intelligence - finale

8/9/2019 Intelligence - Finale

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INTELLIGENCE
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Introduction

It is common knowledge that human beings differin varied ways. From their physical features,both external and internal, to their behavior andinnate characteristics such as those involvingmental ability, personality , and attitudes, people

are different in varying degrees.
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Nature and Definition of Intelligence

Some psychologists believe that the limits ofintelligence are fixed by heredity; others thinkthat experience plays an important part in itsdevelopment.
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Nature and Definition of Intelligence(continuation) The ability to learn or profit from formal

instruction

The ability to adapt effectively to theenvironment

The ability to reason

A cluster of relatively distinct abilities, such asmemory, reasoning, and verbal fluency.


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Nature and Definition of Intelligence(continuation)A collection of mental abilities that enables us to

learn from experience, to adapt to our changingenvironment, to work in a goal-directed manner,or to solve problems and to think creatively.

An overall ability to act purposefully, to think

rationally, and to deal effectively with theenvironment.


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Theories of Intelligence

Binet and Simon assume that intelligence growsor develops in parallel with the childschronological age.
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Three Conceptions of the Nature ofIntelligence by Binet and Simon1. The goal direction of the mental processes

involved.

2. The ability to show adaptable solutions

3. The capacity to show selectively of judgmentand self-criticism of choices.

* The theory of Binet and Simon revolvesaround goal direction, adaptability, and criticaljudgment.
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Spearmans Two-Factor Theory

Charles Spearman assumes that there are twokinds of ability:

A general ability which he defines as the ability todeduce abstract relationships (G)

A specific ability (s)

The relationship between the two tests, one invocabulary and another in arithmetic.


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Spearmans Two-Factor Theory(continuation) Spearmans Theory is able to explain the fact

that people show ability in one intellectualundertaking also exhibit abilities along otherlines.


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Spearmans Two-Factor Theory(continuation)Additional general factors:

Preservation (p) represents the inertia of theindividuals supply of mental energy.

Oscillation (o) the extent to which it fluctuates

from time to time. Will (w) a motivational personality factor thatenters into the taking of intelligence tests.


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Raymund B. Cattels Theory

Two Fundamental Types of Intelligence Crystallized Intelligence

A combination of acquired knowledge and developedintellectual skills.

Fluid IntelligenceA capacity for insight into complex relationships.


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Guilfords Theory

Three Dimensions of the Intellect

Content

Operations

Products


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Guilfords Theory (continuation)

Four Basic Varieties of Content:

Figural

Symbolic

Semantic

Behavioral


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Guilfords Theory (continuation)

Five Areas of Operations:

Cognition

Memory

Convergent Production

Divergent Production Evaluation


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Guilfords Theory (continuation) Products Consists of:

Units Classes

Relations

Systems

Transformations Implications

The 4 Contents, 5 Operations, and 6 Products involve a

total of 120 unique intellectual abilities ( 4 x 5 x 6 = 120 )


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The Triarchic Theory of Inteligence

Robert Sternbergs Triarchic Theory Three-Part Theory

Componential Intelligence Basically reflects the persons verbal reasoning ability.Experimental Intelligence

The type that enables people to adjust creatively andeffectively to new tasks and situations.Contextual IntelligenceEnables people to select environments in which they

can function, to adjust to those environments, and to

modify them if necessary.


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The Theory of Multiple Intelligence

Nine (9) Types of Intelligence1. Linguistic Intelligence

Is one of the most studied human competencies.

1. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Has the following subcomponents: Deductive Reasoning Inductive Reasoning

Computation and the like

1. Spatial Intelligence Entails the capacity to represent and manipulate spatial

configurations.


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The Theory of Multiple Intelligence(continuation)4. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Refers to the ability to use all or part of ones body

to perform a task or fashion a product.

5. Musical Intelligence Includes pitch discrimination, the ability to hear

themes in music, sensitivity to rhythm, texture,and timbre, and the production of music throughperformance or composition.

6. Intrapersonal Intelligence Refers to a persons understanding of self.


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The Theory of Multiple Intelligence(continuation)7. Interpersonal Intelligence Entails the ability to understand other individuals their

actions and their movements.

8. Naturalistic IntelligenceRefers to the ability to appreciate nature and to interconnect

oneself with Gods creation.

9. Existential IntelligenceWhich is in the process of active study, is indicative of the

individuals sensitivity and capacity to tackle deep questions

about human existence.00


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The Measurement of Intelligence

Determined by the test and divide it by oneschronological quotient or IQ.

The IQ is a concise way of expressing anindividuals relative performance on an

intelligence test.


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How Does IQ Relate to Intelligence?

Intelligence is an overall capacity for particularmental activities that cannot be measured

directly.

The IQ is a number that indicates how a person

has performed on a particular test as comparedto others in the same age range.


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Is the IQ Constant?

A great number of people hold that ones IQ isconstant. This means that a person with a high

IQ will demonstrate intellectual excellencethroughout his life. This also indicates that he isnot bright this year and then dull the next year.

A good intelligence test should reliably reflectreal intelligence and that a childs score shouldbe stable from one assessment to another.


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Is the IQ Constant? (continuation)

Many individuals do not change very much intheir relative performance on an IQ test, others

do show marked shifts in their status. Thisshows that an individual is not locked into agiven level of performance throughout his life.


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The Feeble Minded

Mentally deficient individuals 3 Groups:Morons

With 50-70 IQ

ImbecilesWith 20-50 IQ

Idiots20 and below IQ


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Causes of Mental Retardation A number of inborn errors of metabolism have likewise

been identified which, if not treated, can cause damage

to the nervous system. Physical malformations of the brain or other organs,

originating in prenatal life or even earlier.

Inflammation of the brain associated with childhood

measles which is preventable. Destruction of brain tissue or interference with brain

development in the infant or the young child.


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The Mentally Gifted The very superior individuals are in the range

130-140 and the near-genius are found with IQ

of 140 and above.

Gifted children are particularly capable of quick

and generally accurate generalizations; they canlearn highly abstract symbols with great speedand they can deduce complex relationships.


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The Role of Environment and Heredity

The classic story of the identical twins born to a mothershows the positive relationship of intelligence and

environment. Since this mother had no way of supporting them, onewas sent to live with an aunt and uncle while the otherone was sent to an orphanage. After 5 years, the motherwas able to regain possession of them. The twins were

tested in order to determine what level in school theywould be placed in. It was found that the child who livedwith an aunt and uncle had considerably higherintelligence than the one who had been reared in anorphanage.


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The Effect of Education on IQ Improvement in IQ and even superior levels of

performance can be achieved by environmental

stimulation. One of the implications of thesefindings on education in our schools is that nomatter how weak our pupils are, still they can behelped to improve their mental ability.


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Some Philippine Intelligence Tests

1. The Philippine Indigenized Pre-School andPrimary Intelligence Test (PIPPIT)

2. The Philippine Non-Verbal Intelligence Test(PNIT)

3. The Filipino Adaptation of the Otis-Lennon

Mental Ability Test (Pilipino OLMAT)4. The Pilipino Wechsler Intelligence Scale for

Children (WISC)


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intelligence - finale

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