Industrial Solid Waste Reduction Workbook

Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center University of Louisville

Industrial Solid Waste Reduction Workbook

Prepared by:

Cam Metcalf Executive Director

Keith Ridley Assistant Director of Assessments

and

Todd Logsdon Engineering Associate

Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center University of Louisville

Revised August, 1996

Original February, 1996

Parts of this workbook were reprinted with permission from Albert Tieche.

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Table of Contents Subject Page Preface......................................................................................... 1 What is the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center...................................... 1 Disclaimer.................................................................................................... 2 Introduction................................................................................. 2 Kentucky’s State Reduction Goal................................................................. 3 Determining Total Quantity........................................................ 3 EPA Hierarchy of Solid Waste Disposal...................................................... 3 Container Size............................................................................................. 4 Tonnage...................................................................................................... 4 Worksheet 1: Waste Quantity Worksheet.................................................. 5 Composition............................................................................... 6 Plastic Identification Codes........................................................................ 6 Some Advice About Determining Quantities.............................................. 7 Notes to Worksheet 2................................................................................ 7 Worksheet 2: Waste Composition Data Sheet......................................... 8 Determining Costs.................................................................... 12 Disposal Costs........................................................................................... 12 Associated Costs....................................................................................... 13 Packaging Waste vs. Process Waste..................................... 13 Packaging Waste.................................................................................... 14 Process Waste.......................................................................................... 14 Worksheet 3: Disposal Costs Worksheet................................................. 16 Worksheet 4: True Cost Worksheet......................................................... 17

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Recommendations for Waste Reduction............................... 18 What to do First........................................................................................ 18 Subject Page Corrugated Cardboard-Recycling Options................................................ 18 Pallet Reduction, Reuse, Recycling Options............................................. 21 Office Paper Waste Reduction.................................................................. 23 Other Packaging Materials........................................................................ 24 Metal Wastes............................................................................................ 25 Good Operating Practices and Housekeeping.......................................... 26 Where Do We Go From Here................................................... 27 General Opportunities for Waste Reduction............................................. 27 Appendices............................................................................... 30 Appendix A: Selected Material Exchanges in US..................................... 31 Appendix B: Recycling Markets Listing.................................................... 32 Appendix C: Sample Corporate Policy Statement.................................... 39 Appendix D: KPPC Fax-Back Form......................................................... 41

Kentucky Industrial Materials Exchange Form..................... 42

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Table of Figures Figure Number and Title Page Figure 1: Solid Waste Sources................................................................. 2 Figure 2: Materials Generated in MSW by Weight, 1994.......................... 6 Figure 3: Kentucky Area Development Districts........................................ 38

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Table of Tables Table Number and Title Page Table 1: Plastic Identification Codes.......................................................... 6 Table 2: General Information and Conversion Factors.............................. 10 Table 3: Estimated Weights of OCC.......................................................... 19 Table 4: Pallet Estimates........................................................................... 22 Table 5: Metal Waste Estimates................................................................. 25

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PREFACE What is the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center (KPPC)? The Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center (KPPC) at the University of Louisville is funded in part by the hazardous waste generation fee industry pays each year. We exist to help you prevent pollution in your industrial process. We do this by delivering environmental training, on-site waste assessments, applied research, and technical information to industry and business in Kentucky. KPPC is your industrial pollution prevention resource, offering services to business and industry throughout the Commonwealth. We’re multimedia because you are. You name the waste stream, we’ll work with you to reduce it...solid waste, hazardous waste, or releases to air, land, and water--we do it all. We use experienced engineers, manufacturing sector specialists, and faculty expertise on KPPC projects. Our services are provided at your request. Our work for you is strictly confidential and completely free of any involvement with regulatory agencies or compliance efforts. When we complete a project for you, the report becomes yours. Do with it what you want. We don’t share it with anyone, we don’t talk about it, and we don’t allow access to KPPC project files. We are confidential. Period. WHY ARE YOU (WE) DOING THIS? THE PURPOSE OF THIS WORKBOOK IS TO REDUCE THE AMOUNT OF SOLID (NON-HAZARDOUS) WASTE GOING INTO LANDFILLS. This book will also lead you through a solid waste reduction assessment. After you fill in all the blanks, the book will provide your company with: • A description of the solid waste streams at the facility; • Quantities generated and cost estimates; • The operations or processes that generate these wastes; • A list of specific and general suggestions for waste reduction; • Sources for additional technical information on recycling, reclaiming and

disposal of waste at or away from the facility; and • Information needed to develop and implement a continuing waste reduction

program. We expect a large and diverse group of industries to use this workbook. Their individual circumstances and needs will vary widely. So, this workbook will help many companies and some companies will need information not found in this

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document. Therefore, you may expect other editions of this workbook in the future. Disclaimer Neither the authors of this solid waste workbook, the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center, the University of Louisville nor persons acting on their behalf: a. Make any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the use of any information contained in this document, or that the use of any apparatus, method or process disclosed may not infringe privately-owned rights; or b. assume any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages resulting from use of any information, apparatus, method, or process disclosed in this document. The use of specific brand names or products is not an endorsement by the University of Louisville or the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center. Introduction Congratulations! You have decided to make an important contribution to the environment and your company. We designed this workbook to help you assess your company’s solid waste situation and to help guide your efforts to reduce that waste and the associated costs. The chart below shows typical percentages of solid waste that comes from business and industry. The chart depicts why it’s important to address the waste at manufacturing plants and commercial businesses.

Commercial27%

Industrial29%

Special 3%Other 3%

Residential 38%

Figure 1: Typical Solid Waste Sources Kentucky’s State Reduction Goal

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Kentucky has a per capita goal of a 25% reduction in solid waste disposed in landfills by 1997. This goal is not achievable solely through reductions in residential waste, but will require the cooperation of business and industry to be successful. This is a state-wide goal and the strategy of reduce, reuse, and recycle is the key to success. Your company may already have a pollution prevention program in place or you may be starting from scratch. Either way, once you complete this workbook, you will know more about your company’s solid waste. You will have a valuable tool to reduce waste. This workbook can also serve as a benchmark to measure future progress and as a quick reference on industrial-commercial solid waste. Give yourself some time to complete this workbook, but don’t get stuck in one area too long. When in doubt, make a good estimate.

This isn’t rocket science we’re talking about here!

Determining Total Quantity Your fist step in reducing solid waste is to determine the quantity of solid waste generated at your facility. The goal is to reduce the amount of industrial solid waste going to landfills an/or incinerators by following the solid waste hierarchy. EPA Hierarchy of Solid Waste Disposal

Reduce` Reuse

Recycle Compost Incinerate

Landfill

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Container Size If you don’t know the size of your dumpster (in cubic yards), you can call your waste hauler and ask or you can measure the container yourself using the following formula: L x W x H = size in cubic yards (cu. yards) 27 Where: L = Length in feet W = Width in feet H = Height in feet This formula will give you the cubic yardage that is the standard unit of measurement in solid waste. Standard sizes are 6 and 8 cu. yd. for front loaded dumpsters; 20, 30, and 40 cu. yd for open top roll-offs; and 42 cu. yd. for compactors. There are also several other sizes on the market. If your company is using a dump truck or similar vehicle, the same formula applies to determining the capacity of the vehicle. Tonnage Worksheet 1 will help determine your solid waste generation. All landfills in Kentucky must have scales in place. Your waste hauler may have accurate tonnage for your facility’s waste stream. Sometimes landfill operators maintain these amounts. If those numbers are available, skip to Columns I and J of Worksheet 1 and enter the appropriate totals. Dumpsters with capacities of 8 cu. yds. or smaller are generally emptied into a larger truck on-site without any provision for weighing. If your facility uses the smaller sizes, you will need to use the worksheet to estimate tonnage. Why is volume important? “No landfill ever closed because it was too heavy!”

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Composition Yard Waste 18%

Other Metals 7%

Aluminum 1%

Glass 7%

Plastic 8%

Food 7%Other 15%

Paper 37%

Figure 3: Material Generated in MSW by Weight, 1994 Now that we have a working estimate of the total tonnage (or cu. yds.), we need to determine the types of materials. Then we can prioritize waste streams for reduction. Worksheet 2 will help you make some estimates of the amounts of various materials in the waste stream. Since we know our total (either in tons or cu. yds.), we will assign some percentages to the different materials and end up with an estimate of the amount of each material. Plastic Identification Codes Table 1: Plastic Identification Codes

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SOME ADVICE ABOUT DETERMINING QUANTITIES 1. Estimate the large percentage materials first and work through to the smallest. 2. Your percentages will not be exactly 100 percent. Make your estimates as accurately as possible. If the total is between 95% and 105% you’re doing OK. If the total is outside this range, adjust your percentages and try again. Remember this isn’t rocket science! Notes to Worksheet 2 1. The shaded column titled “Total Waste” is the “Total” from Worksheet 1. Express the amount in tons or pounds. If the amount is in cu. yds., we can easily convert it. 2. The conversion factors in Table 2 will convert cubic yards to pounds. 3. The solid waste composition numbers are generated on a per week basis for convenience. If a different time unit is easier for you, feel free to change. 4. The column labeled “Source and Description” identifies the source of the waste. “Injection molding runners” or “cores from newsprint rolls” are examples. 5. The “Plastic” section contains rows numbered 1 through 7. These numbers identify specific types of plastic containers nationwide. You can find the numbers in the three chasing arrow recycling symbol on many plastics like food and drink containers. Table 1 matches the numbers with the plastic types and lists some examples. Most plastics used in industry do not have these labels. We are presenting the numbering system to help familiarize you.

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Worksheet 2: Waste Composition Data Sheet

Waste Type % of Total

x Total Waste

Yard3 per Week

Conver. Factor

Total Wt. per Week

Source and Description

tons/lbs Cardboard (OCC) Gaylords Filters Filter Cake Oil / Other Paint Other Food Wastes Glass Container - Brown Container - Clear Container - Green Laminated Paint Other Metals Aluminum Brass Copper Ferrous Other Paper Gen. Office Paper Computer - White Computer - Green Bar Newsprint Other Plastic 1 - PET 2 - HDPE 3 - PVC 4 - LDPE 5 - PP 6 - PS 7 - Other Stretch Wrap Other

Worksheet #2 is on the other side.

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Worksheet 2: Waste Composition Data Sheet

Continued from previous side.

Waste Type % of Total

x Total Waste

Yard3 per Week

Conver. Factor

Total Wt. per Week

Source and Description

tons/lbs Rubber Cured Uncured Other Textile Gloves Rags Other Waste Oil Wood Construction Dunnage Pallets Other Yard Waste Brush Grass / Leaves Other Other 1 2

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Table 2: General Information and Conversion Factors Cans: Aluminum, Whole Loose 1 yard3 = 70 lbs Aluminum, Flattened 1 yard3 = 1500 - 2000 lbs Aluminum, Whole 1 Full Grocery Bag = 1.5 lbs Aluminum, Whole 1 55 Gallon Bag = 13 - 20 lbs Steel, Whole 1 yard3 = 190 - 230 lbs Steel, Flattened 1 yard3 = 4000 - 5500 lbs Cardboard: Cardboard Boxes, Loose 1 yard3 = 40 - 50 lbs Cardboard Boxes, Loose Flattened 1 yard3 = 275 - 300 lbs Cardboard, Baled 1 yard3 = 550 - 850 lbs Energy: 3,415 BTU 1 kilowatt hour 0.746 kilowatt 1 HP Used Tires 14,000 BTU per lbs Low Grade Fuel Oil 130,000 BTU per gallon 1 gallon of Oil 38 kilowatt hours Dry Hardwood 16,000,000 BTU per ton Dry Hardwood 4,685 kilowatt hours per ton Dry Hardwood 16,000 lbs of Steam (@ 212OF) per ton Burning 220 tons of Dry Hardwood 1 ton of Ash Food Wastes: Garbage, Not Compacted 1 yard3 = 400 - 450 lbs Solid & Liquid Fats 1 55 gallon Drum = 400 - 415 lbs Glass: Glass, Whole Bottles 1 Full Grocery Bag = 16 lbs Glass, Whole Bottles 1 yard3 = 500 - 600 lbs Glass, Semi-Crushed 1 yard3 = 1000 - 1800 lbs Glass, Crushed 1 yard3 = 1800 - 2500 lbs Paper: Computer Paper, Loose 1 yard3 = 500 - 600 lbs Computer Paper, Compacted 1 yard3 = 1000 - 1200 lbs Bond Paper, Loose 1 yard3 = 400 - 500 lbs Bond Paper, Compacted 1 yard3 = 750 - 950 lbs Newspaper 12” Stack ≅ 35 lbs Newspaper, Loose 1 yard3 = 350 - 500 lbs Newspaper, Compacted 1 yard3 = 750 - 1000 lbs

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Table 2: General Information and Conversion Factors Plastic: PET Bottles, Whole Loose 1 yard3 = 30 - 40 lbs PET Bottles, Whole Loose 1 Gaylord = 40 - 53 lbs PET Bottles, Baled 30” X 48” X 60” = 500 lbs PET Bottles, Granulated 1 Gaylord = 700 - 750 lbs PET Bottles, Granulated 1 Truck-Load = 44,000 lbs HDPE Bottles, Whole Loose 1 yard3 = 24 lbs HDPE Bottles, Baled 30” X 48” X 60” = 500 - 800 lbs HDPE Bottles, Granulated 1 Gaylord = 800 - 1000 lbs HDPE Bottles, Granulated 1 Truck-Load = 42,000 lbs Mixed PET & HDPE, Whole Loose 1 yard3 = 32 lbs Mixed Solid Granulated 1 yard3 = 1600 lbs Stretch Wrap Film, Baled 30” X 42” X 60” = 1100 lbs Yard Wastes: Leaves, Piled 1 yard3 = 250 - 300 lbs Leaves, Compacted 1 yard3 = 550- 600 lbs Grass Clippings 1 yard3 = 400 -450 lbs Wood Chips 1 yard3 = 500 - 525 lbs Miscellaneous: Passenger Car Tires ≅ 22 lbs each Truck Tires ≅ 60 lbs each Used Motor Oil ≅ 7 lbs per gallon

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Determining Costs There are two broad areas of costs that we need to consider. Disposal Costs: • Container Rental; • Pull Fee or Hauling charge; and • Tipping Fee. Associated Costs: • Raw Material Costs; • Labor Costs; • Utility Costs (Electricity for equipment); and • Equipment Costs (Balers, Shredders, etc.). Disposal Costs + Associated Costs = TRUE COSTS Disposal Costs Let’s define some terms. Container Rental Fee is the monthly fee for having a dumpster or compactor on-site. Pull Fee is the cost for transporting your waste to the landfill, incinerator, or other facility. Disposal Tipping Fee is the charge for dumping (‘tipping”) a container of waste at a landfill, incinerator, or other facility. The three elements of the disposal costs (i.e., container rental, hauling charge and disposal tipping fee) may not apply in some cases. Generally, six and eight cu. yd. dumpsters are emptied on-site into a compactor truck and a flat fee per pick-up is charged in lieu of both a hauling charge and a tipping fee. There is usually a rental fee for all dumpsters although dedicated recycling dumpsters may be rent-free in exchange for the materials. Worksheet 3 uses information from Worksheet 1 to determine disposal costs. Some companies receive statements from their landfill or hauler itemizing exact costs and tonnage. If this is the case with your company, use the invoice information to complete Worksheet 3. Check with your accounting department to determine if this information is available.

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Associated Costs Financial studies of waste management alternatives usually omit associated costs. When you add disposal costs and the associated costs, more accurate estimates of the true costs results. Determining associated costs does not lend itself easily to standardization on a worksheet. Different companies handle the same materials differently. Within a company, workers may handle a single material in more than one way. It is up to you, as the “cause champion” to estimate the associated costs for the wastes you want to reduce. Record your estimates in the blanks below. For example, if your plant’s efficiency in raw material use is 93%, then 7% of your plant’s raw material costs are associated costs of waste. Associated Costs: Raw Material Costs ___________________________ Labor Costs ___________________________ Utility Costs ___________________________ Equipment ___________________________ The corrugated cardboard-recycling options section shows the steps to make a reasonable estimate of the true costs of cardboard baling. Use this model for other materials. Packaging Waste vs. Process Waste As a rule, solid waste produced in a manufacturing facility will be either packaging waste (from your suppliers) or process waste that results from the manufacturing process. Here are some examples of the two types of wastes: Packaging Waste: Cardboard, pallets, stretch wrap, drums, spools, cores, polystyrene packing material. Process Waste: Sprues (metal, plastic, etc.) paint waste, metal shavings or turnings, filter cake, and textile scrap.

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Packaging Waste

The easiest area to begin reduction will most likely be in packaging waste. Solid waste reduction advocates often refer to packaging wastes as “low hanging fruit." These wastes include cardboard, pallets, and drums. The three BEST ways to reduce packaging wastes at your facility are: • Work with your Suppliers; • Work with your Vendors; and, • Work with your Suppliers. The individuals or companies that are “suppliers” or “vendors’ are really subcontractors. They provide the materials and services essential to the production of the products you sell to your customers. Work with your subcontractors as if they were your partners. Do your customers a favor...work with them to reduce their packaging and shipping wastes... See recommendations for waste reduction section for specific guidelines for reducing packaging waste. Process Waste The hierarchy of Reduce, Reuse, Recycle applies to process waste also. Making process changes to reduce waste usually requires a thorough investigation of costs, alternatives and results. Successful companies spend great amounts of time and energy perfecting processes. So there is understandable reluctance in altering processes. Rushing into your boss’s office and announcing your plans to redesign the manufacturing process to reduce solid waste will not endear you to your superiors. Proceed thoughtfully. In-house reuse of process wastes has been a common practice of industry for years. This practice is not always considered diversion from landfills. As disposal costs increase, reuse of previously discarded waste from one industry by another is becoming more common.

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It is not within the scope of this workbook to address the myriad of different processes. However, there are several rules of thumb regarding process waste. • Income from marketing recyclable process waste is always less than the

purchase of raw material. • If you observe significant amounts of product in the recycling bin and

dumpster, there is a process problem. • Waste prevention closely relates to total quality management. A good quality

program will encourage waste reduction. • Material exchanges exist to help industries reduce process waste going to the

landfill. Material exchanges typically maintain lists of materials available and material wanted. Subscribers use the services to move or procure these materials. Appendix A contains a list of material exchanges currently operating in the U.S. In Kentucky, the Kentucky Pollution Prevention Center operates a new exchange called the Kentucky Industrial Materials Exchange, KIME. To participate in this exchange, complete the KIME form located in Appendix D and return it to KPPC. KPPC will never publish your company name and specific location in the exchange.

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Recommendations for Waste Reduction What to do First From the data you have gathered on the various worksheets, you can determine which materials cost your company the most to dispose. You probably have a pretty good idea of the materials you want to reduce first. Some words to the wise before starting: • Go for the easy stuff first. Packaging material usually provides the easiest

reduction opportunities and thus the greatest potential for savings. • Get management support for your efforts. • Team work is essential. You will need help from purchasing, maintenance,

custodial, as well as other departments. • Find markets before collecting recyclables. • Talk to the brokers and recyclers to make sure you meet their quality and

quantity requirements. The next sections address some very common materials that may be present in your facility. The appendix lists many references for information. Use it. Corrugated Cardboard-Recycling Options Markets for Old Corrugated Containers (OCC) are not difficult to find. There are buyers found throughout the state. However, the value of your OCC will vary according to: • The market demand; • The condition of the OCC (i.e., no oil, dirt or foreign contamination); • Availability of bales and bale size; and • Your proximity to markets.

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Other factors to consider: • In an effort to reduce the amount of wastes landfilled, counties may enact

ordinances to ban OCC or levy surcharges on mixed loads containing cardboard. This is the case in many states.

• The positive side of recycling OCC is that you save money and avoid hauling

and disposal cost. You will reduce your impact on the environment. What kind of recycling program should you establish? You have several options: • Flatten OCCs and collect them in a dedicated dumpster. • Collect and bale it. • Collect OCC in a dedicated compactor. • Deliver OCC to a local recycler. • Arrange for a recycler to pick up your OCC. The options you choose will largely depend on how much recyclable cardboard you generate. Table 3 estimates the weight for OCC in various sized dumpsters. Your dumpster will likely contain a mixture of materials. If so, make an estimate of the percentage of OCC in the dumpster. The figures below assume that the boxes are flat. Table 3: Estimated Weights of OCC

Size in Cubic Yards

Pounds if 25% OCC

Pounds if 50% OCC

Pounds if 75% OCC

Pounds if 100% OCC

6 250 450 675 900

8 300 600 900 1200

20 750 1500 2250 3000

30 1125 2250 3375 4500

40 1500 3000 4500 6000

After you determine tonnage, contact a recycler and make sure you discuss the following in detail: • Will the recycler accept loose OCC? If so, at what price?

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• What size bale will return the best price? • Will the recycler pick up the OCC? • Does the recycler require you to deliver the OCC? Note: Some recyclers will provide a baler and maintain it at no cost. If you use this service you will receive a lower price (or no price) for the OCC and the recycler supplying the baler may be your only customer for the material. This may be the best deal for your company. However, be prepared to negotiate. If baling cardboard seems practicable, determine the size and type of baler that best suits your facility: Vertical Balers Horizontal Balers Pounds per Bale 300 1,000 1,500 1,200 1,500 2,000

Size in feet3 15 50 84 52 57 64

Estimated Cost 4,750 8,900 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000

Horse Power 5 10 15 25 30 40

Vertical balers handle about 25 tons per month. For amounts above 25 tons per month, consider a horizontal baler. The horizontal baler produces a smaller bale that requires less storage space. You may store bales outside on a hard surface. Rain usually will not harm them. Example: You purchase a vertical baler that produces 1000 pound bales. The other costs you must consider are: • Labor to load and tie bales = approx. 40 minutes (.67 hours) per bale. • Bailing wire @ $.80 to $1.00 per bale. • Electrical power will average $.75 to $1.20 per bale. • Maintenance costs are approximately 1% (of the baler’s initial cost)/year. Now you can estimate costs for your operation.

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Cost of Baling Cardboard for Recycling Amortization = Cost of Baler $ Divided by 5* = $

Cost of Wire = $ .85 X Bales per year = $

Cost of Electricity = $1.00 X Bales per year = $

Cost of Maintenance = .01 X $ Cost of Baler = $

Labor Cost = .67 X $ per hour X Bales per year = $

Total Annual Cost = $ .

* Baler will last much longer than 5 years, this is just a convenient number.

Revenue From Sale of Cardboard

12 X tons per month X $ per ton = $ per year.

Annual Revenue From Sale of Cardboard $

Plus Annual Savings in Disposal Cost $

Total $

Minus Cost of Baling Cardboard $

Net Savings or <LOSS> $

Pallet Reduction, Reuse, Recycling Options Pallet manufacturers make approximately 700 million wooden pallets each year in the U.S. Pallets weigh between 40 to 60 pounds each and cost between $5 and $20 each. Cost depends on size and type. Reducing unnecessary disposal of usable wooden pallets extends the life of our landfills and save dollars for industry. Pallets are one of the most common waste streams in industry. If you receive pallets from your supplier, you need to reduce usage, reuse them as many times as possible, and recycle the unusable ones. If you do not separate pallets by size, you will probably not have a good pallet management plan. Fill in Table 4 to create an estimate of the number and size of pallets that your company receives from suppliers and/or purchases from vendors. Table 4: Pallet Estimates

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Example Example Size 36 X 42 45 X 60

Quantity P20 D10 NOTE: P = procuring, D = disposing of, and the number indicates monthly average. Reduce • You may use slip-sheets instead of pallets in some applications. Using slip

sheets works well with some materials. Many large purchasers, like K-Mart, require their suppliers to ship their products on slip sheets.

Reuse Switch to durable, permanent pallets and/or racks. These pallets usually last longer than wooden ones. A well-designed unit will: • Be easy to load and unload. • Protect the products during shipping. • Store, protect, and deliver product to assembly. • Nest pallets when they are empty to reduce the space required to accumulate

and return them. If you need help designing or making returnable shipping containers or racks, The Thomas Registry and other manufacturers indices will list sources for reusable pallets and custom designed containers. • Determine if you can use your incoming wooden pallets to ship outgoing

products or if your customer will return them for reuse. • Repair damaged wood pallets. Repair costs are usually much less than

replacement costs. Repairing pallets can be a part time or temporary job for employees with idle time.

Recycle • Determine if you need hardwood pallets. Pallets made from recycled

cardboard are available. These pallets weigh less than wood and may reduce freight charges. You can bale these pallets with other cardboard when they are no longer useable.

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• Pallets made from pressed wood and other recycled materials are gaining

popularity. Office Paper Waste Reduction There are several rules of thumb for office paper reduction and recycling: • Fifty or more office employees usually generate enough waste paper to

support pickup service from a commercial recycler (assuming one is nearby). • Between 50 and 74 percent of the office paper that you purchase ends up as

waste paper. • Each person produces up to a full pound of paper waste per day. Recycling The return on recycling of office paper is usually not significant, but an opportunity to save money exists. A program in the office ensures that everyone participates in waste reduction efforts. Here is a list of ideas that will help you. • Do not have a paper copy and hard drive copy of the same document. Use a

diskette to replace paper copies. Keeping a copy of everything you write is a practice left over from the manual typewriter and carbon paper days. Today, this practice benefits the manufacturers of filing cabinets and paper.

• Use the computer network and e-mail (if available) for inter-office memos. If

you need paper copies, use routing slips or stamps rather than multiple copies.

• When hard copies of more than a single page are absolutely necessary, copy

(print) on both sides of every sheet. This practice ensures a 50 percent saving in paper costs.

• Use obsolete forms or used paper (printed on one-sided) for rough drafts. • Separate paper into at least three categories: white ledger, old newsprint

(ONP), and computer print out (CPO). Discuss separation practices with the vendor that will take your office paper.

• Envelopes are not recyclable because of adhesives on them. Mail all letters

going to one address in a single large envelope. Tri-folding and stapling or taping letters will eliminate the envelope, reduce waste, and save money.

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• If your company generates a small quantity of useable, waste paper, consider

giving it to local schools. • Avoid buying paper that is not recyclable. Purchase paper with the maximum

recycled content. Other Packaging Materials As with all materials, reduction is the first choice. Work with your suppliers to eliminate excess packaging. Below are some suggestions for other packaging wastes: • Expanded polystyrene, styrofoam, is recyclable in various states in the U.S.

Getting styrofoam to a recycler is expensive because the weight to volume ratio of this material is very low. Reducing styrofoam to chips and using a blower to fill a truck trailer seems to be the best shipping method.

See Appendix B for a list of possible styrofoam markets. Consider cooperating with another company in your area to combine volumes for a sufficient quantity. • You must bale stretch wrap to recycle it. A baler suitable for cardboard will

work for stretch wrap. Stretch wrap requires significant quantities to make bales. You will need floor space to store the bales. Recyclers will generally not take stretch wrap bales contaminated with stickers, tape, or staples.

Stretch wrap recyclers usually require 1000 lbs. bales and prefer a minimum of five bales at a time. (See Appendix B) • Sell steel strapping to the a local scrap metal dealer. The dealer may want

long strap cut into shorter lengths. You can find barrel mounted cutters in the Thomas Register.

• Consider replacing steel, plastic, and fiber drums with returnable containers.

Many industries purchase materials like inks, paints, adhesives, and detergents in bulk, returnable containers at significant savings. Returnable plastic totes in metal frames are a good alternative to drums. Ask your supplier for totes.

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Metal Wastes Metal wastes include turnings, chips, fines, slugs, bar ends, and other process wastes. This waste stream will also contain pieces of machinery and unidentifiable metal from the maintenance department. Damaged and defective parts and assemblies from manufacturing will add to metal waste streams. Many industries sell nearly all metal wastes to a nearby scrap dealer for recycling. This practice has been prevalent since the “scrap metal drives” of World War II. Manufacturers tend to view this waste stream as unavoidable. Completing the following table will provide you with a good estimate of the types and amounts of wastes you recycle. Table 5: Metal Waste Estimates

Material Description

Pounds per Month

Material Cost per lb

Labor & Overhead

Cost per Month

Cost per Year

Aluminum Assemblies Brass Chromium Copper Iron & Steel Lead Scrap Parts Sub-Assemblies Zinc Other Items Subtract the revenue from the sale of the materials. This amount is the true cost of the waste stream. Usually there is a big difference in your raw material costs and the scrap dealer's payment. Careful and continuous review of manufacturing processes, product and tooling design, and input from purchasing, quality control, maintenance and manufacturing can lead to impressive savings and avoided costs. Other practices can improve the small return from metal recycling. • Keep the materials separated from solid waste, and • Drain and reuse the cutting oil from turnings and chips. Good Operating Practices and Housekeeping

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Facility managers often blame poor operating practices and poor housekeeping on lack of time, shortage of working space and storage space, inadequate or missing tools, and leaking equipment. Too often “the second shift” is responsible for on-going problems. The truth is that all the above are due to a lack of attention to details and habits developed over time. Many industries target the following areas for improvement. Improvements will reduce waste generation and produce a more efficient and productive operation. Consider the following suggestions: • Solicit employee advice for waste reduction ideas. • Employees who intimately understand their part of a business’s operations

are able to specifically identify ways to reduce waste. Management should offer incentives to employees to help reduce expensive, unnecessary waste generation.

• Improve production scheduling and planning. • Maximize batch size. Longer runs equal less change-over/clean-up waste.

This also applies to your labor and overhead costs. • Dedicate equipment to a single product and never make a “change-over.”

Example: You are painting red wagons and blue wagons on the same shift. Provide a paint gun for each color.

• Alter batch sequencing to reduce cleaning frequency. Example: Another

way to paint your wagons is to paint all the blue ones first or all the red ones first.

Common sense? Certainly it is and that is all you need to solve most problems including waste reduction. Here are some more suggestions to consider: • Good inventory control to eliminate shelf-life wastes. • Avoid over stocking raw material or component parts to prevent damaging or

obsolescence. • Material and waste tracking should be part of a good inventory control

system. • Accurate cost accounting and cost allocation. • Know the actual costs for all waste streams.

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• Cost of acquisition for raw materials that become wastes. • Labor and overhead costs invested in waste management operations. • The cost of disposal or recycling. When you allocate waste treatment and disposal costs to the operations that generate the waste, it is easier to assign priorities and to target specific areas for corrective action. Where Do We Go From Here? General Opportunities for Waste Reduction The way to take advantage of opportunities is to establish a program to identify and capitalize on them. Economic incentives for a continuing waste-reduction program exist, but are often not recognized. These incentives will become more apparent as businesses expand, regulatory pressures increase, landfills close, current disposal practices prohibited, and labor and material costs rise. Some other significant incentives include: • Conserving Resources and Protecting the Environment • Reducing Liability • Easing Regulatory Compliance • Maintaining a Good Public Image The essential elements of an effective company-wide program are: • Top Management Commitment and Support • Explicitly Defined Program and Objectives • Accurate Accounting of Waste Stream Costs • A Company-wide Pollution Prevention Philosophy • Information and Technology Resources • Periodic Program Evaluation and Reassessment

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None of the elements are measurably more important than another. A successful program will effectively incorporate all elements. Once you establish a program, the goals must be: • Understandable; • Acceptable to those who will work to achieve them; • Flexible to adapt to changing requirements; • Measurable over time; • Suitable to the overall corporate goals; and • Achievable with a practicable level of effort. Top management commitment must endorse a formal policy statement signed by the CEO or from the Directors. An example is in Appendix C. Defining a Waste Reduction Program ideally involves a company-wide assessment of waste generation by a diverse “Task Force” of employees. The Task Force should determine: • What wastes are generated; • What operations or processes generate them; • Quantity and cost of each waste stream; and • Corporate priority for initiating reduction efforts, according to stated goals. Individually evaluate each opportunity to determine the waste stream you will reduce first. The assessment will identify a number of OPPORTUNITIES similar to those listed in this workbook. Once you identify opportunities, persons most familiar with the operation should evaluate several options for each waste stream. An evaluation team can judge the options according to criteria like implementation cost, disruption of normal operations, technical difficulty, etc. This team should recommend an implementation plan. There are many sources of technical information. They include state technical assistance programs, EPA’s information services and publications, environmental equipment and service vendors, and consulting firms. To receive help from KPPC, fax the request sheet located in Appendix D to us.

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The final element of a successful waste reduction program is continuous evaluation and updating. Build plans for future waste minimization efforts on past successes and current efforts. Objectively observe and consider: • The program’s actual costs and savings compared with initial estimates and, • The impact on waste reduction efforts on:

• composition of the waste streams; • quantities of the waste streams; • cost of waste management; • production capacity and product quality; • production costs, including raw materials; • utility and maintenance costs; • health and safety exposure of workers and community; and • corporate environmental, health and safety liability.

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Appendices Appendix A: Selected Material Exchanges in U.S. Appendix B: Recycling Markets Listing Appendix C: Sample Corporate Policy Statement Appendix D: KPPC Fax-Back Form Kentucky Industrial Materials Exchange Form

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Appendix A: Selected Material Exchanges in the U.S. Indiana Waste Exchange Mr. James Britt Recyclers Trade Network P.O. Box 454 Carmel, IN 46032 (317) 574-6505 Industrial Materials Exchange Service Ms. Diane Shockey P.O. Box 19276 #34 Springfield, IL 62794-9276 (217) 782-0450 Fax: (217) 524-4959 Southeast Waste Exchange Ms. Maxie May UNCC Urban Institute Charlotte, NC 28223 (704) 547-4289 Fax: (704) 547-3178 Wastelink Division of Tencon, Inc. Ms. Mary E. Malotke 140 Wooster Pike Milford, OH 45150 (513) 248-0012 Fax: (513) 248-1094

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Appendix B: Recycling Markets Listing Cardboard and/or Paper Recycling Centers Danville, Kentucky - Louisville, Kentucky - Hal-Co Enterprises Browning Ferris Industries 115 E. Main Street Mr. Brian Slade Danville, KY 40422 P.O. Box 43729 (606) 236-7177 Louisville, KY 40253-0729 (502) 245-1234 Mid-State Recycling Co. 1050 Stanford Ave. Jefferson Smurfit Danville, KY 40422 Reclamation Division (606) 238-4136 750 South 11th Street Louisville, KY 40210 Lexington, Kentucky - (502) 583-1729 BFI Recycling Systems Louisville Recycling 289 Blue Sky PKY 2000 Recycling Blvd. Lexington, KY 40509 Louisville, KY 40219 (606) 263-2000 (502) 969-3846 Baker Iron and Metal Co. Superior Box Company 717 N. Limestone 2501 W. Maple Street Lexington, KY 40508 Louisville, KY 40211 (606) 255-5676 (502) 728-6661 Commonwealth Aluminum Center Nicholasville, Kentucky - 585 E. 3rd Street Lexington, Ky 40505 Nicholasville Recycling Center (606) 252-1237 214 E. Maple Street Nicholasville, KY 40356 Con Robbinson Contracting Inc. (606) 887-8078 4500 Harrodsburg Road Lexington, KY 40513 Nashville, Tennessee - (606) 223-3051 Jefferson Smurfit Lexington Recycling Center 707 19th Ave. N. 845 Angliana Ave Nashville, TN 37203 Lexington, KY 40508 (615) 329-4855 (606) 231-7770 Appendix B: Recycling Markets Listing

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Cardboard and/or Paper Recycling Centers Nashville, Tennessee - New Albany, Indiana - National Paper Recycling Inc. Riverside Recycling 815 6th Ave. N. 1001 Floyd Street Nashville, TN 37219 New Albany, IN 47150 (615) 242-3228 (812) 948-1323 Packaging Corp. of America 100 River Drive Nashville, TN 37210 (615) 889-0605 Pallet Recyclers Evansville, Indiana - Louisville, Kentucky - A-1 Pallets Bluegrass Pallet Co. 1801 Maryland 4632 Knopp Ave. Evansville, IN 47712 Louisville, KY 40213 (812) 425-0381 (502) 366-1384 Lexington, Kentucky - David Wooten Pallets 1368 Hemlock Street Acorn Industries Inc. Louisville, KY 40211 1 Acorn Lane Morehead (502) 778-3225 Lexington, KY 47712 (606) 784-9003 Southeast Pallet Recyclers 5005 Crittenden Drive Industrial Pallet Brokers Louisville, KY 40213 Old Frankfort Pike (502) 774-1102 Lexington, KY 40504 (606) 255-9733 Appendix B: Recycling Markets Listing

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Pallet Recyclers New Albany, Indiana - Smith’s Grove, Kentucky - J & J Pallet Co. Timber Products 1903 E. Main Street 18577 Louisville Road New Albany, IN 47150 Smith’s Grove, KY 42171 (502) 944-8670 (502) 749-4296 Shelbyville, Kentucky - Monroe Pallet & Mfg Co. 41 Pearce Indl Park Shelbyville, Ky 40065 (502) 633-1227 Stretch Wrap Recycler Tenneco Packaging Mr. Paul McIntosh 500 E. Superior Jacksonville, Illinois 62650 (217) 479-1249 Styrofoam Recyclers Expanded Polystyrene Hotline The Association of Foam Packaging Recyclers 1-800-944-8448 The Alliance of Foam Packaging Recyclers (202) 371-2491

Note: The lists on the preceding pages do not include all recyclers. For a more complete list of recyclers by county in Kentucky, contact: The Kentucky Recycling & Marketing Assistance Group at (502) 564-6716. Also, contact the appropriate county solid waste coordinator from the following list:

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Willard Meyers James Ritchey Harve Couch Adair Co. SW Coordinator Anderson Co. SW Coordinator Bell Co. SW Coordinator 424 Public Sq. Suite 1 Anderson County Courthouse P.O. Box 1067 Columbia, KY 42738 Lawrenceburg, KY 40232 Pineville, KY 40977 (502) 384-4703 (502) 839-7642 (606) 337-7035 Mary Shinkle Nickie Blanton Donna Fechter Boone Co. SW Coordinator Boyd Co. SW Coordinator Boyle Co. SW Coordinator P.O. Box 900 Boyd County Courthouse Danville City Hall Burlington, KY 41005 Catlettsburg, KY 41129 Danville, KY 40422 (606) 334-2279 (606) 739-5753 (606) 238-1200 Doug Salyers Lewis Orange James Oliver Breathitt Co. SW Coordinator Butler Co. SW Coordinator Caldwell Co. SW Coordinator Breathitt County Courthouse P.O. Box 626 272 Lemon Street Jackson, KY 51339 Morgantown, KY 41129 Princetown, KY 42445 (606) 666-3818 (502) 526-3433 or 3958 (502) 365-9048 or 9551 Gil Lynn Donald Oak Andy Greynolds Campbell Co. SW Coordinator Carroll Co. SW Coordinator Casey Co. SW Coordinator Campbell County Courthouse Carroll County Courthouse P.O. Box 306 Newport, KY 41072 Carrollton, KY 41008 Liberty, KY 42539 (606) 292-3838 (502) 732-7019 (606) 787-6154 John Hawkins W.O. Henson Clyde Stearns Christian Co. SW Coordinator Clay Co. SW Coordinator Clinton Co. SW Coordinator Sheriffs Office 115 Court Street Route 5, Box 5336 Courthouse Annex Manchester, KY 40962 Albany, KY 42602 Hopkinsville, KY 42240 (606) 598-2072 (502) 887-4102 Brian Cole Shawna Lemaster James Thacker Daviess Co. SW Coordinator Elliot Co. SW Coordinator Estill Co. SW Coordinator Daviess County Road Dept P.O. Box 729 Estill County Courthouse 2945 KY 54 Sandy Hook, KY 41171-0729 Irvine, KY 40336 Owensboro, KY 42301 (606) 738-5422 (606) 723-7524 (502) 229-4484 Penny McFadden, SW Coordinator Mike Vance Lon May Fayette/Lexington Urban Gov. SW Coordinator Ecology Officer Department of Public Works Floyd County Courthouse Annex Solid Waste Office 200 East Main Street Prestonsburg, KY 41653 Floyd Co. Courthouse Annex Lexington, KY 40507 (606) 886-8060 Prestonsburg, KY 41653 (606) 258-3400 Don Werner Tom Hodges Rod Carlton Franklin Co. SW Coordinator Fulton Co. SW Coordinator Gallatin Co. SW Coordinator 315 West Main, 3rd Floor Route 1 - 2004 By-Pass P.O. Box 144 Frankfort, KY 40601 Hickman, KY 42050 Warsaw, KY 41095-0144 (502) 875-8751 (502) 236-3480 or 2574 (606) 567-5691 Kevin Estridge Jonathon Wagnor Bobby G. Curry Grant Co. SW Coordinator Grayson Co. SW Coordinator Green Co. SW Coordinator Grant County Courthouse 10 Public Square 203 West Court Street Williamstown, Ky 41097 Leitchfield, KY 42754 Greensburg, KY 42743 (606) 823-7561, 824-7131 or 6326 (502) 259-3159 (502) 932-6515 Lonnie Adkins, JR Larry G. Sosh Tim Asher, Director Greenup Co. SW Coordinator Hancock Co. SW Coordinator Hardin Co. Planning & Greenup County Courthouse P.O. Box 277 Development Commission Greenup, KY 41144 Hawesville, KY 42348 14 Public Square (606) 473-5664 (502) 927-8137 or 8777 Elizabethtown, KY 42701 (502) 769-5479

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Lakis Mavinidis Clyde Hicks Bill Hack Harlan Co. SW Coordinator Harrison Co. SW Coordinator Hart Co. SW Coordinator P.O. Box 954 Harrison County Courthouse P.O. Box 13 Harlan, KY 40831 Cynthiana, KY 41031 Munfordville, KY 42765 (606) 573-9423 (606) 234-7150 (502) 528-5490 Terry Maish Pauline Gerard George Cox, Jr. Henderson Co. SW Coordinator Regional SW Coordinator Henry Co. SW Coordinator 5682 Airline Road 5682 Airline Road Henry County Courthouse Henderson, KY 42420 Henderson, KY 42420 New Castle, KY 40050 (606) 826-8843 (606) 827-6027 (502) 845-2891 Scott Smith Brocton D. Ogelsby Bob Schindler Hickman Co. SW Coordinator Hopkins Co. SW Coordinator Jefferson Co. Dept of Hickman County Courthouse P.O. Box 592 Planning & Env Mgmt Clinton, KY 42031 Hopkins County Courthouse 527 West Jefferson Street (502) 653-4369 Madisonville, KY 42431 Louisville, KY 40202 (502) 383-2111 or 821-8294 (502) 574-6602 Bill Canter Willard Burton Ralph Bailey Jessamine Co. SW Coordinator Johnson Co. SW Coordinator Kenton Co. SW Coordinator Jessamine County Courthouse 3077 KY Route 1092 Kenton County Courthouse Nicholasville, KY 40356 Flat Gap, KY 41219 Covington, Ky 41011 (606) 887-8078 (606) 789-2576 (606) 491-2800 Shelby Gayheart Wilma King Mike McCombs Knott Co. SW Coordinator Knox Co. SW Coordinator Larue Co. SW Coordinator Knott County Courthouse P.O. Box 173 Larue County Courthouse P.O. Box 505 Barbourville, KY 40906 Hodgenville, KY 42748 Hindman, KY 41822 (606) 546-6192 (502) 358-4400 (606) 785-5592 Jack Sizemore Eddie Vinson Neeley Back Laurel Co. SW Coordinator Lawrence Co. SW Coordinator Lee Co. SW Coordinator Laurel County Road Dept Lawrence County Courthouse 5534 Highway 2016 108 Tobacco Road Louisa, KY 41230 Beattyville, KY 41311 London, KY 40741 (606) 638-0618 (606) 464-3347 (606) 878-6845 Jack Maggard Mike Gover Denny Harris Leslie Co. SW Coordinator Letcher Co. SW Coordinator Logan Co. SW Coordinator Leslie County Courthouse Letcher County Courthouse Logan County Courthouse P.O. Box 619 Whitesburg, KY 41858 P.O. Box 365 Hyden, KY 41749 (606) 633-2129 Russellville, KY 42276 (606) 672-4103 (502) 726-7220 Lisa Adams Sally Smathers Jerry Hardt Lyon Co. SW Coordinator Madison Co. SW Coordinator Magoffin Co. SW Coordinator Route 1 Box 73 210 South Robins Court Magoffin County Courthouse Eddyville, KY 42038 Richmond, KY 40475 P.O. Box 697 (502) 388-2211 (606) 624-4709 Salyersville, KY 41465 (606) 349-2313 Robert Strow Gary Atkins Mike Cassady Marshall Co. SW Coordinator Marshall Co. SW Coordinator Martin Co. SW Coordinator 1101 Main Street 160 Homer Lucas Lane P.O. Box 309 Benton, KY 42025 Benton, KY 42025 Inez, KY 41224 (502) 527-4744 (502) 527-3173 (606) 298-2800 Diana Berry Pat Stephenson Bradley Waters Mason Co. Recyc SW Coordinator McCracken Co. SW Coordinator McCreary Co. SW Coordinator 7065 Shermanm Clarkson Road 3700 Coleman Road P.O. Box 940 Maysville, KY 41056 Paducah, KY 42001 Whitley City, KY 42653

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(606) 759-5459 (502) 442-4515 (606) 376-2556 Tommy Tucker Jeanne Scott Larry Pitcock Meade Co. SW Coordinator Menifee Co. SW Coordinator Monroe Co. SW Coordinator Meade County Courthouse P.O. Box 143 P.O. Box 59 Brandenburg, KY 40108 Frenchburg, KY 40322 Tompkinsville, KY 42167 (502) 422-2868 (606) 768-3482 (502) 487-6886 or 5505 Denise Redwine Mike Raymer Jim Lemieux Montgomery Co. SW Coordinator Muhlenberg Co. SW Coordinator Nelson Co. SW Coordinator P.O. Box 690 P.O. Box 76 1025 Airport Road Mt Sterling, KY 40353 Graham, KY 42344 Bardstown, KY 40004 (606) 498-8716 (502) 338-2520 (502) 348-1877 Phillip Howard Joe Schoenbachler Charlie Noel Nicholas Co. SW Coordinator Oldham Co. Planning & Zoning Owen Co. SW Coordinator Nicholas County Courthouse 100 West Jefferson Box 200, Ellis Road Carlisle, KY 40311 LaGrange, KY 40031 Owenton, KY 40359 (606) 289-3757 (502) 222-1476 (502) 484-3493 - Home (502) 484-3405 - Office Donley Damron Ora Smith Maurice Moore Pike Co. SW Coordinator Powell Co. SW Coordinator Pulaski Co. SW Coordinator Pike County Courthouse P.O. Box 506 P.O. Box 712 324 Main Street Stanton, KY 40380 Somerset, KY 42501 Pikeville, KY 41501 (606) 663-2834 (606) 677-0320 (606) 432-6247 Nancy Meadows Rodney Hitch J.B. Grider Rockcastle Co. SW Coordinator Rowan Co. SW Coordinator Russell Co. SW Coordinator P.O. Box 755 627 East Main Street Russell County Courthouse Mt. Vernon, KY 40456 Morehead, KY 40351 Jamestown, KY 42629 (606) 256-5315 (606) 784-5151 (502) 343-2112 J. R. Williamson June Lisby John Shipp Scott Co. SW Coordinator Shelby Co. SW Coordinator Taylor Co. SW Coordinator Scott County Courthouse Shelby County Courthouse Taylor County Courthouse Georgetown, KY 40324 Shelbyville, KY 40065 Campbellsvile, KY 42718 (502) 867-3705 (502) 829-5989 (502) 465-7729 James Flood Doug Stevenson Bill Neal Trigg Co. SW Coordinator Warren Co. SW Coordinator Washington Co. SW Coordinator Trigg County Courthouse Warren County Courthouse Washington County Courthouse P.O. Box 672 429 East 10th Street Springfield, KY 40069 Cadiz, KY 42211 Bowling Green, KY 42101 (606) 336-5415 (502) 522-8459 (502) 843-4146 David Frost Jim Whitledge Steve Schwartz Wayne Co. SW Coordinator Webster Co. SW Coordinator Whitley Co. SW Coordinator P.O. Box 257 P.O. Box 155 P.O. Box 237 Monticello, KY 42633 Dixon, KY 41409 Williamsburg, KY 40769 (606) 348-8318 (502) 639-7015 (606) 549-6071 Michael Oliver Cy Brown Wolfe Co. SW Coordinator Woodford Co. Solid Waste Dept. Wolfe County Courthouse Recycling Center P.O. Box 429 220 Beasley Road Campton, KY 41301 Versailles, KY 40383 (606) 668-3040 (606) 873-0660

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Appendix C: Sample Corporate Policy Statement

Example 1 [Your Company] is committed to excellence and leadership in protecting the environment by striving to minimize adverse impacts on the land, air, and water through pollution prevention and energy conservation. We are dedicated to identifying and implementing pollution prevention opportunities through training and awareness building programs for all employees. The attached policy outlines [Your Company]’s corporate policy with respect to environmental and safety issues. We pledge to eliminate or reduce solid wastes and our use of toxic substances and to minimize our use of energy, whenever possible. Prevention of pollution at the source is the preferred alternative. When waste generation is unavoidable, we will recycle, treat, and dispose wastes to minimize undesirable effects on the land, water, and air. Example 2 [Company Name] is committed to continued excellence, leadership and stewardship in protecting the environment. Environmental protection is a top management priority and a responsibility of every employee. In keeping with this policy, our objective as a company is to reduce waste and achieve minimal adverse impacts upon the land, water, and air through excellence in environmental control. The Environmental Guidelines include the following points: Environmental protection is a line responsibility and an important measure of employee performance. In addition, every employee is responsible for environmental protection in the same manner as he or she is for safety. Minimizing or eliminating the generation of waste has been and continues to be a prime consideration in research, process design, and plant operation; and management considers it as important as safety, yield, and quality. Reuse and recycling of materials is given first consideration prior to classification, treatment, and disposal as waste.

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Appendix D

KPPC Fax-Back Form

Kentucky Industrial Materials Exchange Form