info1119 (fall 2012) info1119: operating system and hardware module 2: computer components hardware...
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INFO1119 (Fall 2012)
INFO1119: Operating System and Hardware
Module 2: Computer Components Hardware – Part 2
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Power Supply Connectors
Some connectors are general purpose, while others have a specialized function
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Power Supply Connectors
3
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Modern-day Motherboard
4
1) CPU Socket
3) RAM Slots
2) Chipset
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Busses
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Serial:– Simpler
One bit at a time, so slower?
Parallel:– More difficult– You need to wait until ALL bits are
stabilized until you can read– All bits transmitted at once, so
faster?
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What’s faster?
What’s the fastest bus now?– AGP? Parallel bus– Hyperbus? Parallel bus– PCI Express? Serial– Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI)
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The Bus
Collection of wires linking one part of the computer to another– On the motherboard, these are the tiny copper
wires (traces) – Are inside the chips (CPU), too
Used to move data, instructions, and electrical current between components.
The Motherboard has multiple data buses, with different speeds and sizes.
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Bus Lines
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Data Bus The Data Bus is the part of the bus used for data transfer Each trace on the data bus represents one binary digit Often in multiples of 8 (16, 32, 64, etc. bits wide) Speeds vary, measured in MHz Main bus that communicates with the CPU, memory, often
called the Front Side Bus (FSB)
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Overclocking
A faster clock = A faster system However CPUs and Chipsets can only go so fast
– Heat damage– Reliability
Systems are designed to default to safe clock rates for the CPU– Warranties can be voided if user adjusted speeds are
used– Sometimes a setting in the BIOS
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Expansion Slots
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Expansion Card Inserted into a Slot
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Some fancy terms
Band width– (bit rate)
Hz (MHz, GHz) Bus width Latency Parallel, serial Analog, digital
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Some fancy terms
Shared bus “Local” bus
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Shared bus
This means that all the devices are connected together– ISA, PCI, SCSI, etc. are like this
CPU (or whatever)
Device Device Device Device
Bus
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Shared bus
In a shared bus, the devices must have an “address” or some other way of differentiating each other
Only one device can “talk” at any one time.
Can have “Bus Masters” – CPU or other device controls the bus
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Shared bus To help with “talking at once” or
to have different speed busses, can have “Bridges”
CPU (or whatever)
Bus
PCI Bridge
Device DeviceDevice
PCI Bridge PCI Bridge
Device Device
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Point to point
This is the “direct” approach Each device is directly connected
to only one other device Can be one device to another or
using a “switch”
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Point to point
CPU (or whatever)
Device
SwitchDevice
Device
Device
CPU (or whatever)
This device can “talk” to any other through the
switch
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At the Back
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Common connections
USB ports (2-6) Digital Video Interface (DVI) VGA PS/2 ports mouse & keyboard Sound ports (speakers, mike, line) Network port RJ45 Serial (DB9) and Parallel (DB25)
rarer
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Serial
Built to the RS-232 standard Often connected mice, modem,
etc. 9 pins Larger style was 25 pins (most
not used) Up to 115,200 bits / second
– About 10Mbytes / second (in theory)
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VGA
15 pin analog connection Red, Green, Blue Horizontal & Vertical sync Surprisingly high data rate
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DVI (Digital Video Interface)
Used digital (instead of analog) connection
“Single” or “Dual” link:– Single (60Hz): 1920 x 1200 resolution– Dual (60 Hz): 2560 x 1600 resolution
Cables up to 5m (16 feet)!
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Display Port
Replacement for DVI 10.8Gbits/sec (that’s fast)
– 1920 × 1080 × 60 Hz × 24bpp– to 3840 × 2160 × 60 Hz x 30 bpp
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Internal
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Some legacy technology ISA EISA, VESA, MicroChannel All replaced by PCI technology
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“Local” busses
The “local” bus is (basically) directly connected to the CPU
In theory, is the fastest connection to the CPU
AGP is an example
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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
32 bits Up to 2133 Mbytes/sec Almost a direct connection to CPU AGP 1.0 (1x - 266 MB, 2x - 533
MB/s) AGP 2.0 (4x – 1GB/s) AGP 3.0 (8x – 2133MB/s)
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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
AGP 2x (3.3V)– Data on rising and falling edges– doubling data transfer
AGP 4x (1.5V)– Four transfers per clock cycle
AGP 8x (0.8V)– Eight transfers per clock cycle
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AGP
Slots are “keyed” so that you can’t place the wrong card in the slot
From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_keys_diagram.png
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From: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:AGP_slot.jpg
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Resources
IRQ (interrupt requests)– 15 of them with ISA (PC still has
these) DMA (Direct Memory Access) I/O ports (not like network ports)
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PCI
Most common today Two major types:
– PCI (parallel)– PCI Express (serial)
Also broken into multiple variants, based on speed, bus size, etc.
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PCI
Initial: 33 MHz, 32 Bits– (Slower than VESA Local bus)– Approx 132 Mbytes / second– 33 MHz (1 transfer / cycle) * 8 Bytes
= 132 Mbytes / second 5 Volts, then 3.3 Volts (ISA is 5V) 32 bit address space (4 Gbytes)
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PCI - improvements
Bus size Bus Speed Approx transfer
32 33 MHz 132 Mbytes/s
32 66 MHz 264 Mbytes/s
64 33 MHz 528 Mbytes/s
64 66 MHz 1 Gbyte/s
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PCI
Another “trick” was the way data was transferred– Sort of a “burst mode”
Address sent once, then three packets of data is sent– So only ¾ of time is really for data
Address Data DataData
Once “cycle”
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PCI – reflected wave
Uses Reflected-wave switching Unlike ISA (and SCSI), which have
termination Bus is not “terminated,” so wave
is reflected back, doubling the amplitude (if done correctly)
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PCI Express
From Intel A.K.A.: PCIe or PCI-E
– NOTE: Not PCI-X (which is the old PCI)
Up to 8 Gbytes / second (both ways)– 4 Gbytes one way
Serial
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PCI Express
Based on “lanes”– 250 MHz– Each lane is a separate serial
channel– 1 lane = standard PCI– 4 lanes = fastest PCI (PCI-X)– 8 lanes = fastest AGP
Up to 32 lanes– Designated as 1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, 16x
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PCI Express
“Full duplex”– Data goes both ways– Vs. Send, then receive modes/states
Slots are different form factors– NOTE: a “4x” physical connection
could mean it’s a 1x card using a 4x slot.
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCIExpress.jpg
1x
16x
4x
Standard PCI
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QPI (QuickPath Interconnect)
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QPI (QuickPath Interconnect)
Intel QuickPath Interconnect Point-to-point processor interconnect
developed by Intel which replaces the Front Side Bus (FSB) in Xeon, Itanium, and certain desktop platforms
Designed to compete with HyperTransport First delivered in November 2008 on the
Intel Core i7-9xx desktop processors and X58 chipset
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USB (Universal Serial Bus)
Serial (1 bit) USB 2.0 up to 480 Mbps USB 3.0 up to 5 Gbps Up to 127 devices per host Hot plugable Six types of plugs
Web Linkshttp://www.pcisig.com/home http://computer.howstuffworks.com/pci.htmhttp://www.techfest.com/hardware/bus/pci.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect
http://www.pcisig.com/specifications/pciexpress/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/hardware/pcie.ars/1 http://www.dell.com/content/topics/global.aspx/vectors/en/2004_pciexpress?c=us&l=en&s=corp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_QuickPath_Interconnecthttp://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/io/quickpath-technology/quickpath-technology-general.html
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