industrial waste in india (8)

7/28/2019 Industrial Waste in India (8)

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I N T R O D U C T I O N

Industrial waste in India (7)


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Present scenario

Thousands of small scale and biggerindustrial units simply dump their waste,more often toxic and hazardous, in open

spaces and nearby water sources. Over thelast three decades, many cases of serious andpermanent damage to environment by theseindustries have come to the fore.


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Cont------

Rapid industrialization has resulted in thegeneration of huge quantity of wastes, both solidand liquid, in industrial sectors such as sugar,pulp and paper, fruit and food processing, sago /

starch, distilleries, dairies, tanneries,slaughterhouses, poultries, etc.

Despite requirements for pollution controlmeasures, these wastes are generally dumped onland or discharged into water bodies, without

adequate treatment, and thus become a largesource of environmental pollution and healthhazard.


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Classification of Industrial Waste

In a broad sense, industrial wastes could beclassified into two types.

1. Hazardous industrial waste

2. Non-hazardous industrial waste


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HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

Hazardous wastes, which may be in solid, liquidor gaseous form, may cause danger to health orenvironment, either alone or when in contact

with other wastes.

Various agencies have defined hazardous wastesin different ways and as such, there is nouniformly accepted international definition sofar.

It is presumed that about 10 to 15 percent ofwastes produced by industries are hazardousand the generation of hazardous wastes isincreasing at the rate of 2 to 5 percent per year.


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Cont------

Hazardous industrial wastes in India can becategorized broadly into two categories.

i) Hazardous wastes generated from variousindustries in India

ii) Hazardous industrial wastes imported intoIndia from Western Countries for re-processingand recycling.

Hazardous waste in particular includes productsthat are explosive, flammable, irritant, harmful,toxic, carcinogenic, corrosive, infectious, or toxicto reproduction.


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Sources of Various Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous WasteComponent

Source

Heavy MetalsArsenic Mining, non anthropogenic geo-chemical formation

Cadmium Mining, fertilizer industry, battery waste

Chromium Mining areas, Tanneries

Lead Lead acid battery smelters

Manganese Mining areasMercury Chlor-alkali industries, healthcare institutesNickel Mining, metal refining

HydrocarbonsBenezene

Petrochemical industries, solventsinyl chloride Plastics


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Cont---------

Hazardous WasteComponent

Source

Pesticides Insecticides

Organic chemicalsDioxines Waste incineration, herbicides

PCBs Poly ChlorinatedBiphenyl

Fluorescent lights, e-waste, Hydraulic fluid


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Management and Treatment Options forHazardous Waste

Use of Hazardous Wastes as Alternate Fuels In the European Union, about 3 million tons of hazardous

waste from cement works has been used as an alternatefuel.

There are a large number of hazardous wastes generating

units located in India. 11,138 units have been givenauthorization by SPCBs under Hazardous Waste(Management and Handling) Rules, 2003, mostly fortemporary storage of hazardous wastes within the plantpremises.

In India, about 4.43 million tons of hazardous wastes are

generated annually, out of which 71,833 tons areincinerable (as per the reports of SPCBs submitted to theSupreme Court of India). There is a need to explore thepossibility of using such wastes by other industries.


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Incineration

Incineration serves the dual purpose ofreduction of both the toxicity and the volumeof the waste, which is an importantconsideration when the disposal of wastes isfinally destined for landfills. Most of theprocess wastes from chemical unitoperations can very well be treated in

properly designed incinerators.


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Hazardous wastes (secured) landfill

Hazardous waste landfill site is designedscientifically to have an impervious stratumat bottom to stop leachates percolation, andthus to avoid soil and water

pollution/contamination in the vicinity of thelandfill site.

High Density Polyethylene(HDPE) lining isused in making the landfill impervious. There

are arrangements made for collection andtreatment of leachates from the hazardouswastes.


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Cont---------

Various reports indicate that more than 19Treatment, Storage & Disposal Facilities(TSDF) have been created in Gujarat alone.Many other states are following the similaraction to establish such facilities. However,some kind of risk will always be there for thepeople and ecosystem by these operating and

closed TSDFs.


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Cont-------

Non-hazardous or ordinary industrial wasteis generated by industrial or commercialactivities, but is similar to household wasteby its nature and composition. It is not toxic,presents no hazard and thus requires nospecial treatment.


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NON-HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTE

In particular, it includes ordinary wasteproduced by companies, shopkeepers andtrades people (paper, cardboard, wood,textiles, packaging, etc.). Due to its non-hazardous nature, this waste is often sortedand treated in the same facilities ashousehold waste.


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Indusrtywise Generated Waste

Industries ProminentWastesGenerated

TreatmentOption

Application

Sugar biogasses Combustion andGasification

Heat and Power

Press mud Composting Fertilizer

Sugar molasses Fermentation Ethanolsynthesis

Sugar Mills FermentativeYeast biomass

Biomethanation Biogasproduction &

digestateSlaughterhouses

Organs, Tissues,Blood, Hides,

Animal excretaand Carcass etc

Biomethanation Biogasproduction &digestate


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Cont-------

Pulp Biomethanation Biogasproduction &digestate

Paper shavings Combustion

Heat and power

Paper mills Woodwastes and Paperboards

Combustion andgasification

Heat and power

Dairy Plants Whey and Milk

cream

Biomethanation Biogas

production &digestate

Sagofactories

Starch materialsand peels


Tanneries Hides and skins Acid treatmentsand

Biogasproduction &


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Cont------------

AnimalHusbandries

Animal excretaand body fluids


Fruits andvegetable

processing units

Pulp wastes Biomethanation Biogasproduction &

digestate


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Industrial wastewater treatment

Industrial wastewater treatment covers themechanisms and processes used to treat waters that have

been contaminated in some way by anthropogenicindustrial or commercial activities prior to its release

into the environment or its re-use. Most industries produce some wet waste although recent

trends in the developed world have been to minimisesuch production or recycle such waste within the

production process. However, many industries remaindependent on processes that produce waste waters


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Sources of industrial wastewater

Iron and steel industry The production of iron from its ores involves

powerful reduction reactions in blast furnaces. Cooling watersare inevitably contaminated with productsespecially ammonia and cyanide.

Production of coke from coal in coking plants alsorequires water cooling and the use of water in by-productsseparation.

Contamination of waste streams includes gasification

products such as benzene, naphthalene, anthracene, cyanide,ammonia, phenols, cresols together with a range of morecomplex organic compounds known collectively as

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH).


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Mines and quarries

The principal waste-waters associatedwith mines and quarries are slurries of rock particles inwater.

These arise from rainfall washing exposed surfaces andhaul roads and also from rock washing and gradingprocesses.

Volumes of water can be very high, especially rainfallrelated arising on large sites. Some specializedseparation operations, such as coal washing to separatecoal from native rock using density gradients, can

produce wastewater contaminated by fineparticulate haematite and surfactants. Oils and hydraulicoils are also common contaminants.


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Food industry

Wastewater generated from agricultural and foodoperations has distinctive characteristics that set it apartfrom common municipal wastewater managed by publicor private sewage treatment plants throughout the world:

it is biodegradable and nontoxic, but that has highconcentrations of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)and suspended solids (SS).The constituents of food andagriculture wastewater are often complex to predict due

to the differences in BOD and pH in effluents fromvegetable, fruit, and meat products and due to theseasonal nature of food processing and post harvesting.


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Animal slaughter and processing

Animal slaughter and processing produces verystrong organic waste from body fluids, such as blood,and gut contents.

This wastewater is frequently contaminated bysignificant levels of antibiotics andgrowth hormones from the animals and by a varietyof pesticides used to control external parasites.

Insecticide residues in fleeces is a particular problemin treating waters generated in wool processing.


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Complex organic chemicals industry

A range of industries manufacture or use complexorganic chemicals.

These include pesticides, pharmaceuticals, paintsand dyes, petro-chemicals, detergents, plastics, paper

pollution, etc. Waste waters can be contaminated byfeed-stock materials, by-products, product material insoluble or particulate form, washing and cleaning agents,solvents and added value products such as plasticisers.

Treatment facilities that do not need control of theireffluent typically opt for a type of aerobic treatment,i.e. Aerated Lagoons


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Nuclear industry

The waste production from the nuclear and radio-chemicals industry is dealt with asRadioactivewaste.


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Water treatment

Many industries have a need to treat water to obtain veryhigh quality water for demanding purposes.

Water treatment produces organic and mineral sludgesfrom filtration and sedimentation. Ion exchange using

natural or synthetic resinsremoves calcium, magnesium and carbonate ions from

water, replacing them with hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.

Regeneration of ion exchange columns with strong acids

and alkalis produces a wastewater rich in hardness ionswhich are readily precipitated out, especially when inadmixture with other wastewater.


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Treat industrial wastes for power generation:MNRE

Currently 130 Mw of power produced against total potential of1300 Mw in India.

In a bid to promote use of waste for power generation, theministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE) has appealedto all the industrial associations and industrial units to adopt

technology for converting industrial wastes into energy. Industry insiders see potential in food processing industry,

sugar, distilleries, pulp and paper, dairies and poultry to makeuse of their waste material for converting them into gas andgenerate power from it. "Renewable energy has come of agenow. Only this can bridge the prevailing demand-supply gapof power. We need to be energy efficient as well as self reliant

by making maximum use of all the sources of renewableenergy. Making use of the industrial waste to produce poweris one such way to do it,


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Usage of Industrial Waste Products in VillageRoad Construction

Now-a-days disposal of different wastesproduced from different Industries is a greatproblem. These materials pose environmentalpollution in the nearby locality because many of

them are non-biodegradable. In recent years, applications of industrial wastes

have been considered in road construction withgreat interest in many industrialized and

developing countries.

The use of these materials in road making isbased on technical, economic, and ecologicalcriteria.


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Cont----------

India has a large network of industries located indifferent parts of the country and many more areplanned for the near future. Several million metrictons industrial wastes are produced in theseestablishments. If these materials can be suitablyutilized in highway construction, the pollution anddisposal problems may be partly reduced. Keeping inmind the need for bulk use of these solid wastes inIndia.

The waste materials are fly ash, blast furnace slag,cement kiln dust phosphogypsum, waste plastic bags,

foundry sand and colliery sand , which are theindustrial wastes posing problems in the disposaland being deposited near the industries in India.


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FLY ASH

Use of fly ash in Portland cement concrete forapplications in highway construction. Fly ash is used in

concrete admixtures to enhance the performance ofconcrete roads and bridges.

Use of fly ash in stabilised base course for applicationsin highway construction

Fly ash and lime can be combined with aggregate toproduce a quality stabilized base course

Use of fly ash in soil improvement for applications in

highway construction Fly ash is an effective agent for chemical and/ormechanical stabilization of soils.


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Cont--------

Use of fly ash in asphalt pavements for applications inhighway construction. Fly ash can be used as mineralfiller in hot mixed asphalt (HMA) paving applications.

Use of fly ash in grouts for pavement subsealing for

applications in highway construction Grouts are proportioned mixtures of fly ash, water, and

other materials used to fill voids under a pavementsystem without raising the slabs or to raise and support

concrete pavements at specified grade tolerances bydrilling and injecting the grout under specified areas ofthe pavement.


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BLAST FURNACE SLAG

Blast furnace slag is generated during the meltingprocess in steel making operations.

Use of blast furnace slag as a cementitious binderforapplications in highway construction

Use of blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate for asphalt for applications in highway construction

Use of blast furnace slag as a coarse aggregate forsubbase for applications in highway construction

Many steel plants have used their slag as a substitute forcoarse aggregate in road construction projects in andaround the steel plants for a number of years.


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CEMENT KILN DUST

Use of cement kiln dust for soil stabilisation for

applications in highway construction

Cement kiln dust can be used to improve the

properties of soil in situ, and as an activator inpozzolanic stabilised base mixtures.

Use of cement kiln dust as mineral filler in asphalt

paving for applications in highway construction

industrial waste in india (8)

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