Injuries in factories

Public health is what we, as a society, do

collectively to assure the conditions for people

to be healthy." it is the responsibility of the

public health to prevent the injuries

By Dr Shamaila Alam

Roll no 23

INTRODUCTION

Injuries result in major financial and

productivity loss to the nation while inflicting a

tremendous personal burden on the injured

and there families (world bank 1993)

Ways and places Injuries happen in a variety of ways and places.places They happen while people are at home, at school, at

work, and while they are moving about in different forms of transportation.

ways

motor vehicle crashes, pedestrian injury, bicycle crashes, occupational injury, drowning, falls,

sports injury, choking, and fires and burns.

A public health approach to injury prevention.

Taking a public health approach means focus on

prevention. and approaching the many different

kinds of injury causes with many different kinds of

solutions .

While the treatment of injured people is certainly

important, public health professionals believe that

the prevention of injuries should be our primary goal

TWO COMPONENTS OF PRESENTATION

As discussed before the injury depends ON two factors that is ways and places. INJURIES

IN FACTORIES

INJURIES FACTORIES

PLACEWAYS

(TYPES)

INJURIESIN

FACTORIES

INJURIES FACTORIES

PLACEWAYS

(TYPES)

Injury

Injury is damage or harm caused to the structure or function of the body caused by an outside agent or force, which may be physical or chemical, and either by accident or intentional

In general, injuries can be grouped into two major categories: those that are unintentional, and those that are intentional.

Types of injuries

Bruise is a hemorrhage under the skin caused by contusion.

Wound: cuts and grazes are injuries to or through the skin, that cause bleeding (i.e., a laceration).

Burns are injuries caused by excess heat, chemical exposure, or sometimes cold (frostbite).

Chemical Burns

Acids & Alkalies, Soaps, Detergents & Cleaning Compounds, and etc. Heat Burns

Flame, Molten Metals, Petroleum Asphalts, Steam and Water

Fractures are injuries to bones.

Joint dislocation is a displacement of a bone from its normal joint, such as a dislocated shoulder or finger.

Concussion is mild traumatic brain injury caused by a blow, without any penetration into the skull or brain. Sprain is an injury which occurs

to ligaments caused by a sudden over stretching; a strain injures muscles.

Shock is a serious medical condition where the tissues cannot obtain sufficient oxygen and nutrients.

Amputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma or surgery.

Serious bodily injury is any injury or injuries to the body that substantially risks death of the victim.

COMMON WORKPLACE INJURIES ARE

Factory based injuries

Heavy machinery/equipment based injuries

Office based injuries

Retail based injuries

Warehouse based injuries

Factory A plant consisting of one or more building with facilities of manufacturing

Different types of factories Chemicals

factories , Food factory like sugar flour,

Railways like carriage factory ,Cotton

factory , Glass factory

Historical background

Prior to Industrial Revolution1. The Code of Hammerabi Mesopotamian Ruler allowed for a form of

workers compensation. (eye for an eye)2. The Egyptians Continued this type of code. 3. Romans and public health Aqueducts, Sewer Systems, Public Baths,

Latrines, and Ventilated Houses

The Industrial Revolution

Introduction of Machinery

Substitution of Machines for People

New methods of converting Raw Materials

Division of Labor .

Many industrial accidents in the 1900’s. In

1907 alone 3,200 were killed in mining

accidents.

Safety Movement

In America no of milestones were covered under safety movement

OSHAct

The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHAct) was passed in 1970

Statistics on injuries in factories

Statistics are available basically of either accidents related injuries or workplace injuries. Very less data is available specifically for the injuries in factories

WHO 250 million cases of injuries per year at work worldwide

International Labor Organization (ILO) In 2000/2001

GLOBAL - WORK-RELATED INJURIES AND DISEASES

270 million accidents 2 million work-related deaths 160 million work related diseases 4% of gross domestic product is lost

OH&S Australian statistics

$30 billion was spent on payments to workers due to workplace injuries200 workplace fatalities occurred14,000 work related injuries were

reported

Pakistan

Health indicators of Pakistan, gateway paper 2 percentage of non fatal injuries by location ______ 4.7% in factories

In labor force survey 2007-2008 by federal bureau of statistics percentage of injuries in factories are following

Machine operator and plant assemblers 5.33% Industrial accident rate---6/1000worker Fatal industrial accident rate 0.15/1000 worker

(1991) federal bureau of statistics The prevalence of injuries in workers enrolled in social

security systems 21per1000personyears

Nigeria A study in Nigeria for

10 years between 1987 and 1996, a total of 3183 injuries were reported, of which 71 (2.2%) were fatal

The study shows that machinery and petroleum causes the maximum fatalities

fatal injuries in factories

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Epidemiological determinants factory injuries Environmental factors•Being hit by moving objects •falls from a height•Poorly maintained equipment •Unsafe machinery•Exposure to hazardous chemicals•Extreme temperatures•Lack of protective equipment Other conditions that contribute to accidents: FatigueNoiseLack of proper light

Personal factors/determinants

Age child and young workers below the age of 25 years. drugs ,smoking Lack of experience Eagerness to please Lack of training in OH&S Lack of supervision Risk taking behavior Psychosocial factors Emotional tension Stress and boredom

Laws and Regulations on occupational health and safety

The main law governing OHS is the Factories Act 1934 Chapter 3. The

Hazardous Occupation Rules of 1978 regulate certain occupations as

hazardous

Occupational injuries are a neglected area of health policy in Pakistan. Neither

National Health Policy approved by the Federal Cabinet on December 17th

1997, nor National Health Policy – The Way Forward, promulgated by the

Ministry of Health in 2001; even mention the term “Occupational injuries.

National action plan for prevention and control of non –communicable diseases.

Action Agenda has been given, with priority action areas defined

Social security department Only comprehensive health coverage system

for the labor workforce in Pakistan. It provide a range of curative health care

facilities primarily through its network of hospitals and dispensaries and medical benefits to those under its cover

lack of focus on preventive health care which should be hallmarks of occupational health.

Safety Coalition strategy

Ways types)

Curative strategy

Place (factories)

preventive

strategy

INJURIESIN

FACTORIES

INJURIES FACTORIES

PLACEWAYS

(TYPES)

Safety Coalition strategy

Mission statement We recognize that injuries of all types are a

public health issue. and Injury Prevention is a Men’s Health Issue

Vision To create a culture of safety in all the

factories of Pakistan

The strategy will have two parts

Curative strategy and preventive strategy

Strategy

Curative strategy

Preventive strategy

safety legislationRisk

preventionWellness

Of workers

Curative strategyKey strategy

To provide trauma treatment to all the injured workers without

delay.

Key activities First aid boxes mandatory in every building of the

factory Ambulance facility to be provided by the factory For Trauma treatment, hospitals to be on the panel

for every factory. SOP should be made for the process of the referral

to the tertiary care hospital. Treatment of trauma is responsibility of the factory.

Preventive strategy

Key strategy The main strategy aimed to ensure

adequate safety measures and to promote health and welfare of workers employed in factories.

The strategy aimed to provide the best possible human-friendly environment

Preventive strategy. Its activities are

covered under these 4 headings

Wellness of workers Legislation

A safe workplace Risk Management

OH&S

Risk management Identify the hazard

What is a hazard?

Anything or any action that can lead to someone developing an illness or being injured .Hazards can arise from

1 The work environment To ensure that the factory building, machinery installed there in and other appliances (Electrical and Gas supplies etc.) are safe properly secured and guarded

2.Poor work design all passages are open and clear while the work is in progress.

3. When using machinery and substances. personal protective equipment (PPE) should be used . Company personnel are educated and instructed through notice, lecturers and training courses etc. Enabling them to use safety equipment as and when necessary.

4. To ensure that the storage of the materials particularly of the hazardous chemicals are properly and securely done.

A Safe Workplace

Fencing of machines of all sorts is compulsory, No person shall be employed in any factory to lift,

carry or move any load so heavy as to be likely to cause him injury

Emergency exits to be marked. Fire extinguishers/fire house cabinet. Emergency alarms be placed Danger sign boards to be placed Proper light and ventilation Important telephone no to be displayed

Wellness of workers Capacity building( use and safety of machine) Annual leave with wages By health care provider Better nutrition Regular exercise programs Abstinence from smoking and alcohol Workload and stress counselling and stress

management programs. Annual physical exams First aid

Legislation legislation and its enforcement

to ensure safe worker places.

Safety committees to be formed in every factory who will ensure safety

through

Capacity building

Mandatory Training and education on OSH on yearly basis

Health education for workers.

Training of worker before joining the factory

Preparedness

Emergency response

Free trauma treatment for injured worker

At least two percent of income from every industry should be spent to

provide OSH protection.

Warning signs in local language to be displayed in the premises of the factory

Government inspectors for safety to visit six monthly.

Include preventive health in the mandate of organizations dealing with worksite safety

All injuries in the factory to be reported to occupational health and safety council

Minimum wages should be defined. No of hours for the workers to be196hours /month. Free trauma treatment for injured worker

At least two percent of income from every industry

should be spent to provide OSH protection.

Policy Develop a sustainable and comprehensive

system for injury data in factories collection in Pakistan

Develop occupational and health council Research by OHandS Integrate factory injury prevention as a part of

NCD behavioral change communication Multi sectoral collaboration for maintaining

safety and health of the workers

Conclusion

Indicators made for evaluation should be measured so that effectiveness of policy, legislation and strategy can be determined