interaction between energy drink ingredients and...
TRANSCRIPT
Interaction between energy drink
ingredients and caffeine
Stephen W. Schaffer University of South Alabama
Common constituents of energy drinks p g gy g
Red Bull Rockstar Monster Full Throttle
Calories 220 280 200 220
Carbohydrates 54 g Sucrose, glucose
62 g Sucrose, glucose
54 g Sucrose, glucose, sucralose, maltodextrin
57 g High-fructose corn syrup, sucrose
Sodium Only listed as sodium citrate
80 mg sodium citrate 360 mg 16% RDA Sodium citrate, sodium chloride
160 mg Sodium citrate
Caffeine 160 mg 160 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
Only listed as part of a 5000-mg “energy blend”
141 mg Part of a 3000-mg “energy blend”
Taurine 2000 mg 2000 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
2000 mg Part of a 5000-mg “energy blend”
Only listed as part of a 3000-mg “energy blend”
Glucuronolactone Only listed (1200 mg)[b] None listed Only listed as part of a 5000-mg “energy blend”
None listed
Red Bull Rockstar Monster Full Throttle
Niacin (B3) 200% RDA Niacinamide (40 mg)[b]
40 mg 200% RDA Niacinamide
40 mg 200% RDA Niacinamide
100% RDA Niacinamide
Inositol (B8) Only listed 50 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
Only listed as part of a 5000-mg “energy blend”
None listed
Pyridoxine hydrochloride (B6) 500% RDA (10 mg)[b] 4 mg 200% RDA 4 mg 200% RDA 200% RDA
Cyanocobalamin (B) 160% RDA Listed as vitamin B12 (10μg)[b]
12 Hg 200% RDA 12 Hg 200% RDA 200% RDA
Riboflavin (B2) None listed 6.8 mg 400% RDA 3.4 mg 200% RDA None listed
Pantothenic acid (Bs) 100% RDA Calcium pantothenate (10 mg)[b]
20 mg 200% RDA Calcium pantothenate
None listed None listed
Vitamin content of energy drinks
Natural extracts of energy drinks Red Bull Rockstar Monster Full Throttle
Ginseng extract None listed 50 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
400 mg Only listed as part of a 3000-mg “energy blend”
Guarana extract None listed 50 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
Only listed as part of a 5000-mg “energy blend”
Only listed as part of a 3000-mg “energy blend”
Ginkgo biloba leaf extract None listed 300 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
None listed None listed
Milk thistle extract None listed 40 mg Part of a 1.35-g “energy blend”
None listed None listed
D-glucuronolactone
Glucuronolactone is added to energy drinks to improve mood and diminish fatigue.
Glucuronic pathway
Dietary source of glucuronolactone
• 1. Dietary exposure from naturally occurring substances – 1-2 mg/day, but average individual will consume about 38 mg/day
• 2. Mean exposure for average energy drink consumer – 126 mg/day
• 3. Heavy energy drink consumers (95th percentile) – 840-900 mg/day
Pharmacokinetics of glucuronolactone
• 1. Plasma levels peak 1-2 hrs after oral administration in rats.
• 2. D-glucuronolactone is preferentially metabolized by the pentose pathway; xylulose, xylitol and glucardiac acid can be detected in the urine.
• 3. Glucuronic acid is a component of connective tissue.
Glucuronolactone toxicity • 1. The Scientific Committee on Food
evaluated a 13 week oral toxicity study in rats administered D-glucuronolactone (0, 300, 600, 1000 mg/kg bw/day) . Mild cytoplasmic vacuoles were detected in the kidney. However, no vacuolization was detected in a follow-up study although some focal inflammation of the kidney was observed.
Taurine
Taurine is involved in bile acid conjugation, osmoregulation, neuronal
excitability, inflammation and mitochondrial function.
Pathological symptoms of taurine deficiency
• 1. Retinopathy • 2. Cardiomyopathy • 3. Myopathy • 4. Immune deficiency • 5. Developmental defects
Taurine consumption
» Adults Adolescent Children • Omnivore diet 40-400 mg/day • Ave. energy drink 272 283 278 • consumer • Heavy energy 2000 2300 1400 • Drink consumer • (95 percentile)
Pharmacokinetics of taurine
Sved et al., Amino Acids 32:459-66, 2007
Ave. consumer – 21 mg/kg
Sved et al., Amino Acids 32:459-66, 2007
• Taurine (3-6g) has been administer-ed daily to a large number of pa-tients (including adults, children and even infants). No adverse health effects have been noted.
• The EFSA Journal 935: 1-31, 2009 • (European Food Safety Authority)
• Is there an interaction between taurine and caffeine relative to diuresis and natriuresis?
Taurine as a diuretic
Mozaffari and Schaffer, J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 37: 742-750, 2001
Diuretic potential of taurine/caffeine combination
Riesenhuber et al., Amino Acids 31: 81-83, 2006
• Is there an interaction between taurine and caffeine relative to blood pressure and heart rate?
Effect of taurine on blood pressure and heart rate
Mozaffari et al., Kidney Int 70: 329-337, 2006 Yamori et al., J Biomed Sci 17 (Suppl 1):S6, 2010
Effect of taurine/caffeine combination on BP and HR
Bichler et al., Amino Acids 31: 471-476, 2006
• Do taurine and caffeine interact to
potentiate cardiac arrhythmias?
Eby and Halcomb, Med Hypotheses 67: 1200-4, 2006
• A common cause of ectopic heart
beats is ingestion of caffeine. Arrhythmias are also produced by nutrient deficiencies, such as that of taurine. Taurine administration can suppress arrhythmias by altering ion flux (Ca, K and Na) or dampening sympathetic activity.
Antiarrhythmic activity of taurine
Vascular effects of taurine
Abebe, Life Sci 82: 279-289, 2008
• Do taurine and caffeine interact to
cause seizures?
Inhibition of picrotoxin-mediated seizures by taurine
L’Amoreaux et al, J Biomed Sci 17(Supp 1):S14, 2010
Stimulation of GABA production by taurine
• Brain levels Taurine GABA • (umol/g wet wt) • Control 228 + 4.3 67 + 7.1 • Tau-fed 224 + 4.6 95 + 2.5 • Tau-injected 216 + 6.2 76 + 7.8
• El Idrissi et al. , Adv Expt Biol Med 526: 515-525, 2003
• Effect of herbal supplements on cardiovascular and CNS function
J Prim Health Care. 2012 Jun 1;4(2):163-4. Guarana: Paullinia cupana, P. sorbilis; also known as Brazilian cocoa and 'zoom'. Woods DJ. Source School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand. [email protected] Abstract The main constituent of guarana is caffeine, with smaller quantities of theophylline and theobromine. There is no evidence that the berries or extracts contain anything else that is therapeutically useful.Guarana is associated with many therapeutic properties, but there is no evidence to support these other than effects that can be attributed to caffeine. Guarana is widely available in herbal products and energy drinks. Excessive intake can cause the same effects as too much caffeine.
Interaction of ginsenoside-Rg1 with the glucocorticoid receptor
Lee et al., Mol Cell Endocrinol 133:135-40, 1997
Effect of ginseng on blood pressure of SHRs
Hong et al., J Agric Food Chem 60: 3086-91, 2012
Effect of ginseng on pilocarpine-induced seizures
Lian et al., Epilepsia 46: 15-22, 2005
Effect of Ginkgo biloba on vascular function
• 1. An extract of Ginkgo increases cerebral blood flow in rats (Krieglstein et al., Life Sci 39: 2327-34, 1986).
• 2. Extract inhibits platelet activating factor and phospholipase A2, but the compound affecting platelets is not abundant in extract (Braquet & Cedemin, Am J Gastroenterol 88: 2138, 1993).
Distribution of caffeine exposure in children, and teenagers
Seifert et al., Pediatrics 127: S11-28, 2011
Other possible interactions involving energy drinks in children
• 1. 2.5 million US children take stimulants for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Interaction between energy drinks and those stimulants deserve consideration.
• 2. Ciprofloxacin used in children with cystic fibrosis inhibit caffeine metabolism.
• A case report by Jones et al. (Jones et al., Epilepsy & Behavior 10:504-8, 2007) implicate energy drinks in initiation of seizures, but there are no studies examining the effect of simultaneous taurine and caffeine feeding on seizure activity.
Caffeine composition of various beverages and energy drinks
Effect of taurine-Mg on cesium-induced arrhythmias
Yin et al., Biol Trace Elem Res 146: 192-198, 2012
Effect of taurine on NE outflow of mesenteric artery
Hano et al., Adv Expt Med Biol 643: 57-63, 2009