industrial solid waste - toxic
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Elective Pollution Impact And Remedies
Industrial Solid Waste - Toxic
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WASTES CLASSIFICATION
Solid waste is classified as HAZARDOUS by ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
(EPA) of the US if it exhibits:
IGNITABILITY - can burst into flames easily; can irritate the skin, eyes, and lungs; and may
give off harmful vapors. Gasoline, paint, and furniture polish are ignitable.
CORROSIVITY - can wear away (corrode) or destroy a substance. For example, most
acids are corrosives that can eat through metal, burn skin on contact, and give off vapors
that burn the eyes. REACTIVITY - can explode or create poisonous gas when combined with other chemicals.
Chlorine bleach and ammonia are reactive and create a poisonous gas when they come
into contact with each other.
TOXICITY - can poison people and other life. Toxic substances can cause illness and evendeath if swallowed or absorbed through the skin. Pesticides, weed killers, and many
household cleaners are toxic.
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When it rains on soil at a waste site, it can carry hazardous waste deeper into the ground and
the underlying groundwater.
A toxic substance can cause injury or death to a person, plant, or animal if:
o A large amount is released at one time
o A small amount is released many times at the same place
o The substance does not become diluted
o The substance is very toxic (for example, arsenic)
o
Coming into contact with a substance is called an exposure
The effects of exposure depends on:
o How the substance is used and disposed of
o Who is exposed to it
o
The concentration, or dose, of exposureo How long or how often someone is exposed
Humans, plants, and animals can be exposed to
hazardous substances through inhalation,
ingestion, or dermal exposure
TOXIC WASTE EFFECTS
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Solubilityoil soluble chemicals are more likely to enter
a cell and stay in body
Bioaccumulation and BiomagnificationBioaccumulation: selective absorptionBiomagnification: movement of toxin fromprey into predator
PersistencePlastics, pesticides (DDT) are used becausethey "stay around" but also better chance ofinteraction with unintended organism
Chemical Interactions
Antagonistic, additive, synergistic
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Industrial waste amounts to some 400 million metric tons per year in the United States.
In India, there are 36,165 nos. of hazardous waste generating industries, generating 62,32,507
Metric Tonnes of hazardous wastes every year. The category-wise classification of this quantityis as follows.
HOW MUCH?
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TOP TEN MOST POLLUTED PLACES IN THE WORLD, 2007
1. Sumgayit, Azerbaijan
2. Linfen, China
3. Tianying, China
4. Sukinda, IndiaTwelve chromite ore mines dump untreated water into the river, and over 30 million tons ofwaste rock have been dumped in the valley's riverbanks, which has resulted in severewater contamination.
5. Vapi, IndiaThere are over 100 industries covering over 1,000 acres in the region that hascontaminated local produce.
6. La Oroya, Peru
7. Dzerzhinsk, Russia
8. Norilsk, Russia
9. Chernobyl, Ukraine
10. Kabwe, Zambia
compiled by the Technical Advisory Board of the Blacksmith Institute, an environmental NGO based in NewYork.
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CATEGORIZATION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS:
Hazard code "E" : an aqueous extract contains contamination in excess of that allowed
(e.g., arsenic >5 mg/l; barium >0.100 mg/l; cadmium >1 mg/l; chromium >5 mg/l; lead >5
mg/l).
"acute hazardous waste" with code H: fatal to humans in low doses or has been found
to be fatal in corresponding human concentrations in laboratory animals.
hazard code "T: designates wastes which have been found through laboratory studies to
be a carcinogen, mutagen, or teratogen for humans or other life forms.
In 1976 the Toxic Substances Control Act required the Environmental Protection Agencyto regulate potentially hazardous industrial chemicals
TRI (Toxics Release Inventory) Program-Listed
Chemicals
total number of chemicals and chemical categories is
682
593 individually listed chemicals and 30 chemical
categories (including 3 delimited categories containing
62 chemicals)
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SOURCE AND QUANTUM OF SOME MAJOR INDUSTRIAL WASTE IN INDIA
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REMEDIES
Any method, technique or, process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biologicalcharacter or composition of the hazardous waste, so as to neutralize the waste or to makethe waste less hazardous and thereby safer for transport, increase potential for recovery, reuseor storage, or to reduce waste volume.
A two-tier approach(a) prevention(b) control of environmental pollution.
Prevention- A Waste Minimisation ApproachReduction and recycling of wastes are inevitably site/plant specific.
Waste minimisation techniques can be grouped into four major categories which are applicablefor hazardous as well as non-hazardous wastes. These groups are as follows :
Inventory Management and Improved Operations Inventorisation and tracing of all raw materials Purchasing of fewer toxic and more non-toxic production materials Implementation of employees training and management feedback
Improving material receiving, storage, and handling practices
Modification of Equipment Installation of equipment that produce minimal or no wastes Modification of equipment to enhance recovery or recycling options Redesigning of equipment or production lines to produce less waste
Improving operating efficiency of equipment Maintaining strict preventive maintenance programme
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Production Process Changes Substitution of non-hazardous for hazardous raw materials
Segregation of wastes by type for recovery Elimination of sources of leaks and spills Separation of hazardous from non-hazardous wastes
Redesigning or reformulation for products to be less hazardous Optimisation of reactions and raw material use
Recycling and Reuse Installation of closed-loop systems Recycling off site for use Exchange of wastes
Waste Management at Sourcesimple, inexpensive measures modifying production processes, through changes in rawmaterials/product design and by employing recovery/recycling and reuse techniques
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CURRENT PRACTICE OF INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
In the past there has been little control over the disposal of industrial wastes It has only been during the last decade that even developed countries have brought in
legislation to curb the uncontrolled and environmentally unacceptable practices that were
widespread.
The most predominant and widely practiced methods for wastes disposal are :
(a) Landfill
(b) Incineration
Landfill:
Least expensive and most widely used waste management option for both municipal
and industrial waste
percolating rainwater or snowmelt which eventually flows out from the bottom of the
landfill site and moves into the local groundwater system.
Leachate is a liquid that is formed as infiltrating water migrates through the waste material
extracting water-soluble compounds and particulate matter. These leachates, can contain
large amount of inorganic and organic contaminants.
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Incineration:
Destruction of hazardous waste by thermal process using incinerator
Burning of hazardous waste in boiler or in industrial furnace in order to destroy them and/or
for any recycling purpose and/or energy source.
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Waste dewatering
Bioremediation
In situ chemical extraction
Vapor stripping Multiphase remediation
NEW TECHNOLOGIES The Superfund program was an attempt at a quick solution to a complex problem of
hazardous waste treatment. By mid-1984, four years into the program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
could point to only six hazardous waste sites that had been permanently cleaned up. Under the Superfund law, EPA was ordered to develop a list of more than 400 priority sites
nationwide, at least one in each state.
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Waste dewatering efficient and effective treatment method used for waste volume reduction. A variety of treatment systems are employed to dewater waste - including belt presses,
centrifuges, and other devices.
Bioremediation methods to stimulate and enhance natural biological processes that break down
hazardous organic chemicals into nontoxic substances. oil industry and several other industries have successfully demonstrated this approach,
primarily for industrial sludges. success has been realized with a wide range of chemical species, especially chlorinated
hydrocarbons.
The technique entails adding nutrients, hydrogen peroxide, or other innocuoussubstances to contaminated wells in order to accelerate degradation and solubilization ofhazardous materials.
In situ chemical extraction used for industrial applications such as paper processing, metal ore beneficiation, and
synthetic resin reactivation At hazardous waste sites, acidic or alkaline solutions injected into the soil, where theywould react with waste materials and form new compounds containing the target metals ororganic chemicals.
The substances would then be flushed from the subsurface and collected at recoverywells.
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Vapor stripping
forced movement of air through soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds
The resulting vapors rise through the soil and are collected on the surface
Multiphase remediation
introducing contaminant removing chemicals into subsurface pools
Although used by the petroleum industry to recover oil from subsurface reservoirs,
multiphase remediation has yet to be used to remove pollutants from contaminated aquifers