characteristics of industrial waste

Characteristics of Industrial Wastewater

#Chap 2

Asst.Prof. Torpong Kreetachat2 Sep 2015

Student should be able to;

EXPLAIN, INTERPRET, and CALCULATE the physical, chemical and biological properties of waste material and DESCRIBE its toxicology. REWRITE the common wastewater constituents and contaminants.

Physical Related to the quality of water for domestic use. Associated with the appearance of water Eg. Color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor.

Chemical Sometimes evidenced by their observed reactions (comparative

performance of hard & soft waters in laundering) Most often, differences are not visible.

Microbiology Very important in their relation to public health Significant in modifying the physical and chemical characteristic

of waterRadiological

Considered in areas where there is a possibility that the water may have come in

contact with radioactive substances(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

4 categories to describe water quality;

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS

SOLIDS

The most important characteristic of wastewater

Composed of floating matter, settleable matter, colloidal matter and matter in solution.

Solids found in wastewater;Total solids (TS)Mass remain after evaporation at 103-105oCTotal Suspended Solid (TSS)Mass remain on whatman filter GF/C after drying at 103-105oCVolatile Suspended Solid (VSS)Solids that can be volatilized and burned off when TSS are ignited at 500+50oC. (applied most commonly to wastewater sludge to measure their biological stability)Total dissolved solids (TDS)Those solids that pass through the filter and are then evaporated and dried at specified temp.Settleable SolidsSolid settle at the bottom of an “Inhoff Cone” after 60mins

(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)

Solids removed by settling and separated from wash water are called sludge, which may then be pumped to drying beds or filtered for extraction of additional water (dewatering).

TURBIDITY

Measure of the light –transmitting properties of the water due to presence of suspended material such as clay, organic material, plankton & other particulate material.

Measured based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by reference suspension under the same condition.

Unit = Turbidity Unit (TU)@ Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)

Clay @ other suspended particle – not adversely affect health but water containing such particles may require treatment.

Turbidity excess of 5 TU easily detectable in a glass of water.

(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

Continue….

Refer to degree of absorption of light energy in visible spectrum (400-700nm)

Causes by ;• dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation & certain inorganic matter.• excessive blooms of algae or growth of aquatic microorganisms.

But its presence is aesthetically objectionable & needs appropriate treatment.

Activated sludge and trickling filters can remove a certain percentage of some types of colored matter.

Sometimes color matters needs chemical oxidation procedures for removal.

COLOR


Continue….

Continue….

TASTE &

ODOR

Cause by foreign matter (organic compound, inorganic salts @ dissolved gases.

Odors are usually caused by gases produced by the decomposition of organic matter or by substances added to the wastewater.

Industrial wastewater may contain either odorous compounds or compounds that produce odor during the process of wastewater treatment.

Comes from domestic, agricultural @ natural sources.

At point of use, drinking water should be free from any objectionable taste @ odor.(Davis and Cornwell,2008)

Continue….

Very important parameter - its effect on chemical reactions and reaction rates, aquatic life, and the suitability of the water for beneficial uses.

The increase in the rate of biochemical reactions that accompanies an increase in temperature, combined with the decrease in the quantity of oxygen present in surface waters, can often cause serious depletions in dissolved oxygen concentration in the summer months.

Abnormally high temperatures can foster the growth of undesirable water plants and wastewater fungus

Most desirable drinking waters are consistently cool & do not have fluctuations of more than a few degrees.

Oxygen is less soluble in warm water than in cold water

Industrial establishments that use surface water for cooling-water purposes are particularly concerned with the temperature of the intake water.

Groundwater & surface water usually meet these criteria.

TEMP.


Continue….

The hydrogen-ion concentration is an important quality parameter of wastewater.

The concentration range suitable for the existence of most biological life is quite narrow and critical.

Wastewater with an adverse concentration of hydrogen ion is difficult to treat by biological means, and if the concentration is not altered before discharge, the wastewater effluent may alter the concentration in the natural waters.

pH


Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in 50mL of wastewater based on data given;

Mass of dry dish = 53.5433 gMass of dry dish + residue after drying at 105oC = 53.5794 gMass of dry dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = 53.5625 g

Mass of Whatman GF/C filter = 1.5433 gMass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105oC = 1.5554 gMass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550oC = 1.5476 g

Example 1; Analysis of Solids Data….

Ans : Total solids(TS) = 722 mg/LTotal dissolved solids (TDS) = 384 mg/LTotal suspended solids (TSS) = 242 mg/LVolatile suspended solids (VSS) = 86 mg/L

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS Most of water contain. Amount presence causes by ;

-Leaching of marine sedimentary deposits

-Pollution from sea water @ brine @ industrial @ domestic waste.

Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L – noticeable taste

Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L chloride. Some areas – water source contain natural fluoride.

Excessive fluoride in drinking water – produce fluorosis (mottling) of teeth.

Mottled – black sports @ streaks and may become brittle when exposed to large amounts of fluoride.

Acceptable level for fluoride conc. between 0.8 – 1.3 mg/L

CHLORIDE

FLUORIDE

(Davis and Cornwell, 2008)

NitrogenBecause nitrogen is an essential building block in the synthesis of protein, nitrogen data will be required to evaluate the treatability of wastewater by biological processes. Insufficient nitrogen can necessitate the addition of nitrogen to make the wastewater treatable. Where control of alga growth in the receiving water is necessary to protect beneficial uses, removal or reduction of nitrogen in wastewaters prior to discharge may be desirable. The total nitrogen, as a commonly used parameter, consists of many numerous compounds such as; NH3, NH4-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, urea, organic-N (amines, amino acids, ...etc).

TKN

Ammonia N Organic N

Biodegradable Nonbiodegradable

Soluble Particulate Soluble Particulate TKN – 60 – 70% as NH4

+

Nonbiodegradable N ~ 6% of SSV expressed as COD

Nitrogen fractionatin

Ammonia-Nitrogen Test (Bio Laboratory)

Using DR2800 reactorPrepare Sample: Fill a 25mL volumetric flask with 25mL of waste sample. Blank Preparation: Fill a 25mL volumetric flask with 25mL of distilled water.

3 different reagent (Ammonia Nitrogen Reagent) will be used:

- Mineral Mtabilizer-Polyvinyl Alcohol-Nessler Reagent

Add three drops of Mineral Stabilizer to volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.Add three drops of Polyvinyl Alcohol to each volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.Pipette 1.0mL of Nessler Reagent into each volumetric flask. Stopper and invert several times to mix.

Phosphorus is also essential to the growth of algae and other biological organisms. The organically bound phosphorus is an important constituent of industrial wastewater and sludge.

Phosphorus.

Sulfate is reduced biologically under anaerobic conditions to sulfide, which in turn can combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen sulfide (H2S).The accumulated H2S can then be oxidized biologically to sulfuric acid, which is corrosive to steel pipes and equipment.

Sulfur.

Major clases ;a) Nitrates (NO3) -b)Cyanides (CN)c)Heavy metals constituents; – arsenics (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and silver (Ag) - effects – cause poisons ( As and Cr 6+) - chronic disease (Pb, Cd, and Hg)

There are over 120 toxic organic compounds listed on U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Priority Pollutant List.

Eg; pesticide, insecticides and solvents.

Effects may be acute @chronic.

TOXIC INORGANIC SUBSTANCE

S


Continue….

TOXIC ORGANIC

SUBSTANCES


The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be divided into 2;

To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1.0 mg/LTo measure trace conc. in the range of 10-12 to 100 mg/L

Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter (typically greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater include;

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)Chemical oxygen demand (COD)Total organic carbon (TOD)

Complementing of these laboratory tests is the theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic matter.

Continue….


MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES

The most widely used parameter of organic pollution

5-day BOD – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by

microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter.

BOD test results are used to;Determine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present.Measure the efficiency of some treatment processDetermine the size of waste treatment facilities.Determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits.

BOD at 20oC for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in incubation at 20oC).

Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after incubation.

BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation.

Continue….


Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)

BOD can be calculated by; when the dilution water is not seeded; BOD (mg/L) = D1 – D2 P when the dilution water is seeded; BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D2)- (B1 – B2) f P where, D1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after preparation (mg/L) D2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 5days @ 20oC(mg/L)

P = volumetric fraction of sample used to total volume B1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before

incubation (mg/L) B2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation

(mg/L) f = ratio of sample to seed in control

Seeded is done if the WW is known to contain insufficient numb of microorganism for degradation of WW.

Use suitable bacteria culture with the WW systemCONTROL is used to eliminate effects by the presence of

impurities in dilution water to the BOD value (need to aerated atleast 2hr)

Continue….


f = % seed in D1 % seed in B1

The limitations of the BOD5 test are as follows:

A high concentration of active, acclimated seed bacteria is required. Pretreatment is needed when dealing with toxic wastes, and the effects of nitrifying organisms must be reduced. Only the biodegradable organics are measured. The test does not have stoichiometric validity after the soluble organic matter present in solution has been used. An arbitrary, long period of time is required to obtain results.

Is assumed to obey first-order kinetics.

Continue….


REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….

tt kLdtdL

ktLt lnktkt e

LL 10

303.2)_()10( ebasekbaseK

Where,Lt = amount of 1st order BOD in WW at time t (mg/L)k = reaction rate constantL @ BODL = total @ ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L)

integration

Typical value of k for untreated wastewater (base e) is about 0.23d-1.

1st order reaction rate constant will be expressed in log (base 10) units. The relationship between k (base e) and K (base 10)is as follows;

Continue….


REACTION KINETICS OF BOD….

)1( kttt eLLLY

)1( 555

keLLLY

)( ktt eLL

Amount BOD at time t,

k at temperature (T) other than 20oC,

Amount BOD exerted after time t,

Amount BOD exerted after 5 days (BOD5),

2020

TT kk

(T = 20 to 30oC)

135.1056.1

(T = 4 to 20oC)

To measure degree of oxidation/ degradation of organics using strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution).

measure the organic matter in industrial wastewater that contains compounds that are toxic to biological life.

It oxidizes the reduced compounds in wastewater through a reaction with a mixture of chromic and sulfuric acid at high temperatures.

Measure difference of amount of K2Cr2O7 before and after heating

using ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) as a reducing agent.Higher than BOD (because more compounds can be chemically

oxidized than can be biologically oxidized) Ratio BOD/COD varies (usually 1.5: 2 for industrial wastewater

containing biodegradable material (e.g. Food Industry). For wastewaters with ratios higher than 3, it is assumed that

some oxidizable material in the sample is not biodegradable. Nonbiodegradable material sometimes is called refractory

and found mainly in wastewater from chemical and pulp & paper industries.


Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)

OHCOCrHCrOHC cba 2232

72 0)(

(+6) (+3)

TOTAL COD

COD B COD NB

COD RB COD SB COD PNB COD SNB COMPLEX VFA COLOIDAL PARTICULATE

B – biodegradable; NB – nonbiodegradable; RB – readly biodegradable; SB – slowly biodegradable; PNB – nonbiodegradable (particulate); SNB – nonbiodegradable (soluble) VFA – Volatile Fatty Acids

COD Fractionation

CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) TEST (BIO LAB)

Use COD reactor (DRB 200). Preheat to 150ºC (2 hours). Blank Preparation: Use a clean volumetric pipet to add 2.00 mL of distilled water to the vial that contain COD reagent. Sample Preparation: Use a clean volumetric pipet to add 2.00mL of sample to the vial.

DRB 2800 SpectrophotometerReading Method: Select the 435 HR.Result are in mg/L COD will be displayed.


Differences Between Biochemical Oxygen

Demand and Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)BOD COD

Measures biodegradable organics

Measures biodegradable and non biodegradable organics

Uses oxidizing microorganism

Uses a strong chemical agent

Affected by toxic substance

Not affected

Affected by temperature

Not affected

5 days incubation 2 hrsAccuracy + 10% Accuracy + 2%

To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous sample. The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet

radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other means.

TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values.


Total Organic Carbon(TOC)

Determined based on ‘chemical formula’ of specific organic substances.

Consider ‘biochemical & nitrogenous oxygen’ demand

Theoretical Oxygen Demand (ThOD)

ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRYSEM 1 (2010/2011)

Interrelationships of Constituents

BOD/COD > 0.5 - wastewater easily treated by biological processes.

0.3 < BOD/COD < 0.5 - biological treatment possible; probable presence of inhibitors; need for biomass acclimatization

BOD/COD < 0.3 – biological treatment difficult without pre-treatment

MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Water for drinking & cooking purposes must be made FREE from disease-producing organisms (pathogens)


DISEASE -PRODUCING ORGANISMS (pathogens)

Disease-producing organisms (pathogens) – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths (worms).

Specific disease-producing organism presence in water are not easily identify.

The techniques for comprehensive bacteriological examination are COMPLEX and TIME CONSUMING.

Eg ; Total Coliform Test

Some organism can cause disease in people oroginate with the fecal discharge of infected individuals @ animals.

RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Cause by;The development and use of atomic energy as a

power sourceThe mining of radioactive materialsNaturally occurIt is necessary to establish limiting

concentrations for the intake into the body.The effect of human exposure to radiation @

radioactive materials are HARMFUL and any unnecessary exposure should be avoided.

The amount of radiation to which the individual is normally exposed varies with the amount of background radioactivity.

Water with high radioactivity is not normal

Typical range of BOD and S.S. loadfor industrial and municipal wastewater

*

Origin of wasteBiochemical

oxygen demand“BOD” (kg/ton

product)

Total Suspended

solids“TSS” (kg/ton

product)Domestic sewage 0.025

(kg/day/person)0.022

(kg/day/person)Dairy industry 5.3 2.2Yeast industry 125 18.7

Starch & glucose industry

13.4 9.7

Fruits & vegetable canning industry

12.5 4.3

Textile industry 30 - 314 55 - 196Pulp & paper industry 4 - 130 11.5 - 26

Beverage industry 2.5 - 220 1.3 - 257

* Rapid assessment for industrial pollutionTannery industry

48 - 86 85 - 155

Important contaminants of concern in industrial wastewater treatment

Suspended solids Suspended solids can lead to the development of sludge deposits and

anaerobic conditions when untreated wastewater is discharged in the aquatic

environment.Nutrients Both nitrogen and phosphate, along

with carbon, are essential nutrients for growth. When discharged to the

aquatic environment, these nutrients can lead to the growth of undesirable

aquatic life. When discharged in excessive amounts on land, they can

also lead to the pollution of groundwater.

Priority pollutants Organic and inorganic compounds selected on the basis of their known or

suspected carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, or high

acute toxicity. Many of these compounds are found in wastewater.

Refractory organics

These organics tend to resist conventional methods of

wastewater treatment. Typical examples include surfactants,

phenols, and agricultural pesticides.Heavy metals Heavy metals are usually

discharged to wastewater from commercial and industrial activities

and have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

Dissolved inorganics

Inorganic constituents such as calcium, sodium, and sulfate are

added to the original domestic water supply as a result of water

use and may have to be removed if the wastewater is to be reused.

Typical range of concentration values for industrial and municipal wastewater **

Origin of waste pH T.S.S, mg/l

BOD, mg/l

COD, mg/l

TDS, mg/l

O&G, mg/l

壹 Domestic Sewage 7 220 250 500 500 -壹 Dairy Industry 4 12150 14000 21100 19000 320壹 Yeast Industry 5.3 540 2100 3400 3500 9壹 Fruits & Vegetable

Canning 5.5 2200 800 1400 1270 94壹 Textile Industry 6.5 1800 840 1500 17000 155壹 Pulp & Paper

Industry 8 1640 360 2300 1980 -壹 Beverage Industry 9 760 620 1150 1290 -壹 Tannery Industry 10 2600 2370 4950 8500 115

** Previous analysis conducting in several companies.

Fish Canning

11 565 890 2350 8218 290

Example of WWTP

Sector 1 – screen, grit chamber , pumpingSector 2 – primary sedimentationSector 3 – aeration tanksSector 4 – secondary sedimentationSector 5 – sludge thickeningSector 6 – sludge anaerobic digestionSector 7 – sludge dewatering

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER & SURFACE WATER

Table 1.0 General characteristics of groundwater and surface water

GROUND SURFACEConstant compositionHigh mineralizationLittle TurbidityLow @ no colorBacteriologically safeNo dissolved oxygenHigh hardnessH2S, Fe, Mn

Varying compositionLow mineralizationHigh TurbidityColorMicroorganisms PresentDissolved oxygenLow hardnessTastes and odorsPossible chemical toxicity

Adapted from Davis and Cornwell, 2008

GROUNDWATERWater underneath the ground. Comes from rain water or water from surface water like lakes or streams that soaks into the soil. The water is stored underground in the tiny spaces between rocks and soil grains and can move around within the soil. Groundwater contamination occurs when the water comes into contact with contaminants.

SURFACE WATER Usually rainwater that collects in surface water bodies, like oceans, lakes, or streams. Another source - groundwater that comes out of the ground from springs. Become polluted when contaminants come into direct contact and either dissolve or physically mix with the water.

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

Industrial process generate a wide variety of wastewater pollutant. The characteristics and level of pollutants very significantly from industry to industry

Table 1.1 Example of industrial wastewater concentration for BOD5 and suspended solids (Davis and Cornwell,2008)

Industry BOD5,mg/L Suspended Solid, mg/L

AmmunitionFermentationSlaughterhouse (cattle)Pulp and paper (kraft)Tannery

50-3004,500400-2,500

100-350

700-7,000

70-1,70010,000400-1,000

75-300

4,000-20,000

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism.

Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as ;•Animal•Bacterium•Plant

PHYSICAL-include things not usually thought of under the heading of "toxic" by many people-eg. direct blows, concussion, sound and vibration, heat and cold etc

CHEMICAL-include inorganic substances such as lead, mercury, asbestos, hydrofluoric acid, and chlorine gas-also organic compounds such as methyl alcohol, most medications, and poisons from living things.

BIOLOGICAL-include those bacteria and viruses that are able to induce disease in living organisms. -can be complicated to measure because the "threshold dose" may be a single organism. -Theoretically one virus, bacterium or worm can reproduce to cause a serious infection.

TYPES OF TOXICITY

TOXICITY TESTToxicity test are used to;

Assess the suitability of environmental conditions for aquatic lifeEstablish acceptable receiving water concentrations for conventional parameter such as DO, pH, temp. or turbidity.Study the effects of water quality parameters on wastewater toxicity.Determine the effectiveness of wastewater-treatment method.Assess the degree of wastewater treatment needed to meet water

pollution control requirement.Determines compliance with federal & state water quality standard

and water quality criteria.Establish permissible effluent discharge rate

NEED FOR INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS

Such treatment should comply with the terms of the legislation defining the characteristics of the effluent discharging in water streams.

The concept of planning and development should be based on the criteria to protect land, water resources, aquatic life in streams and rivers and marine life from pollution and to safeguard public health as a high priority.

The environmental inspection on wastewater treatment plants aims to support and strengthen the Protection of both the environment and the public health, since the pollution generated from the industrial establishments has a negative impact not only on the environment, but also on the health of the individuals. Therefore, it is noted that most of the procedures that could be implemented by industrial establishments to reduce the negative environmental impacts, will also lead to reducing the effects that present a threat to the health of workers within the plants and the public living in regions affected by the various emissions from the plants.

In this respect, the effectiveness of the inspection on industrial wastewater treatment plants will lead to the protection of the environment and the protection of workers and public health.

THE END……

characteristics of industrial waste

Engineering