composite Matcrials"Confcrcnce on Oxygcn Effccts in High T" Supcrconduct"ors

Fourth Workshon on Pcrsncctivcs in Nuclcur Phvsics at Tntcrmcrliltc EncrcicsSprins School on Plasma PhysicsWorkins Pertv on Modellinq Thermomcchanical Bchaviour of lr{atcrialsWorking Party on Fracture Physics

l 7 - 2 8 Aor17 Anril-26 Mav

18-2 l April

8 -12 Mav15 Mav - 9 June

29 Mav- 16 June29 Mav- 16 June

Nervs from I C ' [ F No. 11 - June 1988

Second ICFA School on Instrumentation in Elcmentarv Particle PhvsicsResearch Workshop in Condensed Mattcr, Atomic and Molecular PhysicsInterface between Quantum Ficld Thcory and Condcnscd Matter Physics( Adriatico Conference)Confcrencc on SuDcrmcmbrancsSummer School in Hish Enersv Phvsics ancl CosmoloqvQuasicrystals (Adriatico Conference)Strongly Correlated Electron Systems (Adriatico Conl'ercnce)Torrical Mecting on Variational Problcms in Analysis

12 - 23 June19 June - 29 Septembcr

2A - 23 June26 - 30 June

26 June- 18 Ausust4 - 7 July

18-21 Julv23 August - 8 Sentember

Comnutations in Phvsics and and Phvsics in Comoutation (Adriatico Conference) 5 - 8 SentemberWorkshoo on Nonconventional Enersv SourcesWorkshon on Phvsics in Environmcnt Conscious Dcsiqn25th Anniversary Confercnce on "Fronticrs in Physics, High Tcchnologyand Mathematics"Workshon on Soil PhvsicsCollege on MicroprocessorsCollece on Diffcrcntial GcomctrvWorkshon on TelcmaticsWorkshon on "AtmosDhcric Radiation and Cloud Ph1'sigr"Collece on Electron Microsconv

l l - 29 Sentember25 - 29 Sentember

2 - 6 Octobcr9 - 2'7 Octobcr

9 October - 3 Novcmbcr30 Octobcr- I Decembcr

6-24 November27 November -15 December

27 Novembcr - 22 Dccembcr

For information and applications to courses, kindly write to thc Scicntific Programme Office.

Intcrnational Centrc for Theoretical PhvsicsofIAEA and UNESCOStrada Costicra, ILP.O. Box 58634136 Trieste, Italy

Telephonc: (40) 22.40ICable: CENTRATON

Telcx: 460392 ICTP ITelefax: (40) 22.41.63

Bitnct: ROOT@ITSSISSA.BITNET

EDITORIAL NOTE - News frorn ICTP is not an official document of thc International Ccntre for Theoretical Physics. I s purpose isto keep scicntists informed on past and future activities at thc Ccntre and initiativcs in their home countries. Suggestions andcriticisms should bc addressed to Dr. A.M. Hamende. Scicntific Information Olficer.8

TIPOGRAFIA-UTOGRAFIA -MODERNA- • TRIESTE