Industry: The 2nd “I”

The Industrial Revolution

Making the world more efficient

Pre Industrial Society

• During the 1700’s, production began to shift from simple hand tools to more complex machines

• New sources of energy began to replace animal and human power

• Up until around 1750, most people made their living on agriculture and never traveled beyond their village

The 3 factors leading to

Industry: Factor #1• Factor #

1 :Agriculture Movement and innovations– New methods of

farming and new ways to set up farms

Farming Innovators

• Charles Townsend ~ emphasized the need for crop rotation to get better use of the soil

• Jethro Tull ~ created the seed drill to ensure even plantings.

http://www.danallosso.com/blog/files/seeddrill.gif

The Enclosure Movement

• As the farmers began to be more educated about farming, rich landowners wanted to get the most out of their land, resulting in the Enclosure Movement.

• In the second half of the 17th century, the English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure Acts, prohibiting peasants’ access to common lands and fencing it off to gain more pastures for animals.

The enclosure division of the town of Thetford, England around 1760

Several methods of enclosure proved popular, including growing hedges or putting up stone walls or wooden fences.

First to Industrialize The Importance of Textiles

The Domestic or “Putting Out” System

• The textile industry was the most important in England

• Most of the work was done in the home

• This changed with the establishment of factories

The Spinning Jenny

Hargreaves’s machine

Factor # 2: Population Boom

• Factor # 2 : A Population Explosion throughout the world– Famine, war, and disease were common

in Europe– these three problems began to be reduced

significantly

Reasons for Population Boom

1. Advances in medicine, such as inoculation against smallpox

2. Improvements in sanitation

3. An increase in the food supply meant fewer famines and epidemics, especially as transportation improved

4. Stricter Quarantine methods

5. The elimination of the Black Rat

Factor # 3: Energy Revolution

• Movement from animal and human power to water power made the use of new energy sources a focus for new industrialists.

• Water Frames for spinning and textiles

• Boiling water to create steam to use the pressure of steam, created even more efficient machinery and many more types of technology.

New Sources of Energy

• Water was the first most important new source of energy used by the early industrial markets.

• As technology developed, the steam engine was born and became the MOST IMPORTANT tool for new industry.

The NEED to create STEAM

• Steam = water + heat• In order to create

machines that could take the extensive heat-IRON

• How do you heat? Wood• Coal

COAL• Coal was a

mineral that was readily available and when used properly, could be burned at a very high temperature that could produce high quality iron.

• This revolutionized industry

Transportation on Land

• The invention of the steam locomotive made it much easier for large products, large quantities and heavy materials to be moved more efficiently.

Transportation by SEA

• Steam ships also helped improve shipping on rivers and oceans.

Britain leads the way, but many will follow

Great Britain’s advantages:

• Plentiful iron and coal• A navigable river

system • A strong economy,

providing merchants with capital to invest in new enterprises

• Colonies that supplied raw materials and bought finished goods

• A government that encouraged improvements in transportation and used its navy to protect British tradehttp://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/england/map_of_england.jpg

With Industry, comes life changes

• As industry begins to develop and grow through out the world, many things begin to change… some good and some bad.

Industrial Revolution

Growth of Cities

Change in the political

World~A rise of colonies

Change in of

class system

CHANGES WAYS OF LIFE

NOTES

• Unpaved streets

• No drains• Heaps of

garbage• Dark, filthy• Cholera• Avg lifespan in

one city (working class) - 17 years old

http://www.permaculture.org.au/images/industrial_rev_housing.jpg

• Urbanization- City building and the moving of people to cities.

• Why?• London- 1 million people by 1800• Between 1800-1850, the number

of cities w/ 100,000 rose from 22 to 47

• 1850- Manchester had 300,000

• Many city workers worked in factories.

• All early factories had to be located by a source of energy (usually water at first)

• Working conditions were horrible:– 14 hrs a day/ 6 days a week– Dark, dirty factories– Unsafe– Coal mines- dust, damp, accidents,

10 year shorter lifespan.

Class Tensions

• Middle Class – Skilled workers, professionals, business

people, etc.– Not poor, not rich

• Upper- doctors, lawyers, gov employees• Lower- factory overseers, toolmakers,

drafters, printers

• Luddites– Were losing their livelihoods to

machines– Began a revolt by destroying machines

MORE IDEAS

MORE IDEAS

CAPITALISM

• Enlightenment Thinker: Adam Smith• Wealth of Nations• Thought economies should run without

government interference- laissez-faire• COMPETITION• Freedom of businesses w/o government

interference

New Ways of Thinking… Communism

• Karl Marx was born in Germany

New Ways of Thinking… The “Scientific Socialism”

of Karl Marx

• In 1848- Marx and Engles published The Communist Manifesto

• They created Communism, a form of socialism that sees class struggles between employers and employees as inevitable….

• Communism is also known as Marxism

New Ways of Thinking The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl

Marx• According to Marx, history was the struggle

between the “haves” and “have-nots”• “Haves”= Middle class (bourgeoisie)• “Have-Nots”= Proletariat (working class)• Marx despised capitalism! Thought it should

be destroyed

“Working men of all countries; UNITE”!!

New Ways of Thinking The “Scientific Socialism” of Karl

Marx• Marx claimed that his ideas

were based on scientific studies..

Not necessarily true• He believed that the misery of

the working class would create a world revolution

This did not happen• Marx thought all working men

would unite under the communist causes

nationalism grew instead.• Marxism lost appeal in many

western countries

Idea: Socialism

• Socialism argues that the people as a whole/government, rather than individuals, should own and operate the “means of production”

• Socialism grew out of Enlightenment ideas

• Socialism redistributes money to people through the government (usually through higher taxes)

• Socialism does not agree with capitalism

Mary Wallstonecraft

• Feminist thinker• Argued that “rights” and “equality”

should apply to women AND men