waste reduction and recycling guide - recycling - solid...

Prepared for:

Florida Department of Environmental Protection2600 Blair Stone RoadTallahassee, FL 32399

and

Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County7501 N. Jog Road

West Palm Beach, FL 33412

Prepared by:

Kessler Consulting Inc.14620 N. Nebraska Ave., Bldg. D

Tampa, FL 33613813-971-8333

Waste Reduction and Recycling Guidefor Florida Correctional Facilities

January 2004

This guide was prepared as part of the Model Waste Reduction and RecyclingProgram for Florida Detention and Correctional Facilities Project (IG1-12), funded bythe Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP) through a grant to theSolid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (SWA). The project is a partnershipbetween SWA, the Palm Beach County Sheriff’s Office (PBSO), Sumter County, andthe Sumter State Correctional Institution (SCI). SWA retained Kessler Consulting,Inc. (KCI) to provide technical assistance and project coordination.

As part of the project, KCI prepared Waste Reduction Action Plans for the PalmBeach County detention centers and SCI. The recommendations contained in eachplan are based on comprehensive analysis of existing waste management systemsand detailed waste composition studies. KCI also assessed the potential costs andbenefits of a statewide Florida Department of Corrections (FDOC) waste reductionprogram and determined that FDOC could achieve significant cost savings by imple-menting such a program. These completed tasks and documents contributed todevelopment of this guidebook.

In addition to staff members from the project partner organizations, KCI alsowishes to acknowledge and thank James Marion with the New York State Depart-ment of Correctional Services for providing his time and expertise in development ofthis guide.

Preface

Table of Contents1.0 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

2.0 Waste Reduction – What Is It & Why Should I Do It? ............................................... 22.1 Definition of Key Terms and Concepts ..................................................................... 22.2 Benefits of Waste Reduction ...................................................................................... 32.3 Federal, State and Local Requirements .................................................................... 3

3.0 Getting Started ............................................................................................................ 63.1 Waste Reduction Policies and Goals ......................................................................... 63.2 Top Management Support ......................................................................................... 63.3 Waste Reduction Coordinator and Team ................................................................. 73.4 Work Plan .................................................................................................................... 7

4.0 Purchasing and Waste Assessments ........................................................................... 84.1 Purchasing Assessment ............................................................................................... 84.2 Waste Assessment ........................................................................................................ 84.3 Waste Generation and Composition ........................................................................... 94.4 Benchmarking Your Program .................................................................................... 13

5.0 Program Elements ..................................................................................................... 145.1 Criteria for Evaluating Program Options .................................................................. 145.2 Waste Prevention and Material Reuse Opportunities ............................................. 155.3 Material Exchange Opportunities ............................................................................. 155.4 Composting Opportunities ....................................................................................... 155.5 Recycling Opportunities ............................................................................................ 165.6 Environmentally Preferable Purchasing Opportunities .......................................... 18

6.0 Program Design ......................................................................................................... 216.1 Onsite Collection ........................................................................................................ 216.2 Onsite Processing ....................................................................................................... 226.3 Marketing Recyclable Materials ................................................................................ 226.4 Right-sizing Disposal Containers and Service ......................................................... 23

7.0 Education and Promotion ......................................................................................... 24

8.0 Monitoring and Reporting ......................................................................................... 26

continued on next page

Tables

1. Summary of Waste Reduction Benefits .................................................................... 32. Estimated Solid Waste Composition for Correctional Facilities .............................. 113. Program Performance Parameters ........................................................................... 134. Composting Costs at NYDOCS Facilities .................................................................. 165. Recyclable Materials in Typical Correctional Facility Waste Stream ....................... 176. EPP Evaluation Criteria .............................................................................................. 19

Figures

1. Solid Waste Management Hierarchy ......................................................................... 22. Estimated Solid Waste Composition for Florida Correctional Facilities ................. 12

Appendices

A: Information Resources ................................................................................................ 27B: Waste Assessment Form ............................................................................................. 30C: Volume to Weight Conversion Factors ....................................................................... 35D: Waste Prevention and Reuse Options ........................................................................ 37E: Composting Fundamentals ......................................................................................... 39F: Recyclable Materials .................................................................................................... 41G: EPA’s Recommended Recycled-Content Levels ........................................................ 48H: Sample Labels and Flyers ........................................................................................... 52I: Waste Reduction Program Tracking and Reporting Form ......................................... 62

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The opportunity to reduce wasteand decrease waste management costsat federal, state, and local correctionalfacilities located in Florida is tremen-dous. The Florida Department ofCorrections (FDOC) alone employsover 25,000 persons and operates 123facilities with an inmate population ofapproximately 77,300.1 The FederalBureau of Prisons operates sevencorrectional facilities in Florida with anestimated inmate population of 19,900plus 2,400 employees.2 Waste genera-tion measured at two correctionalfacilities in Florida averaged about 4pounds per inmate per day, or 1,450pounds per year.3 Based on this esti-mate, State and Federal correctionalfacilities in Florida generate over 70,000tons of solid waste annually. This doesnot even include county or privatelyoperated facilities.

Correctional facilities dispose ofsignificant amounts of materials thatcould be reused, recycled orcomposted. Based on waste composi-tion studies conducted at the PalmBeach County detention centers andthe Sumter State Correctional Institu-tion, recyclable paper, food waste, andmetals alone account for about 68% ofthe average prison waste stream (28%,

30%, and 10%, respectively).4 As dis-cussed later in this guide, many correc-tional facilities in the United States haveimplemented comprehensive wastereduction programs that have achievedwaste reduction rates of 50% andhigher.

The purpose of this guide is toprovide a blueprint for developingcomprehensive waste reduction pro-grams at correctional facilities acrossthe state. The manual begins by defin-ing waste reduction and highlighting itsbenefits. It then walks through thesteps to plan, design and implement aprogram and provides helpful re-sources to utilize along the way.

1 Florida Department of Corrections, 2002-2003 Annual Report.2 U.S. Department of Justice, Federal Bureau of Prisons, State of the Bureau 2002.3 Kessler Consulting, Inc., Analysis of a Statewide Florida Department of Corrections Waste

ReductionProgram, November 2003.4 Ibid.

Section 1Introduction

Implementing a waste reduction and recyclingplan can reduce your overall wastemanagement costs.

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2.1 Definition of Key Terms andConcepts

As with any field of expertise, therecycling industry has its own uniqueterms and concepts. A number of themare used throughout this guide and,therefore, warrant definition upfront.

Waste Management Hierarchy –Strategies for managing solid waste areprioritized into a hierarchy adopted bythe U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), Florida Department ofEnvironmental Protection (FDEP), andmany local jurisdictions (see Figure 1).Solid waste management strategies, indescending order or preference, arewaste prevention, waste diversion, anddisposal.

M ore Preferable

Less Preferable

W aste Prevention:Reduce the quantity and/or toxicity of waste

W aste Diversion:Reuse - Retain maximum value of resourcesRecycle - Recover materials for beneficial useCompost - Convert organics for horticultural use

Disposal:Combust and/or place remaining waste in awell-managed, controlled disposal site

Least Environm ental

Impact

M ost Environm ental

Impact

Waste Prevention – Actions toreduce the toxicity and/or quantity ofwaste generated. Examples of reducingtoxicity include switching to non-toxiccleaners, disinfectants and solvents.Examples of reducing the amount ofwaste generated include using prod-ucts and equipment that are repairableor have long life expectancy, decreasingthe amount of packaging used forshipping, using reusable transportpackaging, relying on computer net-works for electronic document distri-bution, and double-sided printing andcopying. Waste prevention is alsoknown as “source reduction” or “pollu-tion prevention.”

Waste Diversion – Actions to divertdiscarded materials from disposal,including reuse, recycling and com-posting.

Reuse – To use a product, material,or packaging in its original form morethan once. For example, reuse includesusing the blank-side of paper for print-ing draft documents or as scratchpaper, reusing cardboard boxes fromincoming shipments, and repairing andreusing broken furniture and officeequipment.

Recycling – Separation, processing,and marketing of waste stream compo-nents for beneficial use as raw materi-als in the manufacture of new products.Recycling includes not just typicalmaterials like scrap metal, aluminumcans, office paper, cardboard boxes,etc. Many other items in prison wastecan be recycled such as electronicequipment, construction and demoli-tion waste, and textiles.

Waste Reduction –What Is It & Why Should I Do It?

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Figure 1. Solid Waste Manage ment Hierarchy

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Composting – Aerobic decomposi-tion of organic wastes under controlled,high-temperature conditions. Theproduct – compost – is a valuable hu-mus-like soil amendment. Compostableorganic materials include food waste,yard trimmings, farm waste, wood chipsand even cotton textiles.

Waste Reduction – Actions thatinclude waste prevention or wastediversion.

Environmentally Preferable Pur-chasing – Or “EPP,” incorporates envi-ronmental principles and criteria into thespecification, selection, and procure-ment of goods and services. EPP consid-ers various product or service attributes,such as lower toxicity, lower water orenergy usage, and the percentage of aproduct made from recycled material.

2.2 Benefits of W aste Reduction

By implementing a waste reductionprogram, correctional facilities willrealize numerous economic and envi-ronmental benefits, as summarized inTable 1.

A successful waste reduction pro-gram will also create a positive or“green” public image of environmentalstewardship, while still allowing correc-tional facilities to accomplish theiroperational responsibilities.

2.3 Federal, S tate and LocalRequirements

In addition to the environmentaland economic reasons for initiating awaste reduction program, governmentmandates and directives also exist.Information on how to find the docu-ments mentioned below can be foundin Appendix A.

Federal

Federal Executive Order 13101,signed in 1998, is entitled “Greening theGovernment through Waste Preven-tion, Recycling and Federal Acquisi-tion.” All executive agencies, includingfederal prisons, are required to incor-porate waste prevention and recyclinginto the agency’s daily operations andwork to increase and expand marketsfor recovered materials by identifying

Environmental Benefits

• Conserves natural resources for future gen-erations

• Reduces the impact from raw materialsextraction

• Reduces the energy needed to manufacturenew products

• Reduces greenhouse gas emissions and otherreleases to air and water from manufacturingprocesses

• Reduces the burden on landfills and waste-to-energy facilities

• Reduces the use of water, fertilizers andinsecticides when compost is utilized onsite

Table 1. Summary of Waste Reduction Benefits

Economic Benefits

• Reduces waste collection and disposal costs• Provides savings in material and supply

costs• Promotes efficient work practices and

improves worker safety• Generates revenues from certain recovered

materials• Reduces potential future liability associated

with waste disposal• Provides savings from reduced water usage

and fertilizer and insecticide expenses whencompost is utilized

• Provides inmate labor and training

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and purchasing environmentallypreferable products and services. In1999, EPA developed the “Final Guid-ance on Environmentally PreferablePurchasing” to assist executive agen-cies implement EPP programs.

Federal Executive Order 13148,signed in 2000, is entitled “Greening theGovernment through Leadership inEnvironmental Management.” Itrequires federal agencies to incorpo-rate environmental managementsystems into agency day-to-day deci-sion-making and long-term planningprocesses. Pollution Prevention ishighlighted as a key aspect of theenvironmental management systemprocess. This E.O. requires agencies toreduce the use of toxic chemicals,hazardous substances, and pollutants,and the generation of hazardous orradioactive wastes.

State

Florida Statute 403.714 requiresthat all state agencies “…establish aprogram … for the collection of allrecyclable materials generated in stateoffices and institutions throughout thestate, including, at a minimum, alumi-num, high-grade office paper, andcorrugated cardboard.” The statutealso requires agencies to procurecompost products when they can besubstituted for, and cost no more than,regular soil amendment products,provided the compost products meetall applicable state standards, specifica-tions and regulations. This provision isimportant given the amount of organicwaste generated at correctional facili-ties and the opportunity to compostsuch waste to create a valuable soilamendment.

FS 287.045 requires each stateagency to “…review and revise itsprocurement procedures and specifica-tions for the purchase of products andmaterials to ensure to the maximumextent feasible that each agency uses

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state contracts to purchase products ormaterials that may be recycled orreused when these products or materi-als are discarded.” The law furtherrequires that agencies eliminate anypurchasing procedures and specifica-tions that discriminate against re-cycled-content products unless neces-sary to protect public health, safety andwelfare.

FS 287.045 is further supported byFS 403.7065, which requires stateagencies to procure products or mate-rials with recycled-content when theFlorida Department of ManagementServices (FDMS) determines that suchproducts or materials are available andmeet performance specifications.

FDEP established the “GreeningFlorida Government” program todisseminate information and assiststate agencies with implementingwaste prevention and diversion pro-grams in compliance with Florida law.

Local

In addition to federal and staterequirements, some local Floridajurisdictions, including Alachua,Sarasota and Seminole Counties toname a few, have adopted ordinancesthat mandate recycling at all commer-cial and institutional facilities. Correc-tional facilities should contact theirlocal recycling coordinator (see Appen-dix A) for information on any localwaste reduction and recycling require-ments that may exist. Local recyclingcoordinators can also provide valuableassistance as you develop and imple-ment your waste reduction program,such as providing information aboutlocal recycling markets.

All kinds of materials can be included in your wastereduction and recycling program.

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The first step in establishing a wastereduction program is to lay the ground-work by developing program policiesand goals, obtaining top managementsupport, establishing a managementteam, and developing a work plan.

3.1 Waste Reduction Policies andGoals

Adopting waste reduction policiesand goals helps to establish the frame-work for your facility’s program. Poli-cies and goals can be set for individualfacilities, for all facilities within a re-gion, or for all agency facilities withinthe state. A waste reduction policyshould address the following elements:

• Commitment to comply with allenvironmental laws and regula-tions.

• Commitment to the solid wastemanagement hierarchy.

• Establishment of program imple-mentation and management re-sponsibilities.

• Incorporation of EPP principles intopurchasing policy and practices.

Program goals set a target to strivefor and to measure success. Whilepolicies remain relatively consistent,goals should be reexamined and ad-justed over time as the program be-comes established and expands. Incre-mental goals may be developed asmilestones toward reaching the wastereduction potential of the facility.

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3 Getting StartedComprehensive waste reduction

programs implemented at variouscorrectional facilities in the UnitesStates have demonstrated that 50%waste reduction is an achievable goal.

• Sumter State Correctional Institu-tion diverts over 75% of its wastedue in large part to a food wasterecycling arrangement with anearby pig farm.

• New York prisons have an overalldiversion rate of over 50%, and areexpected to achieve 60% in the nearfuture.

• South Carolina Department ofCorrections claims an averagediversion rate of over 50% for itsfacilities.

• In Tennessee, 14 prisons havereached 50% diversion while 9 havereached 75% diversion.

• All prison facilities in Indiana havemet or exceeded the goal of 50%diversion.

3.2 Top Management Support

For a program to be successful, topmanagement (e.g., agency director,regional directors, and facility war-dens) must not only adopt the wastereduction policy, but also support itsimplementation and operation. Theirsupport will provide the authority andguidelines needed for those directlyresponsible for implementing theprogram to effectively do their job.

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Initially, top-level managementshould issue a directive to develop acomprehensive, cost-effective pro-gram. Once waste reduction opportu-nities are identified and programplanning is completed, managementsupport is needed again to approveprogram initiatives, budgets, and anychanges in standard operating proce-dures, as well as to initiate staff train-ing. Once a program is implemented,ongoing management support (andespecially active participation in wastereduction activities) will encouragewidespread adoption and participation.

3.3 Waste Reduction Coordinatorand Team

Top management should appoint aWaste Reduction Coordinator to over-see and manage development andimplementation of the waste reductionprogram. Smaller correctional facilitiesmay be able to assign all waste reduc-tion work efforts to a single person.Larger facilities may need to designatea Waste Reduction Team to assist theCoordinator. The Coordinator’s regularjob duties must be adjusted to ensurethat they have adequate time to carryout their waste reduction programduties.

The Coordinator will need diverseskills including leadership, communica-tion and motivational skills. TheCoordinator should also be familiarwith all aspects of the facilities opera-tions – administration, food service,inmate housing, inmate work pro-grams, maintenance, PRIDE activities,etc.

The Coordinator and Team mem-bers should clearly understand theirresponsibilities and be held account-able. An incentive program can pro-vide impetus for successful perfor-mance. Duties and responsibilities ofthe Waste Reduction Coordinator andTeam include the following:

• Work with management to developprogram policies and goals.

• Evaluate existing solid waste man-agement operations.

• Identify viable waste prevention,diversion and disposal strategies.

• Design the waste reduction andrecycling program.

• Determine program costs andbenefits.

• Implement the waste reduction andrecycling program.

• Promote the program and educateothers on how to participate.

• Monitor and report on programprogress.

• Review and improve the wastereduction program over time.

3.4 Work Plan

The first activity of the Waste Re-duction Coordinator and Team shouldbe to develop a work plan. They shouldcompile a list of tasks necessary todevelop the program, assign responsi-bility for each task, and develop a timeschedule. Subsequent sections of thisguidebook describe the tasks that theCoordinator and Team will need toundertake in order to complete theirmission.

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Purchasing and waste assessmentsestablish important baseline informa-tion about current procurement andwaste management practices. Theseassessments provide valuable informa-tion with which to identify and selectwaste reduction strategies, design yourprogram and evaluate costs. Theassessments also establish a bench-mark for measuring current wastegeneration and reduction rates, andfuture progress towards your wastereduction goal.

4.1 Purchasing Assessment

When conducting a purchasingassessment, it’s important to enlist thehelp of purchasing personnel. Withtheir help, compile a list of productscommonly purchased for use at yourfacility, and estimate the quantity andcost of these items. In addition, iden-tify the types of waste that result fromuse of these products – whether pack-aging waste or waste from the productitself. Ultimately, this purchasing

assessment will help reveal sourcereduction and pollution preventionopportunities, opportunities for pur-chasing recycled-content and otherenvironmentally preferable products,reusable or returnable product options,and types of waste materials that mightbe collected for recycling.

4.2 Waste Assessment

Prior to developing a waste reduc-tion program, you should have a thor-ough understanding of your facility’scurrent waste management practices.Solid waste is generated in nearly allactivities and departments at correc-tional facilities – administrative offices,food services, groundskeeping, farm-ing, common areas, workshops, main-tenance and physical plant, and inmatequarters. To assist with conducting awaste assessment of your facility, aform is provided in Appendix B.

First, complete Part I of the form,which consists of basic facility informa-tion.

Purchasing and Waste AssessmentsSe

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You should understand yourfacility’s waste stream beforedeveloping your waste reduc-tion plan.

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Second, obtain and review copies ofall existing waste hauling and disposalcontracts, recycling contracts andrecords, and any information regardingthe quantity of waste collected, haulingcosts (i.e., the costs of collecting andtransporting waste), and tip fees (i.e.,the costs of disposing of waste at thelocal landfill or waste-to-energy facil-ity). Be sure to include contracts forleasing and servicing waste containers(e.g., roll-off containers, compactors,dumpsters, etc.). It’s important to havea complete picture of how waste iscollected and disposed of at yourfacility and what impacts the costs ofthese services.

This information, which should beused to complete Parts II and III of thewaste assessment form, will help youassess the collection and disposal coststhat might be reduced or “avoided”once you’ve implemented an effectivewaste reduction program. Theseavoided costs are often the greatesteconomic benefit of a waste reductionand recycling program.

Third, perform a facility walk-through to examine your facility’swaste generating practices. A walk-through assessment allows you toobserve operations in various depart-ments or activity centers, interviewemployees and management, andidentify ideal and convenient locationsfor recycling containers. During thewalk-through, Parts IV and V of theform should be completed.

In Part IV, record any existing wasteprevention activities that you observe.Examples of several common wasteprevention activities are listed on theform to help get you started.

In Part V, record the main types ofwaste generated within your facility. Toassist you, recyclable materials com-monly found in a correctional facilitywaste stream are listed, with additionalspace for adding waste materials.

Describe the waste-producing activitiesor locations for each waste type; ifpossible, estimate the amount of thatwaste material produced; and note anyexisting activities that are in place toreduce the waste. By observing howpeople handle waste, inspecting binsand talking with staff, you can identifythe major constituents of the wastestream.

You may want to complete a sepa-rate copy of Part V for each departmentor activity center within your facility,since they may generate different typesof waste. For example, food serviceareas likely generate food waste, tin/steel and aluminum cans, plastic con-tainers and cardboard. Administrativeareas commonly generate white ledger,file stock, envelopes and other paper.In break rooms, you will normally findnewspapers, aluminum cans andplastic bottles.

In Part VI of the waste assessmentform, you will begin to identify wastereduction activities that can potentiallybe implemented to reduce the majorconstituents of your facility’s wastestream, or those waste materials thatare most easily reduced or recycled.Section 5 of this guide will help give yousome ideas on waste reduction oppor-tunities. This list will be the startingpoint for designing your waste reduc-tion program.

4.3 Waste Generation andComposition

If your facility’s waste or recyclingcollection companies are unable toprovide you with information regard-ing the quantity of solid waste orrecyclables collected, you can estimatethese amounts by looking at the size ofthe collection containers utilized andthe frequency of collection. Sincecollection containers are not alwaysfull, they will need to be monitored for

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a period of time to determine how fullthey generally are prior to being ser-viced. You can then use industry-accepted conversion factors (seeAppendix C) to calculate solid waste orrecyclables collection. For example, afacility that utilizes three 8-cubic yarddumpsters that are serviced twice perweek and are approximately 90% fullwhen serviced can estimate its wastegeneration rate as follows:

The walk-through facility assess-ment may provide sufficient informa-tion with which to develop your pro-gram. Alternatively, a detailed wastecharacterization study can be con-ducted to more accurately estimate thecomposition of your waste stream;however, such a study can be timeconsuming and labor intensive.

Waste composition and generationdata from studies conducted at thePalm Beach County detention centersand the Sumter State CorrectionalInstitution can also be utilized to esti-mate the waste stream of a typicalcorrectional facility. As indicated inTable 2, the combined results of thesestudies compared well with wastecomposition data developed by theNew York State Department of Correc-tional Services. An average wastegeneration rate (prior to any diversion)of 1,450 pounds per inmate per year(nearly 4 pounds per inmate per day)was also calculated based on these twostudies. About 1.2 pounds of this 4pounds was food waste. Becausewaste composition and generationvaries from facility to facility, data fromthe Palm Beach and Sumter Countystudies should be compared with theinformation gathered during yourwalk-through assessment before usingit for planning purposes.

8 cubic yards x 90% x 3 dumpsters x 2 pickups x 52 weeks x 250 lbs. x 1 ton = 280.8 tons dumpster pickup week year cubic yard 2000 lbs. year

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Table 2. Estimated Solid Waste Composition for Correctional Facilities

Material Categories Florida Correctional Facilities* New York Department of Correctional Services**

Newspaper 4.2%Corrugated Cardboard 8.5%White Ledger 7.3%Other Mixed Paper 7.8%Non-recyclable Paper 8.5%Gable-top Containers 1.4% All Paper 38% 40%PET Containers (#1) 0.4%Natural HDPE Containers (#2) 0.2%Pigmented HDPE Containers (#2) 0.2%Polystyrene Plastic 1.0%Other Plastic Bottles/Containers 0.4%Other Plastics 5.7% All Plastics 8% 15%Tin/Steel Cans 1.4%Aluminum Cans 0.5%Other Ferrous/Nonferrous Metal 8.0% All Metal 10% 5%Glass 0.2% 0% 0%Textiles 1.5% 2% 3%Electronics 0.5% 0% 0%Compostable Food Waste 30.4%Non-compostable Food Waste 0.9% All Food Waste *** 31% 30%C&D Debris 0.8%Wood Waste 1.3%Yard Waste 1.4% All Wood Waste 4% 7%Other Miscellaneous 7.4% 7% 0%

Total 100% 100% 100%

* Based on waste composition studies conducted by Kessler Consulting at the Palm Beach County detention centersand Sumter State Correctional Institution.

** Source: James Marion, New York Department of Correctional Services.

*** In the Florida study, food waste represented about 1.2 pounds of the nearly 4 pounds of waste generated perinmate per day.

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Figure 2. Estimated Solid Waste Composition forFlorida Correctional Facilities*

* Based on waste composition studies conducted by Kessler Consultingat the Palm Beach County detention centers and Sumter State Correctional Institution.

Newspaper4.2% Corrugated

Cardboard8.5%

White Ledger7.3%

Mixed Paper7.8%

Food Waste31.3%

Electronics0.5% PET Containers

0.4%

Wood Waste1.3%

C&D Debris0.8%

Yard Waste1.4%

Other7.4%

Aluminum Cans0.5%

Textiles1.5%

Glass0.2%

Other Metal8.0%

Non-recyclable Paper8.5%

Other Plastics7.1%

HDPE Containers0.4%

Gable-top Containers

1.4%

Tin/Steel Cans1.4%

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4.4 Benchmarking Your Program

By reviewing the waste reductionopportunities identified during thefacility assessment and evaluating thewaste composition and generationestimates for your facility, the WasteReduction Coordinator and Team canbegin to formulate a strategy of reduc-ing solid waste disposal and developinga waste reduction program plan.

Major waste stream componentsthat can be recycled (e.g., food, paper,cardboard, plastic and metal) shouldbe identified and the quantities that arecurrently being disposed estimated.This information can be used to bench-mark your existing program and totrack future progress. Table 3 providescalculations for several program per-formance parameters that are com-monly benchmarked and tracked.

Table 3. Program Performance Para meters

Performance Parameter Calculation

Waste Generated = Waste Recycled + Waste Disposed

Generation Rate = Waste Generated Average Inmate Population

Waste Reduction Rate (%) = (Current Waste Disposed – Waste Disposed at Startup) x 100Waste Disposed at Startup

Recycling Rate (%) = Waste Recycled x 100 Waste Generated

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Once assessments of your wastestream and purchasing practices havebeen completed, the Waste ReductionCoordinator and Team can evaluateoptions and plan the waste reductionprogram. The following elementsshould be considered for inclusion inthe program plan:

• Waste prevention and materialreuse

• Material exchange

• Composting

• Recycling

• Environmentally preferablepurchasing

5.1 Criteria for EvaluatingProgram Options

The following criteria should beused to evaluate the technical, eco-nomic and institutional feasibility ofvarious waste reduction options:

Conformance with the wastemanagement hierarchy – In conform-ance with the solid waste managementpolicy, waste prevention should be thefirst option considered for each mate-rial. If prevention is too costly, imprac-tical, or not possible, then waste diver-sion options should be considered. Ifwaste diversion cannot be justified,only then should a material be desig-nated for disposal.

Cost – Many waste prevention anddiversion measures can reduce overallwaste management costs. On thepositive side of your cost equation, youhave avoided collection and disposalcosts, revenue from recovered materi-als, and any EPP savings. On the ex-pense side, you will have capital andequipment costs, labor, and operatingcosts.

Potential waste reduction – Wasteprevention and diversion strategiesshould target those materials thatconstitute the highest percentage of thewaste stream. They provide the great-est potential for waste reduction.

Ease of implementation – At thesame time, consideration should begiven to those materials that can beeasily eliminated or recycled regardlessof how much of the waste stream theyconstitute.

Security – Many correctionalfacilities choose not to recycle materi-als such as glass, which can present athreat to security.

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5 Program Elements

Plastic food trays are an example ofreuse that reduces waste in kitchenoperations.

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Availability of markets for re-cycled materials – Markets must existthat are willing and able to accept therecyclable materials you wish to collect.Without a market, there is little reasonto separate a material for recycling.The location, revenues paid or feescharged, and services offered by mate-rial buyers need to be considered whendetermining what recyclables will becollected and how they will be handled.

Impact on operations – Will awaste reduction strategy improve orreduce worker efficiency? Will it in-crease or reduce labor requirements?Will it be necessary to change or allo-cate new equipment and facility space?

5.2 Waste Prevention andMaterial Reuse Opportunities

Based on work conducted for thePalm Beach County detention centersand Sumter State Correctional Institu-tion, a list of waste prevention andreuse opportunities most applicable tocorrectional facilities was developedand is provided in Appendix D. Eachfacility is unique; therefore, this listshould be used as a starting point.Additional waste prevention opportu-nities may be feasible depending uponthe activities conducted at your facility.For example, facilities with onsiteoccupational training or PRIDE pro-grams may produce wastes that areuncommon to most correctional facili-ties, but that can nonetheless be re-duced in quantity or toxicity.

5.3 Material ExchangeOpportunities

Material exchanges, like the non-profit Southern Waste InformationeXchange (SWIX) in Florida, work tofind markets for industrial by-products,surplus materials and wastes. Simplystated, material exchanges match

waste generators with waste users.The goal is to conserve energy, re-sources and landfill space by helpingwaste generators find alternatives tothe disposal of valuable materials orwastes. Contact information for SWIXis provided in Appendix A.

5.4 Composting Opportunities

Based on waste composition stud-ies conducted at correctional facilitiesin Florida, compostable food wasteconstitutes the largest single wastecategory of a facility (about 30% thewaste stream). Of the nearly 4 poundsof waste generated per inmate per day,nearly 1.2 pound is food waste. Foodwaste collected at Sumter State Correc-tional Institution and several otherFDOC facilities is given to local farmersas a feedstock for swine; however, thismarket for recovered food waste isbecoming increasingly erratic inFlorida. Numerous commercial andpublicly operated mulching facilitiesexist throughout Florida, but only a fewcomposting facilities operate thataccept commercially generated foodwaste.

A feasible alternative is onsitecomposting, which has been shown tobe a viable option at correctionalfacilities throughout the country. Inaddition to food waste, vegetative oryard wastes and wood wastes are alsocomposted in the onsite systems thatexist. Appendix E provides a generaloverview of the fundamental principlesof composting.

Various composting technologiesare available, including open wind-rows, covered windrows, aerated pilesand in-vessel systems. The New YorkDepartment of Correctional Services(NYDOCS) has experience operatingeach type of facility, and Table 3 pro-vides estimated costs for each. Thewindrow systems are on concrete padsand have leachate collection systems.

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The aerated bay system includes theadditional costs of fans, utilities andstationary mixer. In-vessel costs in-clude one full-time civilian operator persystem and equipment is amortizedover a 15-20 year period.

Finished compost can be usedonsite, which would reduce or replacethe need to purchase peat moss orother soil amendments. It would alsoprovide other indirect economic ben-efits, such as decreasing the need forhorticultural watering or fertilizer andinsecticide use. A permit to compostfood waste would need to be obtainedfrom FDEP prior to implementingonsite food waste composting.

5.5 Recycling Opportunities

Based on the Florida facilities’waste characterization studies, Table 5provides a list of the types of recyclablematerials typically found in a correc-tional facility’s waste stream. In addi-tion to the materials listed in Table 5,other types of recyclables may begenerated that were not quantified inthe Florida studies either because theywere already being recovered or be-cause they were found in very smallquantities. These include cooking oil

and grease, motor oil and other auto-motive wastes, appliances and re-chargeable batteries. Appendix Fprovides a summary of the generalguidelines for preparing each of theserecyclable materials for marketing.

Various options exist for collecting,processing and marketing the recy-clable materials included in your wastereduction program. Provided below isa discussion of some of these optionsbased on interviews with programmanagers at correctional facilities witheffective waste reduction programs, aswell as industry representatives withcompanies that collect and processrecyclable materials in Florida, includ-ing All Around Recycling, RecycleAmerica Alliance, SP Recycling,Smurfit-Stone, and Visy Recycling.

Corrugated Cardboard (OCC):Numerous companies provide favor-able collection arrangements for OCC,with many offering baler lease or lease/purchase agreements to businessesand institutions that generate sufficientquantities of OCC. The current cost forleasing a baler could range from $150to $200 per month, with a revenueshare ranging from 50% to 70% of thecurrent market price. Unless marketconditions are very poor or the quan-tity of OCC is minimal, a correctionalfacility should receive a net benefit orrevenue for its OCC. Alternatively, afacility could invest in the acquisition ofbalers and accumulate trailer loads ofOCC. For example, although collectioncosts and market conditions differsomewhat in the Northeast, NYDOCScurrently receives revenue of $45 to $50per ton of baled OCC. NYDOCS real-ized a 3-year payback period for theirdownstroke balers, which have about a15-year useful life.

Sorted Office Paper (SOP): Manycompanies also offer favorable collec-tion arrangements to facilities thatgenerate significant quantities of SOP.

Table 4. Composting Costs atNYDOCS Facilities

Composting Technology Cost ($/ton)

Open Windrow $25Covered Windrow $32 - $35Covered Aerated Bay $35 - $37In-vessel $47

Source: James Marion, New York Department of CorrectionalServices, Interview, 2003.

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The terms of the collection agreementswould depend upon the quantity ofSOP generated and the proximity to aprocessing facility. Depending uponthe quantity of SOP generated,dumpsters, roll-offs or compactorscould be utilized for collection andstorage, with various agreementsavailable for servicing the containersand sharing revenue. Sorted whiteledger would bring a higher marketprice; therefore, if significant quantitiesof white ledger are generated and caneasily be sorted from other officepaper, a facility may opt to do this. Aswith OCC, a facility may also invest in abaler and market larger quantities ofSOP. This greater commitment andinvestment on the part of a facilitywould result in higher revenue. Forexample, NYDOCS currently receives$120 per ton for bales of shreddedoffice paper.

Security issues may arise whendeveloping an office paper recyclingprogram. NYDOCS overcame this myplacing high-capacity shredders in keyoffice areas throughout facilities. Eachworker is responsible for shredding allof his or her paper waste daily. SinceNYDOCS bales its own paper, market-ing the shredded paper has not been aproblem.

Newspaper (ONP): Several com-panies offer favorable agreements tocollect ONP from facilities that gener-ate sufficient quantities. Collectioncontainers are often provided andserviced at no cost, with revenuesharing depending upon the currentmarket.

Scrap Metal: Correctional facilitiesusually generate substantial amountsof scrap metal that can easily be segre-gated from the waste stream. A simpleand cost-effective system to recoverthis material would be for a facility tomake arrangements with a local scrap

metal dealer who may provide andservice a collection container at no cost,and may perhaps offer a revenueshare. Alternatively, a facility maychoose to segregate higher-valuemetals in order to receive greaterrevenue for these materials. Tin/steeland aluminum cans may also be col-lected with the scrap metal unless analternate market is available.

Aluminum Cans: Although thequantity of aluminum cans generatedat correctional facilities may not besignificant, this material has a high andrelatively consistent market value. Ifsufficient quantities are generated, arecycler may be willing to provideonsite collection or local recyclingcenters usually accept donations ofaluminum cans.

Textiles: Textiles that can no longerbe used can be collected and marketedfor fiberfill insulation, rags or animalbedding. For example, NYDOCS

Table 5. Recyclable Materials in Typical Correctional Facility Waste Stream

Material Category Estimated % ofWaste Stream

Corrugated cardboard 8.5%White ledger 7.3%Other recyclable office paper 7.8%Newspaper 4.2%Scrap metal 8.0%Tin/steel cans 1.4%Aluminum cans 0.5%Textiles 1.5%Yard waste 1.4%Wood waste 1.3%Plastic bottles/containers 0.8%Construction & demolition debris 0.8%Electronics 0.5%

Source: Kessler Consulting, Inc., Analysis of Statewide Florida Department of Corrections Waste Reduction Program, November2003.

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operates a rag-cutting facility at one ofits facilities and also markets baledlinens for fiberfill insulation. The MainDetention Center in Palm BeachCounty collects clean linens for use asanimal bedding. In addition, a Tampa-based company, All Around Recycling,was identified that provides textilecollection service statewide. Depend-ing upon the type of textiles and quan-tity generated, this company mayprovide a collection container andservice it at no charge.

Wood Pallets and Wood Waste:Numerous companies exist throughoutFlorida that collect and refurbishstandard-sized wood pallets. Depend-ing upon the quantity of pallets andlocation of the facility, revenue may beprovided for these pallets. Woodpallets and other untreated woodwaste can also be ground and used as abulking agent for composting.

5.6 Environmentally PreferablePurchasing Opportunities

EPP is not a new type of purchasingsystem, but rather a way of incorporat-ing environmental considerations intopurchasing decisions. Environmentallypreferable products have a lesser orreduced effect on human health or theenvironment when compared withcompeting products or services thatserve the same purpose. To helpincorporate EPP into your purchasingpractices, Table 6 provides EPP evalua-tion criteria for comparing products orservices.

Based on the types of products andservices typically purchased by correc-tional facilities, provided below areseveral EPP examples and suggestions.For several product types, it is recom-mended that facilities strive to meet theminimum recycled-content levels

recommended by EPA, which areprovided in Appendix G. EPA alsoprovides lists of available EPP products(see Appendix A).

Office paper

Select printing and writing papers(e.g., copier paper, letterhead, tablets,envelopes and file folders); newsprint,sanitary tissue products (e.g., towels,napkins and bathroom tissue); andpaperboard and packaging productswith the highest recycled-contentavailable, using the EPA-recommendedlevels as a guideline.

Choose paper types that can easilybe recycled as part of your recyclingprogram.

Be sure to include these samerecycled-content levels in the specifica-tions of all printing orders and con-tracts.

Non-paper office supplies

Purchase non-paper office supplies(plastic desk organizers, sorters, traysand pencil holders; binders and reportcovers; plastic envelopes, clipboardsand file folders; wastebaskets; andrecycling receptacles) that meet EPA’sminimum recycled-content guidelines.

Purchase office supplies that can bereused or refilled, such as pens andtape dispensers.

Toner cartridges

Purchase remanufactured or recon-ditioned toner cartridges, inkjet car-tridges and printer ribbons. Mostsuppliers will guarantee that the qualityand quantity of copies will match orexceed that of an Original EquipmentManufacturer (OEM).

To mesh your EPP program withyour recycling program, buy from acartridge remanufacturer or an equip-ment supplier that will take back yourspent cartridges.

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Table 6. EPP Evaluation Criteria

Criteria How to Evaluate

Cost What is the purchase cost of a product?

Life Expectancy What is the expected useful life of the product?

Manufacturer Warranty For how long does the manufacturer warrant the product?What is the cost for extended warranty and service guarantees?

Reuse and Reparability Can the product be easily repaired onsite? Are spare partsreadily available or can they be fabricated onsite? Arecomponent parts interchangeable with other products usedonsite?

Toxicity Is the product’s toxicity lower or higher than comparableproducts?

Recyclability Can the product be recycled? Is the packaging recyclable?

Recycled Content What is the post-consumer recycled content of the productand/or its packaging?

Product Quantity Based on the expected life and warranty, how many units ofthe product will be needed per year?

Product Cost What is the annual cost to purchase the product?

Labor Cost Compared to other products, does the product have a loweror higher labor cost associated with its use?

Other Costs Compared to other products, does the product incur loweror higher cost for such items as electricity, water or fuel?

Waste Quantity What is the volume or weight of waste generated by theproduct each year, including discarded product andpackaging?

Waste Handling Cost What is the annual cost for collecting and disposing theproduct and/or its packaging? If recycled, what is theannual cost (or revenue) for collecting and recycling theproduct and/or its packaging?

Office equipment and furniture

Purchase computers, photocopiersand other electronic equipment thathave an EnergyStar® label. EnergyStar®is a voluntary labeling program startedby EPA and the U.S. Department ofEnergy that identifies equipment thatautomatically powers down after aperiod of inactivity. Such devices canreduce energy use by 50%.

Select copiers and printers thatfeature automatic duplexing and multi-

page printing in order to reduce paperuse and purchases.

Select computers that can easily beupgraded, e.g., with modular compo-nents or expandable memory.

Look for quality office furniture thatwill last a long period of time or can berepaired easily. When available, pur-chase furniture with recycled-content.

Consider leasing or take-backagreements that stipulate acceptablerecycling or disposal practices.

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Cleaning Supplies

Select cleaning products that arebiodegradable, have low toxicity andcontain the least harmful components.Existing vendors may be able to assistwith identifying such products, orPRIDE offers several environmentallypreferable cleaning products, includingwindow and glass cleaner, floor anddrain cleaner, deodorizer anddegreaser products. EPA also offers amatrix of EPP attributes for cleaningproducts and a Purchasing DecisionWizard (see Appendix A).

Automotive and Fleet MaintenanceProducts

Purchase re-refined oil, which issubject to the same stringent refining,compounding and performance stan-dards as virgin oil.

Antifreeze can be recycled usingyour own equipment or a recyclingservice, and can provide a high qualityreformulated product. Extended-lifeantifreeze is also available and is de-signed to last five years/150,000 milesor longer.

Purchase retread tires or tire-retreading services. The typical con-cerns expressed about retreads arerelated to safety and failure rate. Statis-tics compiled by the U.S. Department ofTransportation indicate that nearly alltires involved in tire-related accidentswere under-inflated or bald. Propermaintenance of tires, whether new orretread, is the best way to reduce tirefailure and tire-related accidents.

Reclaim engine coolants for reusethrough onsite processing of wastecoolant.

Utilize environmentally sound partscleaning products and equipment.Water-based cleaners that do notcontain volatile organic compounds(VOCs) are available and reduce expo-sure risks to workers.

When acquiring new vehicles,consider purchasing Alternative FueledVehicles or Hybrid Electric Vehicles(HEV). Use of 85% ethanol blendedfuels (E85) or HEVs reduces carbonmonoxide and ozone-producing emis-sions.

Landscaping Products

Strive to meet EPA’s minimumrecycled-content levels for variouslandscaping products, such as mulch,garden and soaker hoses and landscap-ing timber and posts.

Minimize the use of traditionalpesticides by incorporating integratedpest management or using less toxicproducts.

Maintenance and ConstructionSupplies

Purchase products, such as fiber-board, insulation, floor tiles, carpet andpaint, which meet the EPA-recom-mended recycled-content levels.

Select carpets that use fusion-bonded technology to adhere thecarpet fibers to the backing, or peel-and-stick carpeting that requires noglues for installation, to reduce oreliminate VOCs.

Select energy and resource efficientproducts, such as low-flow bathroomfixtures and energy-efficient lighting.

If acquiring lumber for outdoor use,use recycled-content plastic lumber orwood treated with alternative, lower-toxicity wood treatments.

The EPP recommendations abovecover many of the products typicallypurchased by correctional facilities.However, purchasing staff shouldinclude EPP considerations in theirproduct and service specificationswhen making an acquisition of anykind.

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Once the desired program elementshave been identified, the next step is todesign how the program will be imple-mented and maintained. This sectiondescribes the basic components indesigning a waste reduction program –collection, processing and marketing –in conjunction with disposal of theremaining waste stream. These com-ponents are interrelated. For example,available markets will impact how yourrecyclables need to be collected andprocessed. Once your program designhas been developed, document it forfuture reference.

6.1 Onsite Collection

Each type of recyclable materialincluded in your program can be col-lected separately (known as source-separation), or you can mix certainrecyclables together (known as com-mingling). Commingling may involvemixing all paper grades together orcombining all container types, or it maymean combining all recyclables. Thedecision of whether to source-separateor commingle will mainly be deter-mined by the specifications of therecycler or market that will receive thematerial. Typically, some amount ofsource-separation is required and,generally, higher revenue can be ob-tained by source-separating all materi-als.

Once you decide how yourrecyclables are to be collected, you willneed to select recycling containers anddetermine where to place them. Thefollowing guidelines will assist inmaking these decisions:

• Place containers near the pointwhere recyclables are generatedto make it convenient to partici-

pate in the recycling program. Forexample, use desk-side containersadjacent to each employee work-station, larger paper containersnext to printers and copiers, andaluminum can collection contain-ers next to vending machines andin cafeterias and breakrooms.

• Cluster containers for recyclablesand solid waste together in placeswhere mixed waste is generated.Without a convenient place to putwaste, it can end up in the recy-cling container. Conversely,without a convenient place to putrecyclables, they can end up in thewaste container.

• Size containers to match theanticipated quantity and collec-tion frequency. For example, ifserviced only weekly, a containershould be large enough to hold atleast one week’s worth of mate-rial. If space is limited, then thefrequency of service may need tobe increased.

• Select containers for functionality– durable, washable, maneuver-able, readily emptied and able tocontain liquids and wet wastewhere necessary.

• Use clearly distinguishable, color-coded containers (e.g., green forrecyclables, brown for organicsand gray for waste) so there is noquestion which container is forrecyclables and which is forwaste.

• Provide labels that clearly showwhat is acceptable versus unac-ceptable. Labels should be placedwhere clearly visible, either on the

Section 6Program Design

22

container or directly above it.Sample labels are provided inAppendix H, which can be modi-fied to reflect the recyclablescollected in your program.

• Use container designs that limitcontamination. For example,specialized lids can be used thatonly allow the desired material tobe placed in the container (e.g., along, narrow opening will acceptpaper but not aluminum cans).

Specific procedures and schedulesneed to be developed for collectingrecyclables from individual collectioncontainers and transporting materials tocentral storage and/or processing areas.In some correctional facilities, this taskis conducted by inmates. In others,custodial staff is responsible for consoli-dating recyclables.

Putrescible organic wastes (i.e., foodwaste and grass clippings) need to becollected more frequently than otherrecyclables in order to avoid odor andpest problems. If not collected daily,food waste should be placed in wheeledcarts that can be moved into a coldstorage area when filled or not in use.

6.2 Onsite Processing

Processing is the action of preparingcollected recyclables to transport offsiteand to meet buyer’s specifications.Processing is not always required; afacility may choose to marketrecyclables in the form in which they arecollected. The decision whether toprocess recyclables onsite is very site-specific. Onsite processing is generallyconsidered only when one or more ofthe following conditions apply:

• Processing is required to meet themarket’s specifications forrecyclables (e.g., the buyer requiresthat OCC be baled).

• The facility or the facilities within aregion generate sufficient quantitiesof recyclables to warrant the acquisi-tion of processing equipment.

• Processing is required to facilitatestorage (e.g., aluminum cans need tobe crushed because of limited storagespace).

• Processing decreases the transporta-tion cost and/or increases revenuefrom the sale of the material.

Onsite processing is appropriate ifpotential transportation efficiency,increased marketability and revenue,and greater storage efficiency outweighthe costs for space, equipment and labor.Many correctional facilities utilize inmatelabor to conduct the processing. Usinginmates to collect and processrecyclables for market not only providesan inexpensive labor force, but alsoresults in valuable work experience andtraining. NYDOCS uses approximately1,100 inmates daily in its program, andhas found this useful in addressinginmate idleness and providing employ-ment options.

6.3 Marketing Recyclable Materials

Correctional facilities may choose tocontract with a full-service vendor to pickup, process and market their recyclables.If recyclables are processed onsite, theymay be sold directly to a broker or end-use market. In areas where markets arescarce, recyclables may need to be self-hauled to a local recycling center. Re-gionalizing collection and processingefforts between several facilities willincrease the quantity of materials col-lected and, therefore, their marketability.To assist in contracting for service, thefollowing guidelines are provided:

Identify and survey potential mar-kets/contractors – A number of re-sources are available to help you identifyviable markets. FDEP maintains a list of

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recycling service providers that ispublished in Table 14B of the SolidWaste Management in Florida annualreport. The Southern Waste Informa-tion eXchange (SWIX) publishes theDirectory of Dealers/Processors andIndustrial Users of Recyclable Materi-als. County and city recycling coordi-nators may also be helpful in identify-ing local recycling markets. Appendix Aprovides reference and contact infor-mation for all of these options.

Select markets/contractors – Costand revenue are not the only criteria forselecting a recycling service provider ormarket. You should also consider thequality of equipment, reliability ofservice, references from other custom-ers and ability to offer the services youneed. Potential contractors should becontacted and interviewed to deter-mine the following:

• Materials accepted and pre-processing requirements

• Fees charged and revenues paid

• Availability and terms of storageand collection containers

• Frequency of collection serviceand ability to provide on-callservice

• Terms and length of servicecontract

Negotiate and sign contracts – Awritten contract is recommended toensure that services, costs and rev-enues conform to agreements andexpectations. Contract specificationsshould include at a minimum:

• Description of services andequipment to be provided by thecontractor

• Description of your facility’sresponsibilities

• Contractor recordkeeping andreporting requirements

• Materials accepted and qualitystandards

• Procedures for handling com-plaints and disputes

• Price agreement

Monitor contractor performance– The Waste Reduction Coordinatorshould regularly monitor records andperformance of the contractors toensure that they are conforming tocontractual requirements.

6.4 Right-sizing D isposalContainers and Service

The quickest way to realize aneconomic benefit from your wastereduction program is to reduce yourwaste hauling costs as the amount ofwaste you dispose of decreases. Oncean effective waste reduction programhas been implemented, a facilityshould be able to reduce the level ofwaste collection service provided and,therefore, the cost of this service.Collection and disposal cost savingswill help offset the costs of recycling,and may result in a net savings for yourfacility. To “right-size” your collectionservice, conduct the following steps:

• Monitor any changes in the quan-tity of waste set out for disposal,e.g., how full the collection con-tainers are when serviced.

• Estimate whether a smallercollection container or less fre-quent service would meet yourwaste disposal needs.

• Renegotiate your contract orservice plan with your wastehauling company.

Right-sizing waste collection con-tainers and service is an often over-looked, but essential part of makingyour program cost-effective.

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Employee and inmate educationand program promotion are critical tothe success of your waste reductionprogram. The program will requirechanges in people’s behavior; there-fore, both initial training and ongoingencouragement are necessary.

The following general guidelinescan be used to develop and implementan education and promotion program.

Demonstrate support from topmanagement – An all-staff letter fromthe warden, regional manager oragency director should be used toformally announce the program anddemonstrate top management’s sup-port and participation in the wastereduction program.

Establish a consistent programidentity and theme – A program logoand slogan can be used to make allwaste reduction program elementsinstantly recognizable. All printedmaterials should have a uniform styleand consistent color-scheme.

Promote the reasons for the wastereduction program – A well-managedwaste reduction program has numer-ous direct and indirect benefits. Em-ployees need to know that they will bemaking a positive contribution inmeeting facility or agency goals, pro-tecting the environment, and helpingtheir facility to run more efficiently.

Provide clear and simple writteninstructions – Written instructionsmust be simple and unambiguous.Pictures can often help minimize thenumber of words needed. Whendescribing recycling procedures, makesure to not only identify targeted itemsbut also list contaminants that areprohibited. Appendix H providessample labels and flyers that may beused or modified by your facility.

Publicize the program prior tostart-up – Special flyers, posters, an-nouncements on employee bulletinboards, articles in newsletters andannouncements in staff meetings areall strategies for making employeesaware of the new waste reductionprogram before it starts.

Organize special kick-off events –To help increase pride and broad-based support for the waste reductionprogram, host an all-staff kick-offevent. It will also give employees anopportunity to ask questions about theprogram and their role.

Conduct orientation training –Employee and inmate training shouldoccur within three weeks before pro-gram start-up, so that new proceduresare still fresh in people’s minds.

Appoint a waste reduction moni-tor in each department – For largecorrectional facilities, a person in eachdepartment should be identified as awaste reduction monitor (this personmay already be a member of the WasteReduction Team). Employees can thenbe instructed to contact this personwith the questions, problems or com-ments that will inevitably arise duringstart-up and operations.

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7 Education and Promotion

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Provide visual reminders andinstructions at recycling and wastecontainers – Simple instructions andclearly marked graphics should beprominently displayed whereverrecycling and waste collection contain-ers are located.

Regular updates and reminders –Once a waste reduction program isestablished, ongoing promotion is toooften forgotten. It is vital to continue toremind personnel and inmates aboutthe progress and benefits of the pro-gram by distributing reminders via e-mails and newsletters. Periodic up-dates should publicize program suc-cess (quantities recycled, revenuereceived, etc.) and highlight individualinitiatives. Placement of posters andsigns in common areas or adjacent tocopiers or printers also provides aconstant reminder.

Presentations – Frequent presen-tations during department or all-staffmeetings not only serve as remindersabout the program, but also provide anopportunity for staff to ask questionsabout the program. Any problems withthe way staff is sorting or collectingrecyclables can be addressed directly,with feedback provided on how tomake the program more user-friendly.

Direct communication – TheWaste Reduction Coordinator will playa critical role in communicating withmanagement and staff in a one-on-onebasis. If certain areas or departmentsare experiencing problems, the Coordi-nator will need to provide direct andtargeted assistance in resolving them.

Train inmates or personnel re-sponsible for handling recyclables –The role of inmates in the waste reduc-tion program should be clearly defined,and appropriate educational andpromotional materials developed. Ifinmate labor is to be utilized for collect-

ing, sorting or processing materials, itmay be feasible to establish a certifica-tion program for the recycling experi-ence obtained by inmates. If facilitypersonnel or custodial staff will behandling recyclable materials, they willalso need proper training to ensure allunderstand the program and theirresponsibilities. Written job responsi-bilities should be updated to properlyreflect modified work activities.

Incentive program – Incentiveprograms often provide an effectiveway to encourage program participa-tion. Such a program could includeindividual incentives such as time-offawards or group incentives such asdistribution of complimentary reusablemugs or other useful items. To beeffective, incentives should be an itemor benefit that is considered of value toemployees or inmates.

A new waste reduction programcannot be simply turned on like amachine and expected to run smoothly.Human systems take time to adapt tonew procedures and conditions. Selecta start-up date far enough in the futureto allow for equipment procurement,facility modifications, employee train-ing, and preparation and distribution ofeducation and promotion material.

Have all contracts and other exter-nal services in place at least four weeksprior to start-up. Begin education andtraining three to four weeks prior to theplanned start-up date, including bothgeneral employees and work crewsresponsible for handling materials.Have all equipment in place and con-tainers ready for distribution at leastone week before the official start-update to minimize unexpected problemsand delays. Distribute containers,labels and signs immediately beforethe official start of the program.

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Monitoring and Reporting

Maintaining accurate records andmonitoring your waste reductionprogram progress is important in orderto evaluate the success of the program,identify any necessary programchanges or improvements, and justifycontinued operation of the program.This information is valuable to goodinternal management and controlbecause it identifies ways to increasewaste reduction, improve efficiencyand reduce costs.

Appendix I provides a form that canbe used by correctional facilities totrack the performance and costs oftheir waste reduction programs. Itincludes sections for tracking wasteprevention, recycling and composting,waste disposal, and overall programscosts and benefits. The form is rela-tively detailed and can be modified toinclude those program elements thatare of greatest interest or importanceto your facility.

In addition to maintaining quantita-tive records, a facility should alsomonitor program operations to ensureprocedures are being properly fol-lowed and to identify opportunities toincrease waste reduction and/or im-prove efficiency. The Waste ReductionTeam should consider periodic facilitywalk-through assessments as part of itsmonitoring program. Provided beloware some of the key questions thatshould be considered when evaluatingprogram operations:

• Are key waste prevention activi-ties regularly followed?

• Are employees and inmatescorrectly using the recyclingsystem?

• Are recycling and waste collectioncontainers properly sized andlocated?

• Is the recycling collection sched-ule appropriate?

• What additional wastes couldpotentially be reduced or recov-ered?

• Is processing equipment beingproperly operated and main-tained?

• Is the staff following appropriatesafety procedures?

• Is more or less storage spaceneeded to handle the quantities ofrecyclables diverted from dis-posal?

• How might processing proce-dures be made more efficient?

• How might the quality of recy-clable materials be improved toachieve a higher price?

• Are environmentally preferablepurchasing considerations regu-larly included in acquisition ofgoods and services?

At least once each year, the WasteReduction Coordinator should reportto top management on the perfor-mance of the waste reduction program.The Coordinator’s report should sum-marize program operations, avoidedcosts, revenues, and capital and opera-tional costs. The annual review shouldalso look at your program over timeusing annual reports from previousyears to measure your program’sgrowth. It should describe successes,identify problems, and present recom-mendations for future change andimprovement. This annual review willhelp keep your program on track, allowyou to make any necessary adjust-ments, and maintain managementsupport – in other words, it will helpmake sure your program is effectiveand successful.

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F lorida Department of Environmental Protection Publications andResources

Greening Florida Government:www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/recycling/pages/GreenGovernment.htm

Solid Waste Management in Florida 2001-2002:www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/categories/recycling/pages/01.htm(future annual reports should also be available on FDEP’s Website)

Table 14B – List of Florida’s Certified RecyclersTable 1F – County Recycling CoordinatorsTable 2F – City Recycling Coordinators

Other F lorida Resources

Florida Pollution Prevention Roundtable:www.flppr.org

Florida Statutes:www.flsenate.gov/Statutes

Recycle Florida Today, Inc.:www.recyclefloridatoday.org/

Solid Waste Association of North America, Florida Sunshine Chapter:www.swanaflorida.org/

Southern Waste Information eXchange (SWIX):www.wastexchange.org

SWIX Directory of Recycled Materials Dealers and Processors:www.wastexchange.org/publications/2003_08_SWIX_Directory.pdf

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Publications and Resources

Cleaning Products Pilot Program & Purchasing Decision Wizards:www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/cleaners//select/

Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines:www.epa.gov/cpg

Appendix A

Information Resources

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Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines – Product Fact Sheets: www.epa.gov/cpg/factshts.htm

2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Construction Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Landscaping Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Nonpaper Office Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Paper Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Park and Recreation Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Transportation Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Vehicular Products2000 Buy-Recycled Series: Miscellaneous Products

Comprehensive Procurement Guidelines – Supplier Database:www.ergweb2.com/cpg/user/cpg_search.cfm

Database of Environmental Information for Products and Services:yosemite1.epa.gov/oppt/eppstand2.nsf

Energy Star – Products:www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=products.pr_index&layout=print

Environmentally Preferable Products:www.epa.gov/opptintr/epp/products.htm

Environmentally Preferable Purchasing:www.epa.gov/oppt/epp

Final Guidance on Environmentally Preferable Purchasing: www.epa.gov/oppt/epp/guidance/finalguidancetoc.htm

Private Sector Pioneers: How Companies are Incorporating EnvironmentallyPreferable Purchasing (EPA-742-R-99-001), June 1999.www.epa.gov/oppt/epp/pubs/privsect.pdf

The documents listed below - or information on how to obtain thesedocuments – can be found at: www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/publicat.htm

Business Guide for Reducing Solid Waste (EPA/530-K-92-004), November 1993.

Electronics: A New Opportunity for Waste Prevention, Reuse, and Recycling (EPA530-F-01-006), June 2001.

It’s Easy Being Green! A Guide to Planning and Conducting EnvironmentallyAware Meetings and Events (EPA530-K-96-002), September 1996.

WasteWise - Climate Benefits From Reducing Waste (EPA530-F-03-009), March2003.

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WasteWise Tip Sheets:

Buying or Manufacturing Recycled Products (EPA530-F-94-005), January 1994.

Recycling Collection (EPA530-F-94-004), January 1994.

Waste Prevention (EPA530-F-94-003), January 1994.

WasteWise Updates:

A Fresh Look at Packaging (EPA530-N-95-004), May 1995.

Building for the Future.

Closing the Loop (EPA530-N-97-008), December 1997.

Donation Programs: Turning Trash Into Treasure (EPA530-N-97-005), August1997.

Electronics Reuse and Recycling (EPA530-N-00-007), October 1997.

Employee Education (EPA530-N-96-001), January 1996.

Environmental Management Systems.

Environmentally Preferable Purchasing (EPA530-N-01-002), July 2001.

Extended Product Responsibility (EPA530-N-98-007), October 1998.

Global Warming…Is A Waste.

Going Paperless with Technology (EPA530-N-96-007), June 1996.

Measuring Waste Reduction (EPA530-N-95-006), September 1995.

Moving Toward Sustainability (EPA530-N-00-002), March 2000.

Recovering Organic Wastes – Giving Back to Mother Nature (EPA530-N-99-007), September 1999.

Remanufactured Products: Good as New (EPA530-N-97-002), May 1997.

Resource Management: Strategic Partnerships for Resource Efficiency.

The Measure of Success – Calculating Waste Reduction (EPA530-N-99-003),July 1999.

Other Resources

Federal Executive Orders:E.O 13101 – www.ofee.gov/eo/13101.htmE.O. 13148 – www.epa.gov/ems/federal/eo13148.htm

National Recycling Coalition:www.nrc-recycle.org

Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA):www.swana.org

30

App

endi

x B Waste Assessment Form

The form provided in this Appendix can be used and adapted by your correctionalfacility to conduct a waste assessment. Follow the instructions in Section 4.0, andmake additional copies of Parts V and VI of the form for each department oractivity center in your facility, if desired.

31

Conducted by: Phone: Date:

I. GENERAL INFORMATION

Facility Name:

Address:

Contact Person: Phone:

Email: Fax:

Number of Employees: Number of Inmates:

Facility Size (e.g., sq. feet, number of floors/depts., etc.) :

Types of Activities (e.g., inmate housing, administration, farming, training, etc.) :

II. CURRENT WASTE COLLECTION INFORMATION

How is waste collected within facility (e.g., custodial staff, inmates) ?

Name of Waste Collection Company:

Quantity of Waste Collected/Month (if known or estimated) :

Number & Size of Collection Containers, Collection Frequency, and Cost of Collection:

Monthly Container Rental Fee

Monthly Collection

FeeFee per

Pull

Disposal Fee

($/ton)

Total Monthly

Cost

Cans/bags

Carts

2 cy dumpster

4 cy dumpster

6 cy dumpster

8 cy dumpster

20 cy roll-off

30 cy roll-off

40 cy roll-off20-40 cy

compactor

Monthly Totals

WASTE ASSESSMENT FORM

How full is Container when

emptied? (on average)

(Indicate number of each size container/dumpster used, and complete appropriate information for each.)

Collection Costs (complete all that apply)

# of Containers Container Size

Frequency of Collection

(times/week)

Quantity of Waste

Collected (lbs./month)

Page 1 of 4 Form developed by Kessler Consulting, Inc.

32

III. CURRENT RECYCLING ACTIVITIES

How are recyclables collected in facility (e.g., custodial staff, inmates) ?

Name of Recycling Company (or Drop-Off Location) :

Types & Quantity of Recyclables, Collection Frequency, and Cost of Collection:

Monthly Collection

FeeProcessing Fee ($/lb.)

Revenue ($/lb.)

Total Monthly (Cost) or Revenue

Monthly Totals

IV. CURRENT WASTE PREVENTION ACTIVITIES

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

Frequency of Collection

(times/week)

Type of Collection Container

Indicate whether your facility has implemented any of the waste prevention (i.e., source reduction) activities listed below; add any additional waste prevention activities your facility currently conducts.

Waste Prevention Activity

Two-sided copying

Reusing single-sided paper

Reusing office supplies

Reusing packaging

Toner cartridge return


Comments

E-mail for all employee memos/messages

Collection Costs (complete all that apply)Average Quantity Collected

(lbs./month)

(For each type of recyclable material collected, complete the appropriate information.)

Type of Recyclable Material


33

V. WASTE COMPONENTS

Department (if applicable) :

Type of Waste MaterialWaste-Producing

Activity or Location

Estimated Amount Produced per Week (volume, weight, or % of total waste stream)

Current Waste Reduction Activates (if any, e.g., recycling,

reuse)

Food Waste

Corrugated Cardboard

Office Paper/White Ledger

Color LedgerOther Recyclable Paper (Color Ledger, File Stock, Magazines, etc.)

Newspaper

Phone Books

Scrap Metal (Ferrous & Nonferrous)

Tin/Steel Cans

Aluminum Cans

Gable-top Cartons (e.g., milk cartons)

PET (#1) & HDPE (#2) Bottles

Other Plastic Bottles

PolystyreneTextiles (e.g., sheets, blankets, uniforms)

Yard Waste

Pallets

Other Wood Waste

Construction & Demolition Debris

Computers & Electronics

Fluorescent Tubes

Toner Cartridges

List all waste materials identified on the facility walk-through, the type of activity or location where the waste is produced, an estimate of the quantity produced (if possible), and any current waste reduction activities targeted at that material.



34

VI. TARGET MATERIALS FOR WASTE REDUCTION

Department (if applicable) :

Waste Type


Based on the facility walk-through, list all materials that could be targeted by your waste reduction program, and the potential waste reduction activities that could be implemented.

Description of Potential Waste Reduction/Recycling Activities


35

Appendix C

Volume to Weight ConversionsThe table provided in this Appendix can be used as a general guide for con-

verting volumes of solid waste or recyclable materials to weights and vice versa.The figures calculated using these conversion factors should be used only asestimates. Moisture present in the materials, differences in the way the materialsare handled, how full collection containers are when serviced, and other factorscan cause actual weights to differ from these calculated figures.

36

Category Material Volume Estimated WeightMunicipal Solid Waste Uncompacted - loose 1 cubic yard 250 pounds

Compacted 1 cubic yard 500 poundsCorrugated Cardboard Uncompacted 1 cubic yard 150-300 pounds

Compacted 1 cubic yard 500 poundsBaled 1 cubic yard 1000-1200 pounds

Office Paper Flat, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 380 poundsFlat, compacted/baled 1 cubic yard 755 poundsCrumpled, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 110-205 poundsCrumpled, compacted/baled 1 cubic yard 610 pounds

Newspaper Uncompacted 1 cubic yard 360-505 poundsCompacted/baled 1 cubic yard 720-1000 pounds

Ferrous Cans Whole 1 cubic yard 150 poundsFlattened 1 cubic yard 850 pounds

Aluminum Cans Whole 1 cubic yard 74 poundsFlattened (manually) 1 cubic yard 250 pounds

PET (#1) Plastic Bottles Whole, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 30-40 poundsWhole, compacted 1 cubic yard 515 pounds

HDPE (#2) Plastic Bottles Whole, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 24 poundsWhole, compacted 1 cubic yard 270 pounds

Mixed PET & HDPE Whole, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 32 poundsOther Plastic Bottles Whole, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 50 pounds

Compacted/baled 1 cubic yard 400-700 poundsGlass Loose, whole bottles 1 cubic yard 600 pounds

55 gallon drum 175 poundsCrushed (manually broken) 1 cubic yard 1000 pounds

55 gallon drum 300 poundsCrushed (mechanically broken) 1 cubic yard 1800 pounds

55 gallon drum 550 poundsFood Waste Solid/liquid 55 gallon drum 400-410 poundsYard Waste Leaves, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 200-250 pounds

Leaves, compacted 1 cubic yard 300-450 poundsGrass clippings, uncompacted 1 cubic yard 350-450 poundsGrass clippings, compacted 1 cubic yard 550-1500 pounds

Wood Waste Pallets 1 pallet 30-100 pounds Wood chips 1 cubic yard 500 pounds

Textiles Mixed textiles 1 cubic yard 175 poundsAutomotive Waste Truck tire 1 tire 60-100 pounds

Car tire 1 tire 12-20 poundsUsed motor oil 1 gallon 7.4 poundsOil filters, uncrushed 55 gallon drum 175 poundsOil filters, crushed 55 gallon drum 700 poundsAntifreeze 1 gallon 8.42 poundsLead-acid batteries, truck 1 battery 53.3 pounds Lead-acid batteries, car 1 battery 39.4 pounds

Miscellaneous Fluorescent tubes 4 foot tube 0.72 poundsPaint 1 gallon 10 poundsSolvent 1 gallon 8.42 pounds

VOLUME TO WEIGHT CONVERSION FACTORS

Compiled by Kessler Consulting, Inc. Based on information from the Solid Waste Association of North America (SWANA), National Recycling Coalition (NRC), and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

37

Appendix D

Waste Prevention and ReuseOptionsOffices

• Recover single-sided sheets of paper for reuse in printing draft copies or asscrap paper.

• Circulate or share documents, publications and telephone books, and create ashared, centralized filing system.

• Make the minimum number of copies required, and route all-personnelmemos or post them in a central location.

• Make all documents and copies double-sided whenever possible, and pur-chase copier machines that have this capability.

• Use interoffice e-mails in place of hard-copy memos or messages.

• Route all-staff memos and announcements or post them in a central location,such as a bulletin board.

• Store documents electronically rather than in hard copy.

• Edit and proofread documents on the computer before printing.

• Eliminate fax cover sheets by using a stamp or sticker designed for fax use.

• Fax directly from a computer to eliminate unnecessary printouts.

• Eliminate the use of thermal fax machines and switch to plain-paper faxmachines.

• Collect toner cartridges for reconditioning, and purchase only reconditionedtoner cartridges.

• Eliminate disposable cups by switching to reusable mugs.

• Purchase reusable items such as refillable pens and tape dispensers.

• Reuse office supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, binders, file folders,paper clips, etc. Establish a system or central location for reusable officesupplies.

• Purchase durable or repairable office equipment and furniture. Considerleasing office equipment that is used infrequently.

• Purchase equipment that does not require batteries or that uses rechargeablebatteries.

• Perform routine preventative maintenance on office equipment to ensurelonger life.

• Repair, reupholster or refurbish furniture.

• Donate obsolete electronic equipment to local charities.

38

Food Preparation and Serving

• Purchase products in bulk and/or concentrated form and dispense in reus-able/refillable containers (e.g., juice concentrates, beverages, frozen foodsand condiments such as sugar and ketchup).

• Switch from disposable plates, cups, and eating utensils to reusable plasticproducts.

• Require suppliers to provide produce, meats, baked goods and dairy productsin reusable crates.

• Work with suppliers to reduce or eliminate packaging where feasible.• Practice good inventory management (first-in, first-out, limited inventory

levels) to prevent spoiled and out-of-date products.• Inspect perishable items when delivered and return spoiled and off-spec

goods to the supplier.• Track daily food production and resulting waste generation, and adjust pro-

duction amounts accordingly to reduce waste.

Janitorial Services

• Purchase or request contractors to use concentrated cleaning supplies, suchas detergents, to reduce packaging.

• Purchase or request contractors to use cleaning products with nontoxic con-stituents.

Groundskeeping Services

• Maximize use of xeriscaping.• Use mulching mowers.• Practice good inventory management to prevent out-of-date horticultural

products.

General Recommendations

• Request suppliers to use minimal packaging or reusable shipping containersthat they take back.

• Reuse cardboard boxes and packaging materials, when feasible.• Send out all bid requests electronically or on double-sided hard copy and

request that responses be submitted in the same manner without extraneousmaterials.

• Consider replacing paper towels with hand dryers.

39

Appendix E

Composting FundamentalsComposting is the process of aerobically decomposing organic wastes under

controlled, high-temperature conditions to produce a valuable, humus-like soilamendment, known as compost. Microorganisms decompose the organic wasteand generate the heat that causes the high temperatures. Temperatures as high as50 degrees Celsius (122 degrees Fahrenheit) are common.

The central principle of composting is to maintain optimum conditions for themicroorganisms. Like human beings, they require water, oxygen and food. Eightfundamental best practices of good composting are presented below.

· Remove inorganic contaminants. Food waste and landscaping waste caneasily become contaminated with inorganic materials. Inorganic materials do notdecompose and can ruin the visual appearance of compost. Plastic bags are acommon contaminant.

· Balance carbon:nitrogen ratio. Composting occurs best when the ratio ofcarbon to nitrogen (C:N ratio) is in the range of 20:1 to 40:1. In general, kitchenwaste is high in nitrogen, while shredded or chipped dry landscaping waste is highin carbon. A general rule of thumb for achieving a good C:N ratio is to mix ap-proximately one volume of kitchen waste with three volumes of dry landscapewaste. If a property generates excess landscape waste, it can be stockpiled forfuture use or shared with other properties that generate an excess of kitchenwaste.

· Control particle size and maintain porosity. The size of materials in thecompost pile will have a direct effect on the rate of decomposition. All organicwaste should be reduced to pieces no greater than five centimeters in size. Thisincreases the amount of surface area where microorganisms can thrive. Becareful not to make composting material too small or it will tend to become com-pacted and prevent oxygen from getting into the pile. In addition to keeping theC:N ratio balanced, kitchen waste must be mixed with dry landscape waste toprovide the physical structure that maintains porosity.

· Mix thoroughly. All materials must be thoroughly mixed so that the com-post pile is homogeneous. First, the microorganisms need a well-mixed substrateso that they can find proper nourishment. Second, if wet kitchen waste is not wellmixed with dry carbonaceous material, it can become anaerobic and generate badodors.

· Maintain moisture content. The microorganisms responsible for compost-ing require water. The ideal moisture content is between 40% and 60%. The mois-ture content of a compost pile can be assessed by hand. If a handful of compostmaterial releases several drops of water when squeezed by hand, the moisturecontent is okay. If no water is released, it is too dry – add more water. If morewater is released, it is too wet – add more dry carbon material. Kitchen waste istypically high in moisture, while landscape waste tends to have low moisturecontent. The appropriate moisture content must be maintained throughout thecomposting process.

40

· Aerate. Composting microorganisms require oxygen. If there is no oxygenpresent in the compost pile, it will become very smelly. Care must be taken toavoid compacting the pile. Piles or windrows may need to be turned or rebuiltperiodically to reintroduce oxygen and pore space.

· Monitor temperature. Temperature is an effective way to monitor thehealth of the microorganisms. Temperature should be monitored at severalpoints in the pile with a specialized long-stemmed thermometer. When condi-tions are proper, the pile temperature should remain above 40 degrees Celsius(104 degrees Fahrenheit) for at least 10 to 14 days. This will kill weed seeds andpathogens. If the compost pile does not achieve these temperatures or if tem-peratures decline before the pile is well decomposed, then one of the other objec-tives is not being met.

· Kill weed seeds and pathogens. To become a safe and useful product, thecompost must have achieved a high enough temperature to kill weed seeds (e.g.,tomato seeds from kitchen waste) and destroy human pathogens. The generalguideline for killing weed seeds is to achieve temperatures of at least 60 degreesCelsius (140 degrees Fahrenheit) for a day throughout the compost pile.

41

Appendix F

Recyclable MaterialsThis Appendix provides descriptions of the types of materials most commonly

collected for recycling. It includes a description of the material, how it is typicallyprepared for market, what are generally considered contaminants, and the mostcommon end uses for the recovered material. Check with your recycling contrac-tor or market to determine the specifications required for the materials collectedin your particular program.

Cardboard

Includes cardboard boxes, brown paper bags and brown envelopes.

Preparation: Remove food, plastic film, packing materials and other contami-nants. Flatten boxes and store in a dry location until collection. Cardboardmay be baled onsite prior to shipping to market.

Contaminants: Food, wet cardboard, wax-coated cardboard, paperboard(e.g., cereal boxes, tissue boxes), plastic of any type, packing material (e.g.,foam “peanuts”), excessive amounts of tape and any non-cardboard material.

End Use: Cardboard is used by paper mills to manufacture new cardboard,boxboard, brown paper envelopes, brown tissue paper and other products.

NOTE: Wet cardboard and wax-coated cardboard may be composted along withfood waste depending on the type of composting operation.

Office Paper

Includes computer paper, copy paper, printing and writing paper, non-carbonmulti-forms, envelopes, discarded mail and flip charts. This grade of paper ismanufactured from chemical pulps and is typically recycled separately fromnewspaper.

Preparation: Depending on available markets, paper may be recycled alltogether as mixed paper or it may be separated into two categories: whiteledger and mixed office paper. Remove paper clips, bindings, rubber bands,unacceptable types of paper and other contaminants. Place in a dedicatedpaper recycling container and store in a dry location until collection. Officepaper may be baled onsite prior to shipping to market.

Contaminants: Carbon paper, thermal fax paper, waxed paper, paper towels,toilet paper, tissue paper, paper plates and cups, rubber bands, paper clips,bound books and any non-paper material.

End Use: Office paper is used by paper mills to manufacture new paper,paperboard, white tissue and toilet paper, and other paper products. If papermarkets are non-existent or cost-prohibitive, recycled paper may be shreddedand composted with food waste.

42

Newspaper & Magazines

Includes daily newspapers and glossy magazines. Both are produced fromgroundwood or thermo-mechanical pulp, and are typically recycled separatelyfrom office paper. If paper markets are non-existent or cost-prohibitive, newspa-per may be shredded and composted with food waste.

Preparation: Depending on available markets, newspaper and magazines maybe recycled together or separately. Some markets allow them to be mixedwith office paper. Remove any plastic bags, rubber bands, unacceptable typesof paper and other contaminants. Place in a dedicated recycling container andstore in a dry location until collection. Newspaper and magazines can bebaled onsite prior to shipping to market.


End Use: Newspaper and magazines are used by paper mills to manufacturenew newspaper, paperboard, molded pulp products and other paper prod-ucts.

Mixed Paper

Includes a variety of paper such as discarded mail, office paper, paperboard andboxboard.

Preparation: Remove paper clips, bindings, rubber bands, unacceptable typesof paper and other contaminants. Place in a dedicated paper recycling con-tainer and store in a dry location until collection. Mixed paper may be baledonsite prior to shipping to market.


End Use: Mixed paper is used by paper mills to manufacture paperboard,tissue and towel paper, and other paper products. If paper markets are non-existent or cost-prohibitive, recycled paper may be shredded and compostedwith food waste.

Scrap Metal

Includes various types of metal such as metal furniture, used appliances, rein-forcement bars, metal pipe and aluminum window frames.

Preparation: Given the wide range of sizes, shapes and grades, scrap metalcommonly is consolidated into a single dedicated recycling container andstored outside until collection. Metals may be sorted by type in order toobtain greater revenue for more valuable metals.

43

Contaminants: Pesticide and other hazardous waste cans and any non-metallic material.

End Use: Scrap metal may be sorted into many specific grades by a profes-sional metal recycler, and then re-melted by smelters and foundries into rawmaterials for casting and molding as well as a wide range of finished metalproducts.

Metal Cans

Includes metal containers used for food, juice, soft drinks, and paint or otherfinishes. There are three types of metal cans: steel, aluminum and bi-metal. Steelcans typically are coated with tin. Aluminum cans are most commonly used forsingle-serve beverages. Bi-metal cans typically have a steel body and an alumi-num lid.

Preparation: Depending on available markets, metal cans be separated intotwo categories: aluminum beverage cans and all other metal cans. Rinse toremove contents. Allow paint cans to dry out completely. Depending on themarket, place aluminum cans and other metal cans into two separate dedi-cated recycling containers or mix all cans together in a dedicated recyclingcontainer. Store in a dry location until collection.

Contaminants: Pesticide and other hazardous waste cans, cutlery, Sterno fuelcans, metal tools, power tools, appliances, batteries, metal furniture and anynon-metallic material.

End Use: Metal cans may be re-melted by smelters and foundries to manufac-ture a wide range of metal products.

Rigid Plastic Containers

Includes a wide range of container types and plastic resins. The most commonresin types used for plastic containers are:

PET (polyethylene terephthalate), Code 1 – water bottles, soft drink bottles,liquor bottles, cooking oil bottles and other food bottles; and

HDPE (high-density polyethylene), Code 2 – personal health care bottles, milkjugs, plastic oil drums, buckets, flower pots, cleaning supply bottles andoutdoor furniture.

However, other resins also are used, including:

PVC (polyvinyl chloride), Code 3 – some water and liquid beverage bottlesand “blister” packaging;

LDPE (low-density polyethylene), Code 4 – some types of personal healthcare and food products bottles;

44

PP (polypropylene), Code 5 – personal health care bottles, dairy tubs andcontainers, and plastic cutlery;

PS (polystyrene), Code 6 – expanded foam cups and tableware, and rigidpackages for take-away service; and

Other, Code 7 – includes multi-resin packaging that may be used for condi-ments, juices, personal health care products and other items.

Preparation: Depending on available markets, plastic containers can beseparated by resin type or commingled together. Remove caps and lids, andrinse to remove all contents. Store in a dry location until collection and/orprocessing.

Contaminants: Plastic film, tires, tubing, plastic pipe, plastic electronic equip-ment housing and any non-plastic material.

End Use: Plastic containers can be used to manufacture a wide range of con-sumer products. If they are separated by resin type and color, plastic can berecycled into higher-value products. They can be molded into new containers,planters, clothes hangers, plastic bags and a wide variety of other products.Mixed resins are generally recycled into lower-value products, such as plasticlumber, shipping pallets, car stops and speed bumps.

Textiles

Includes discarded uniforms, sheets, towels and blankets.

Preparation: Textiles may be baled or packed loose in Gaylord boxes. Theymust be kept dry to prevent mold and mildew, which render them non-recy-clable.

Contaminants: Moisture, metal, glass, packing materials, etc.

End Use: Textiles may be reconditioned for sale or recycled into rags, light-weight stuffing, sound insulation or animal bedding.

Wood Waste

Includes wood pallets, discarded lumber, and other scrap wood from construc-tion and demolition projects. It also includes wood materials from land-clearingprojects such as trees and stumps.

Preparation: Wood pallets should be sorted into reusable and non-reusableones. Reusable pallets may be sold to a recycler. Other pallets and clean woodwaste must be separated from painted and treated wood (e.g., pressure-treated wood) for recycling. Wood waste is typically ground into chips using atub grinder, shredder or crusher. A magnet is often used to remove metals.

Contaminants: Painted and treated wood, metal, glass, dirt, etc.

45

End Use: Reusable wood pallets can be reused onsite for outgoing shipmentsor sold to a pallet recycler. Other pallets and wood waste may be chipped forboiler fuel, wood mulch or compost bulking agent.

Electronic Equipment

Includes computers, printers, calculators, fax machines, televisions and videocassette players.

Preparation: Discarded electronic equipment should be placed in woodencrates or cardboard boxes. They may also be stacked on wooden pallets andshrink-wrapped. They are then stored in a secure, indoor area until collection.

Contaminants: Moisture, scrap metals, broken glass and non-electronicmaterials.

End Use: Electronic equipment is either repaired or dismantled by specializedrecycling companies. Materials from dismantled equipment are recycledthrough a variety of markets.

Appliances

Includes cooking stoves, microwave ovens, air conditioners, refrigerators, freez-ers, washers and dryers.

Preparation: Discarded appliances should be stored in a secure, dry area untilcollection. They should be sheltered from the elements to prevent rusting.

Contaminants: Moisture, tires, piping, ductwork and any materials other thanappliances.

End Use: Old appliances can be repaired or recycled by specialized scrapmetal recycling companies.

F luorescent Tubes

Includes straight 2, 4, 5 and 8-foot tubes, U-shaped tubes, compact fluorescenttubes, and T-8 tubes, which are smaller in diameter and more energy efficientthan traditional fluorescent light tubes of similar length.

Preparation: Spent fluorescent light tubes are removed from light fixtures andpackaged in cardboard boxes specifically designed for the individual tubetypes to prevent breakage. Boxes are stored in a designated area and properlylabeled. When full, the collection box is shipped to the designated recycler.

Contaminants: Broken bulbs, other glass, incandescent lights, etc.

46

End Use: Tubes are crushed under negative pressure and the mercury-con-taining calcium phosphate powder is separated into a storage container. Theglass and aluminum end caps are segregated and marketed. The powder isdistilled to recover the mercury.

Rechargeable Batteries

Includes the following rechargeable battery chemistries: nickel cadmium (Ni-Cd),nickel metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and small sealed lead (Pb).Look for the Battery Recycling Seal on the battery. These batteries are commonlyfound in cordless power tools, cellular and cordless phones, laptop computers,digital cameras, two-way radios, camcorders, bar code readers, PDAs and re-mote-control toys.

Preparation: The Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) willprovide collection boxes that include pre-paid, self-addressed shipping labels,safety instructions, and plastic bags for each used battery. Once full, thecollection box is shipped to the RBRC. (RBRC may pay for shipping for publicagencies.)

Contaminants: Alkaline batteries, automotive/motorcycle batteries, etc.

End Use: Metals are recovered for use in new products. Cadmium is used tomake new batteries; nickel and iron are used to make stainless steel products.

Motor Oil

Includes lubricating oil from diesel- and gasoline-powered motors and engines,such as automobiles, electrical generators, pumps, desalinization units, air com-pressors and blowers. Motor oil poses a serious environmental threat to surfaceand ground water if it is not contained and properly handled.

Preparation: Motor oil should be drained into dedicated leak-proof contain-ers. Containers can be stockpiled until collection. Small amounts of inertmaterial such as metal fining need not be removed.

Contaminants: Water, large particulates and any non-oil substance.

End Use: Used motor oil is refined and used to manufacture a wide variety oflubricants including re-refined motor oil.

47

Automotive Waste

Other wastes generated from automotive maintenance and repair include trans-mission fluid, oil filters, transmission and fuel filters, lead-acid batteries, coolant,tires, rags, and paint waste.

Preparation: Liquids should be stored in dedicated leak-proof drums. Used oilfilters should also be stored in a leak-proof drum. Lead-acid batteries shouldbe stacked on a pallet or otherwise stored according to recycler instructions.Contaminants: Each of the various materials needs to be source-separatedand not mixed with any others.

End Use: These are dependent on the specific materials being recovered. Oilfilters are recycled as scrap metal. Lead-acid batteries are de-constructed, theacid re-conditioned, the lead cells recycled, and the plastic casing recycled.

48

App

endi

x G EPA’s Recommended Recycled-

Content LevelsRecycling is a three-part process, as represented by the three chasing arrows

of the Recycling Logo:

1) Collecting recyclable materials2) Processing and manufacturing these recovered materials into new

products3) Buying products made with recycled-content

Each section of the recycling loop depends upon the others, so when you buyrecycled content products, you are “closing the loop.” Purchasing recycled con-tent products helps maintain or increase the demand for the materials you collectin your facility’s recycling program.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set recommendedrecycled-content levels for numerous products, which are provided in the follow-ing table. These guidelines are based on market research identifying recycled-content products that are commercially available, are priced competitively withvirgin products, and meet buyers’ quality standards.

Recycled-content products may contain either pre-consumer or post-con-sumer recovered materials, or both.

Pre-consumer recovered materials are materials that result from manufac-turing, such as leftover scraps, damaged items or overruns. For example, news-paper overruns have traditionally been collected and incorporated into themanufacture of new newsprint. Pre-consumer materials are usually clean,abundant and easily collected for recycling.

Post-consumer recovered materials are those that are collected from abusiness or consumer after a product has served its intended use. These materi-als are generally not as clean or as easily collected as pre-consumer materials.Whenever possible, preference should be given to the use of products with post-consumer content, because these have the greatest impact on diverting materialsfrom the waste stream.

49

Description

Recycled Content

(%)

Consumer Content

(%)Printing and Writing Papers

Reprographic Business papers such as bond, electrostatic, copy,

mimeo, duplicator, and reproduction

30 30

Offset Used for book publishing, commercial printing, direct

mail, technical documents, and manuals

30 30

Tablet Office paper such as note pads and notebooks 30 30

Forms bond Bond type papers used for business forms such as

continuous, cash register, sales book, unit sets, and

computer printout, excluding carbonless

30 30

Envelope Wove 30 30

Kraft, white and colored (including manila) 10-20 10-20

Kraft, unbleached 10 10

Cotton fiber High-quality papers used for stationery, invitations,

currency, ledgers, maps, and other specialty items

30 30

Text and cover Premium papers used for cover stock, books, and

stationery and matching envelopes

30 30

Supercalendered Groundwood paper used for advertising and mail order

inserts, catalogs, and some magazines

10 10

Machine finished

groundwood

Groundwood paper used in magazines and catalogs 10 10

Papeteries Used for invitations and greeting cards 30 30

Check safety Used in the manufacture of commercial and

government checks

10 10

Coated Used for annual reports, posters, brochures, and

magazines. Have gloss, dull, or matte finishes

10 10

Carbonless Used for multiple-impact copy forms 30 30

File folders Manila or colored 30 30

Dyed filing products Used for multicolored hanging folders and wallet files 20-50 20

Index and card stock Used for index cards and postcards 50 20

Pressboard High-strength paperboard used in binders and report

covers

50 20

Tags and tickets Used for toll and lottery tickets, licenses, and

identification and tabulating cards

20-50 20

NewsprintNewsprint Groundwood paper used in newspapers 20-100 20-85

Commercial Sanitary Tissue ProductsBathroom tissue Used in rolls or sheets 20-100 20-60

Paper towels Used in rolls or sheets 40-100 40-60

Paper napkins Used in food service applications 30-100 30-60

Facial tissue Used for personal care 10-100 10-15

General purpose

industrial wipes

Used in cleaning and wiping applications 40-100 40

Item

EPA'S RECOMMENDED RECYCLED CONTENT LEVELS

50

Description

Recycled Content

(%)

Consumer Content

(%)Item


Paperboard and Packaging ProductsCorrugated containers Used for packaging and shipping a variety of goods

<300 psi 25-50 25-50

300 psi 25-30 25-30

Solid fiber boxes Used for specialized packaging needs such as dynamite

packaging and army ration boxes

40 40

Folding cartons Used to package a wide variety of foods, household

products, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, detergent, and

hardware

100 40-80

Industrial paperboard Used to create tubes, cores, cans, and drums 100 45-100

Miscellaneous Includes "chipboard" pad backings, book covers,

covered binders, mailing tubes, game boards, and

puzzles

90-100 75-100

Padded mailers Made from kraft paper that is usually brown but can be

bleached white

5-15 5-15

Carrierboard A type of folding carton designed for multipack

beverage cartons

10-100 10-15

Brown papers Used for bags and wrapping paper 5-40 5-20

Miscellaneous Paper ProductsTray liners Used to line food service trays. 100 50-75

Non-Paper Office ProductsRecycling containers Plastic - 20-100

& waste receptacles Steel 25-30 16

Corrugated 25-50 25-50

Solid fiber boxes - 40

Industrial paperboard 100 40-80

Plastic desktop

accessories

Includes polystyrene desk organizers, sorters, trays,

and memo, note, and pencil holders

- 25-80

Binders Plastic-covered 25-50 -

Paper-covered 90-100 75-100

Pressboard 50 20

Solid HDPE plastic 90 90

Solid PE plastic 30-50 30-50

Solid PET plastic 100 100

Miscellaneous plastic 80 80

Trash bags Plastic - 10-100

Envelopes Plastic 25-35 25

Plastic clipboards HDPE 90 90

PS 50 50

Miscellaneous plastic 15-80 15

Plastic file folders HDPE 90 90

Plastic clip portfolios HDPE 90 90

Plastic presentation

folders

HDPE 90 90

51

Description

Recycled Content

(%)

Consumer Content

(%)Item


Landscaping ProductsHydraulic mulch Paper - 100

Wood/paper 100 -

Hoses Garden hose of rubber and/or plastic - 60-65

Soaker hose of rubber and/or plastic - 60-70

Lawn & garden edging Rubber and/or plastic 30-100 30-100

Landscaping timber & HDPE 75-100 25-100

posts Mixed plastic/sawdust 100 50

HDPE/fiberglass 95 75

Other mixed resins 95-100 50-100

Construction ProductsStructural fiberboard 80-100 -

Laminated paperboard Post-consumer paper 100 100

Insulation Rock wool insulation made from slag 75 -

Fiberglass insulation made from glass cullet 20-25 -

Cellulose insulation (loose-fill or spray-on) made from

post-consumer paper

75 75

Perlite composite board insulation made from post-

consumer paper

23 23

Rigid foam insulation 9 -

Foam-in-place insulation 5 -

Glass fiber reinforced insulation 6 -

Phenolic rigid foam insulation 5 -

Floor tiles (heavy-duty Rubber - 90-100

commercial use) Plastic 90-100 -

Patio blocks Rubber or rubber blends - 90-100

Plastic or plastic blends 90-100 -

Carpet fiber face PET resin 25-100 25-100

Latex paint Consolidated paint where color and consistency of

performance are not primary concerns

100 100

Reprocessed - white, off-white, pastel colors 20 20

Reprocessed - grey, brown, earthtones, other dark

colors

50-99 50-99

Shower & restroom Plastic 20-100 20-100

partitions Steel 25-100 16-67

Carpet cushion Bonded polyurethane made from old carpet cushion 15-50 15-50

Jute made from burlap 40 40

Synthetic fibers made from carpet fabrication scrap 100 -

Rubber made from tire rubber 60-90 60-90

Railroad grade Concrete made from coal fly ash 15-20 -

crossing surfaces Rubber made from tire rubber 85-95 -

Steel 25-100 16-67

Notes:

(2) Recovered and post-consumer fiber content should be measured as a percentage for the weight of all fiber in the paper, not

as a percentage of the total weight. (The total weight also includes the weight of dyes, fillers, and water used in the

manufacturing process.)

(1) When buying recycled-content products, specify that you want a product "containing X percent recovered material

including Y percent post-consumer material."

52

Sample Labels and FlyersThe labels and flyers provided in this Appendix are intended to serve as

samples. For example, you may wish to modify them based on the types ofrecyclables collected at your facility and how they are collected, to include yourprogram’s logo or slogan, or to describe your specific collection procedures andwaste prevention activities.

App

endi

x H

62

App

endi

x I Waste Reduction Program

Tracking and Reporting Form

The form provided in this Appendix can be used to track and report on theperformance and costs of your waste reduction program. It includes sections fortracking waste prevention, recycling and composting, waste disposal, and overallprograms costs and benefits. The form is relatively detailed and can be modifiedto include those program elements that are of greatest interest or importance toyour facility.

63

I. Waste Prevention

Facility Name:Facility ID Number:Contact Name:Phone Number:Reporting Period:

Waste Prevention Savings:

Waste Prevention Activity/Material UnitPounds

/Unit $/UnitUnits

PreventedPounds

Prevented Savings0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$ 0 -$

Total 0 -$

Examples of Waste Prevention:

Waste Prevention Activity/Material UnitPounds

/Unit $/UnitUnits

PreventedPounds

Prevented SavingsDouble-sided Copying Reams of Paper 1.3 0.89$ 32 41.6 28.48$ Switch to Ceramic Coffee Mugs 1000 Plastic Cups 3.5 7.50$ 3 10.5 22.50$ Total 52.1 50.98$

WASTE REDUCTION PROGRAM TRACKING & REPORTING FORM

Instructions : list waste prevention activities, and enter the following information in the appropriate column: the units for measuring waste prevention, the weight per unit in pounds, the cost per unit in dollars, and the number of unit purchases that were prevented during the year.


64

II. Recycling & Composting

Facility Name:Facility ID Number:Reporting Period:

Quantity Recycled or Composted:

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Recycling/Composting Revenue:

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

Total -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$


Year to Date

Year to Date

Contact Name:Phone Number:

Dollars

PoundsInstructions : list materials that are recycled/composted and enter pounds for each month.

Materials

Instructions : list materials that are sold and enter revenue received for each month.

Materials


65

III. Waste Disposal

Facility Name:Facility ID Number:Reporting Period:

Quantity Disposed:

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun0

0

0

0

0

0

Total 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Disposal Cost:

Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

-$

Total -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$ -$

1 Examples of possible disposal methods: trash compactor, dumpsters, roll-off container, & trash truck.

2 To convert cubic yards of solid waste into pounds, use the conversion factors in Appendix C, the frequency of service, and estimate the fullness of the container.

For example, an 8-cubic yard dumpster serviced weekly that is 3/4 full = 8 cy/pickup x 250 lbs./cy x 75%x 4.3 pickups/month = 6,450 pounds of solid waste


Instructions : list disposal methods and enter pounds disposed for each month.

Contact Name:Phone Number:

Disposal Method 1 Year to Date

Instructions : list disposal methods and enter disposal cost for each month.

Disposal Method 1 Year to DateDollars

Pounds 2


66

IV. Annual Costs & Cost Savings


Annualized Capital Costs (straight line depreciation):

Item

Total Cost

Operating Costs:

ItemLabor: __________________Labor: __________________

ElectricityFuelSupplies

Other: ________________Total Cost

Disposal Cost Savings: Other Cost Savings:

Waste PreventionRecycling & Composting

Average Disposal Cost/TonDisposal Cost Savings

Examples of Other Savings:


1,200.00$

3,000.00$

4,200.00$

-$

Annual Savings

Other Cost Savings

Quantity Unit $/Unit % to Program

Instructions : list capital items purchased for the waste reduction program and enter the following information in the appropriate column: how many were purchased, the cost per unit in dollars, the life expectancy in years, and percent that the item is dedicated to the waste reduction program.

Annual CostUseful Life$/UnitQuantity % to Program

Instructions : list operating cost items for the waste reduction program and enter the following information in the appropriate column: how much was used, the unit for measuring the item, the cost per unit in dollars, and the percent that the item is dedicated to the waste reduction program.

Tons

Instructions : list tons of waste reduced due to waste prevention, recycling, and composting activities.

Annual Cost

Item

Instructions : list other cost savings due to waste prevention, recycling, and composting activities, and estimate the annual savings in waste management costs.

Annual Savings

Other Cost Savings

-$ -$

Switch to smaller compactor

Reduced waste collection labor

Item


67

V. Annual Cost-Benefit Analysis


Waste Reduction Program Costs & Benefits:

Item CostAnnualized Capital CostOperating Cost

BenefitRecycling/Composting RevenueWaste Prevention SavingsDisposal Cost SavingsOther Cost SavingsSubtotal -$ -$

Annual Cost (Benefit) -$

Total Waste Generated TonsWaste PreventionRecycling/CompostingWaste Disposal

Waste Reduction Rate -

Per Ton Annual Cost (Benefit) -$

Non-Cost Factors:

Program Impact 1

1 Rank impact qualitatively:

"- -" = major cost; " - " = minor cost

" 0 " = no impact

"+ +" = major benefit; " + " = minor benefit


Instructions : enter annual costs and savings from previous worksheets.

Item

Instructions : List other costs and benefits of the waste reduction program, and assess each one's relative impact.

Instructions : enter quantities of waste for each item.


waste reduction and recycling guide - recycling - solid...

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