integrating environmentally responsive elements in buildings

8/8/2019 Integrating Environmentally Responsive Elements in Buildings

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The Principles ofResponsive Building Concepts

and Elements

Per HeiselbergDepartment of Civil Engineering

Aalborg University

IEA ConferenceThe World and Denmark on the Road Towards CO2 Neutral Buildings

Conpenhagen, June 16, 2010


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Scope

To develop Responsive Building

Concepts, where appropriate ResponsiveBuilding Elements and HVAC-systems

are integrated into one system to reach an

optimum Environmental Performance.


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The interpretation of Responsive

Responsive: responding readily and positivelywith responding meaning in this context: do something as a

reaction.

Intelligent: ability to vary its state or action in response to varying

situations and past experience.This implies the presence of a computer or a central control centre,

since past experiences are used to determine the action to be

undertaken next.

Smart:having an embedded intelligence

This implies not necessarily the need for electronics to adjust itscharacteristics and applies mainly to materials and components, not

as much to faades or systems as a whole.

From presentation by Ad van der Aa


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A building is Responsive to dynamic fluctuation ofenvironment to minimize energy consumption of HVAC

and lighting systems. (Technological approach)


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A building is Responsive to dynamic fluctuation ofenvironment to maximize human coexistence with nature

(to create more productive and refreshing space).(Architectural approach)

People Speaking to the senses


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How to respond to the Environment ?

Examples

Technological approach

Quality of Living Space

Architectural approach

Energy Efficiency

From presentation by Prof Yuichiro Kodama


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ZERO Energy House

Hi-efficient HVACSuper-insulated &Air tight

Clean Energy UsePV, Fuel gas, etc

Indoor isolated from outdoor?


Technological Approach


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Nago City Hall 1983.Office without AC in tropical climate Responsive but notcomfortable?


Architectural Approach


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Commertzbank, Frankfurt1992

Breathing Hi-rise officeNatural ventilationDay lighting

Energy efficient?


Technological + Architectural Approach ???


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In the Technological Approach, the building maybe isolated strictly from the exterior environmentbecause its fluctuation often disturbs the stable,comfortable indoor climate.

In the Architectural Approach, the building mayimpart a fresh and pleasant feeling on occupantsbut may increase energy consumption in HVACand lighting systems.

Obviously, the Combined Approach is the mostpreferable but it is critical to strike a balancebetween passive- and active approach.



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How to Integrate Approaches and Reach the RightBalance ?

Combine approaches

Fundamental principles

ClassicalDesignapproach

ResponsiveBuildingElements

Technological approach

Quality of Living Space

Architectural approach

Energy Efficiency

The best combination of activetechnologies and passive design,where a building can convert itsmode daily and seasonally,according to the changes in theexterior environment.


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Responsive and intelligent building construction- Fundamental Principle


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Definition Responsive Building Elements

Building construction elements which are actively used for transfer andstorage of heat, light, water and air.

In the design philosophy of the integrated building concepts, RBEs arelogically and rationally combined and integrated with building service

functions such as heating, cooling, ventilation and lighting. RBEs are, thus, building components that assist to maintain an

appropriate balance betweenoptimum interior conditions andenergy performance by reactingin a controlled and holistic manner

to outdoor and indoor environmentchanges and to occupants requirement


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Principles

The key principles on which a RBE relies on are:

Dynamic behaviour and adaptability,

translate into the fact that functions, features and thermophysical

properties of these elements may change over the time andsuitably fit to different building/occupants requirements/needs

(heating/cooling, higher/lower ventilation, ) and to different

boundary conditions (meteorological, internal heat/pollution

loads)

Capability to perform different functions Intelligent control

the proper functionality of one (or more) RBEs at the

component level is fitted and tuned by the intelligent control to

proactively contribute - at the system and concept level to the

overall Integrated Building Concept


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Examples of RBEs

faades systems (ventilated facades, double skin facades,adaptable facades, dynamic insulation,), foundations (earth

coupling systems, embedded ducts, ), energy storages (activeuse of thermal mass, material - concrete, massive wood - coreactivation for cooling and heating, phase change materials, ),roof systems (green roof systems, ), active/passive solarsystems, daylighting technologies, solar shading, ...

Solar

chimney

Trombe

wall

Embedded

duct

Core

Cooling/

heating

Active

roof

Solar

spaceActive

piles

Active

wall

Window

shutters

PCM

Cavity ventilation

Responsive Building Elements

From presentation by Ad van der Aa


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WelWonen -BetterLiving

concept

Combination of climate-floor,

energy-pile and energyroof


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Responsive Building Elements Studied in Annex 44


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From Component to ConceptLevel

EnergyUse

2006 2015


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Design Strategy and Technical Solutions

Reduce Demand

Optimize form and zoning, insulation, air tightness, heat recovery, efficientelectric lighting and equipment, low pressure drops, etc

Apply Responsive Building Elements

Utilize renewable energy sources

Provide optimal use of passive RES: solar heating, dayligthing,natural ventilation, night cooling, earth coupling

Apply active renewable energy sources

Optimise the use by application of

low exergy systems.

Efficient use of fossil fuels Use least polluting fossil fuels in

an efficient way,

Provide intelligentdemand control of systems


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Design steps

Heating Cooling Lighting Ventilation

Step 1 Conservation Heat Avoidance Daylighting Source Control

Basic Design 1. Surface to volume ratio2. Zoning3. Insulation4. Infiltration

1. Reduction of internal heatgains

2. Reduction of externalheat gains

4. Thermal mass

1. Room height and shape2. Zoning3. Orientation

1. Surface material emission2. Zoning3. Local exhaust4. Location of air intake

Step 2 Passive Heating Passive Cooling Daylight Optimization Natural Ventil ation

Climatic Design 1. Direct solar heat gain2. Thermal storage wall

3. Sunspace

1. Free cooling2. Night cooling

3. Earth cooling

1. Windows (type andlocation)

2. Glazing3. Skylights4. Light shelves

1. Windows and openings2. Atria, stacks

3. Air distribution4. Ventilation control

Step 3 Application of ResponsiveBuilding Elements

Application of ResponsiveBuilding Elements

Daylight ResponsiveLighting Systems

Hybrid Ventilation

Integrated SystemDesign

1. Intelligent facade2.Thermal mass activation3. Earth coupling4. Control strategy

1. Intelligent facade2.Thermal mass activation3. Earth coupling4. Control strategy

1. Intelligent faade2. Interior finishes3. Daylight control strategy4.

1. Building integrated ducts2. Overflow between rooms3. Control strategy4.

Step 4 Low Temperature HeatingSystem High Temperature CoolingSystem High Efficiency ArtificialLight Low Pressure MechanicalVentilation

Design of LowExergy MechanicalSystems

1. Application of renewableenergy2. Floor/wall heating3.

1. Application of renewableenergy2. Floor/wall cooling3.

1. LED2.

1. Efficient air distribution2. Low pressure ductwork,filtration and heat recovery3. Low pressure fan4.

Step 5 Heating System Cooling System Arti fic ial Light ing Mechanical Venti lation

Design of

ConventionalMechanical Systems

1. Radiators2. Radiant panels3. Warm air system

1. Cooled ceiling2. Cold air system

1. Lamps2. Fixtures3. Lighting control

1. Efficient air distribution2. Mech. exhaust3. Mech. ventilation


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WhatWhere

integral

creative

achievable

realizable

feasable

coordinate

univocal

detailed

makable

IntegratedDesign process

Step 1 + 2

Step 3 + 4 + 5

Step 6

Preliminary design

Final design

Detailing phase


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Christophorus Haus, strig

Net conditioned area: 2000 m2Start of operation: 2003Energy use heating and cooling: 26,4 kWh/m2/yr (measured)Total Building Cost: 1200


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Christophorus Haus, strig

Reduction of energy demand High level of thermal insulation (U-value 0,1 W/m2K),

avoidance of thermal bridges

Airtight construction (n50


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Dutch Embassy Canberra


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More Information

ECBCS Website:

www.ecbcs.org

Annex 44 Website:

www.civil.aau.dk/Annex44
http://www.ecbcs.org/http://www.civil.aau.dk/Annex44http://www.civil.aau.dk/Annex44http://www.ecbcs.org/

integrating environmentally responsive elements in buildings

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