INTERIOR OF EARTHINTERIOR OF EARTH

FORCESFORCES

ENDOGENICENDOGENIC EXOGENICEXOGENIC

EVIDENCES OF EARTH INTERIOREVIDENCES OF EARTH INTERIOR

DIRECT SOURCESDIRECT

SOURCES

INDIRECT SOURCESINDIRECT SOURCES

•Deep Ocean drilling Project

•Integrated Ocean Drilling Project

•Volcanic Eruption

•Deep Ocean drilling Project

•Integrated Ocean Drilling Project

•Volcanic Eruption

•Temperature

•Pressure

•Density

•Study of Meteors

•Gravity Anomaly

•Magnetic Survey

•Seismic Activity

•Temperature

•Pressure

•Density

•Study of Meteors

•Gravity Anomaly

•Magnetic Survey

•Seismic Activity

EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

•Shaking of Earth due to some internal or external disturbance.•Shaking of Earth due to some internal or external disturbance.

FocusFocus

EpicentreEpicentre

EARTHQUAKE WAVESEARTHQUAKE WAVES

Body wavesBody waves Surface wavesSurface waves

S wavesS waves P wavesP wavesL wavesL waves

P-wave: like sound wave, travel through all medium, propagate in the direction of wage, increase density of rock

S-wave: Secondary wave, Cannot travel through liquid, propagate perpendicular to direction of wave

L-wave: Surface wave, Cause of destruction on earth

P-wave: like sound wave, travel through all medium, propagate in the direction of wage, increase density of rock

S-wave: Secondary wave, Cannot travel through liquid, propagate perpendicular to direction of wave

L-wave: Surface wave, Cause of destruction on earth

SHADOW ZONESHADOW ZONE

CORE

S-Wave Shadow Zone

S-Wave Shadow Zone

10301030 10301030

14201420 14201420

SHADOW ZONESHADOW ZONE

CORE

10301030

10301030

P-Wave Shadow Zone

P-Wave Shadow Zone

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKESTYPES OF EARTHQUAKES

TectonicTectonic

VolcanicVolcanic

MiningMining

ExplosionExplosion

• Tectonic Earthquakes generates due to sliding of rocks along fault plane.

• Volcanic earthquakes originates due to volcanic explosion.

• Mining earthquakes originates due to collapse of roofs of underground mines.

• Explosion earthquakes originate due to chemical and nuclear explosion.

• Reservoir add pressure of water in a region which give rise to imbalance of earth surface and cause earthquakes.

• Tectonic Earthquakes generates due to sliding of rocks along fault plane.

• Volcanic earthquakes originates due to volcanic explosion.

• Mining earthquakes originates due to collapse of roofs of underground mines.

• Explosion earthquakes originate due to chemical and nuclear explosion.

• Reservoir add pressure of water in a region which give rise to imbalance of earth surface and cause earthquakes.

EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKESEFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES

• Ground Shaking

• Differential ground settlement

• Land and mud Slides

• Soil Liquefaction

• Ground Lurching

• Avalanches

• Ground Shaking

• Differential ground settlement

• Land and mud Slides

• Soil Liquefaction

• Ground Lurching

• Avalanches

• Ground Displacement

• Floods from dam and levee failures

• Fires• Structural

Collapse• Falling Objects• Tsunami

• Ground Displacement

• Floods from dam and levee failures

• Fires• Structural

Collapse• Falling Objects• Tsunami

STRUCTURE OF EARTHSTRUCTURE OF EARTH

Crust

30 to 70Km, 3g/m

Crust

30 to 70Km, 3g/m

Mantle, 3.4g/mMantle, 3.4g/m2900KM2900KMAsthenosphereAsthenosphere

Core/ NifeCore/ Nife

5100KM5100KM

Moho discontinuityMoho discontinuity

• Crust: It is the top most layer of earth surface.– It extends upto 30km over continental crust and

5km in oceanic crust.– Its average density is 3g/com3

• Mantle extends from MOho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2900km– Upper mantle is known as Asthenosphere from

where volcano originates.– Its density is 3.4g/cm3

• Core extends from 2900km to 6370km.It is also known as nife.Its density ranges from 5- 13 g/cm3

It is divided into inner core and outer core.Inner core is in solid for where as outer is in liquid.

• Crust: It is the top most layer of earth surface.– It extends upto 30km over continental crust and

5km in oceanic crust.– Its average density is 3g/com3

• Mantle extends from MOho’s discontinuity to a depth of 2900km– Upper mantle is known as Asthenosphere from

where volcano originates.– Its density is 3.4g/cm3

• Core extends from 2900km to 6370km.It is also known as nife.Its density ranges from 5- 13 g/cm3

It is divided into inner core and outer core.Inner core is in solid for where as outer is in liquid.

VOLCANOESVOLCANOES

• Shield Volcanoes

• Composite Volcanoes

• Caldera

• Flood Basalt Province

• Mid-Oceanic Ridge Volcanoes

• Shield Volcanoes

• Composite Volcanoes

• Caldera

• Flood Basalt Province

• Mid-Oceanic Ridge Volcanoes

• Shield Volcanoes are the largest of all volcanoes where fluid comes out with low explosion. Ex. Howaiian

• Composite Volcanos are characterized by eruption of cooler and viscus lavas which accumulate in the vicinity.

• Caldera volcanoes are most explosive where the mouth of volcano collapse and form a large depression.

• Flood Basalt Province are outpouring of highly fluid lava which flows to a long distance. E.g. Deccan Trap

• Mid-Oceanic Ridge volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas where central ridge experiences frequent eruptions. Ex. Mid-Atlantic ridges.

• Shield Volcanoes are the largest of all volcanoes where fluid comes out with low explosion. Ex. Howaiian

• Composite Volcanos are characterized by eruption of cooler and viscus lavas which accumulate in the vicinity.

• Caldera volcanoes are most explosive where the mouth of volcano collapse and form a large depression.

• Flood Basalt Province are outpouring of highly fluid lava which flows to a long distance. E.g. Deccan Trap

• Mid-Oceanic Ridge volcanoes occur in the oceanic areas where central ridge experiences frequent eruptions. Ex. Mid-Atlantic ridges.

Volcanic LandformsVolcanic Landforms

Intrusive Landforms (Plutonic rocks)Intrusive Landforms (Plutonic rocks)

Extrusive LandformsExtrusive Landforms

•Batholiths: Large dome, Deeper depth,

•Lacoliths: Large dome shaped, pipe-like conduct, resemble like composite volcano

•Lapolith: Horizontal, saucershape, concave to sky

•Phacolith: Wavy mass, definite conduit

•Sills: Horizontal, thick

•Dykes:Vertical, western Maharastra

•Batholiths: Large dome, Deeper depth,

•Lacoliths: Large dome shaped, pipe-like conduct, resemble like composite volcano

•Lapolith: Horizontal, saucershape, concave to sky

•Phacolith: Wavy mass, definite conduit

•Sills: Horizontal, thick

•Dykes:Vertical, western Maharastra