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Indonesia's Experience in Developing Geospatial Professional Competency

Standard

Narieswari LALITYA dan SUMARYONO, Indonesia

Key words: Competency standard, Geospatial Information, Indonesia

SUMMARY

In this globalization era, international and national job market put high demand for competent

labors in all sector. Many industries and organizations require credible certification from the

workers relating to the competencies they need. This standard of competency then become crucial

because it also be a parameter how effective a labor course and training had been done, and at the

same time from the demand side could increase the quality of recruitment process, and finally

overall could escalate the efficiency and effectiveness of labor market. This situation, inevitably,

also applies in geospatial sector, in which Geospatial Information Agency (BIG), as a responsible

government agency in Indonesian for geospatial sector, take its position to provide high competency

for geospatial labors or human resources. Some steps and efforts have been established by BIG.

BIG develops a technical guideline of competency assessment called SKKNI of Geospatial

Information which comprises of surveying, photogrammetry, hydrography, remote sensing, GIS,

and cartography discipline. BIG also establishes accreditation institutions for geospatial sector as a

mandate from Geospatial Information Law (UU No. 4/2011), involves in MRA for surveying in

ASEAN community, and actively participates in ASEAN Coordination Committee on Services

(CSS) forum. This paper intends to share those experiences in developing human resources in

geospatial sector in Indonesia.

Indonesia's Experience in Developing Geospatial Professional Competency Standards (8172)

Lalitya Narieswari (Indonesia)

FIG Working Week 2016

Recovery from Disaster

Christchurch, New Zealand, May 2–6, 2016

Indonesia’s Experience in Developing Geospatial Professional Competency Standards

Lalitya NARIESWARI and SUMARYONO, Indonesia

1. INTRODUCTION

Standard of competence is defined as the standard used by professionals (i.e., private sectors) and

government to establish qualifications for professionals to work in specific sectors (Trinder, 2008).

In Indonesia, competence standard refers to the national working competency standards (SKKNI),

based on the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration Regulation No 5 of 2014 (Permen No

5/2014). Ministry of Manpower and Transmigration is leading sector for ensuring the

competitiveness of labor in Indonesia, but each sector, along with associations and bussines, is

responsible for realizing and improving the competitiveness needed in each respective area.

Therefore, all sectors should comply with the requirement, including geospatial sector.

Standard of competency in geospatial information (GI) sector becomes important for several

reasons:

- It is a mandate of Act No. 4/2014 on geospatial information which requires professionals to

be certified

- Indonesia, as a member of ASEAN, has signed an agreement on Mutual Recognition

Agreement (MRA) on Surveying at the ASEAN Framework Arrangement for the Mutual

Recognition of Surveying Qualifications, on November 19, 2007 in Singapore (ASEAN

Secretariat, 2015).

- MRA brings the consequences that workers in GI sector must be certified to compete in

MEA (ASEAN Economic Community) labor market which will be implemented starting on

the late 2016. MRA itself can be defined as an agreement by all ASEAN countries to

mutually recognize or accept all or some of competence assessment results and competence

certificates. MRA aims to establish accreditation procedures and mechanisms to obtain a

common understanding amongst countries, while at the same time also acknowledge the

differences and uniqueness in their own education, trainings, experiences, and licensing

requirements for professionals who want to practice.

By definition, SKKNI is a reference of GI workers competence level in the job, and in line with

their own factors, can make the workers can labor or occupy particular position nationwide

(Kementerian Tenaga Kerja, 2012).

SKKNI serves an indicator to determine whether a person is competent or not in his obtained skills

and abilities which are used further in his field while working. Therefore, this system is actually

established by the government to prepare GI workers as early as possible to compete in jobs market

and have professions in the desired sectors. In other words, SKKNI operates as a system adopted by






the government to prepare qualified and competent human resources, recognized by all working

sector and applied nationally throughout the country.

SKKNI applies as a reference in the arena of training and certification of competency. In its training

segment, SKKNI becomes a reference for curriculum, syllabus, and modules development. In the

certification of competence segment, SKKNI integrates with the curriculum in educational

institutions, especially vocational education which aims to prepare students with the skills to be

ready to work (Iswanto and Prihantoro, 2015).

Regarding certification, Indonesian Qualification Framework (KKNI) applied to the development of

a certification scheme.

Were drafted the SKKNI by using a format of Regional Model Competency Standard or RMCS that

was introduced in the Program APSDEP – ILO (International Labour Office, 2006). RMCS model

itself is stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No

21/MEN/X/2007 on Procedures for Establishment the SKKNI. SKKNI does not apply to Indonesian

only, but to foreign workers also who are willing to work in Indonesia. This enactment is in

accordance with the mandate of Act No. 3/2014 on industry (The Jakarta Post, 2014).

The SKKNI and the KKNI are the basic infrastructure provisions for boosting workers’

competitiveness in Indonesia. This paper will present how the Indonesian through BIG develops

competency standards in GI sector.

2. Indonesian National Qualification Frameworks (KKNI)

To meet the need for the improving movement and globalization of higher education market, a

standard that ensure the quality of qualifications is required. Understanding that importance in 2012

Indonesian President issued a Presidential Regulation (Perpres) of Indonesian Qualification

Framework (IQF) or Kerangka Kualifikasi Nasional Indonesia (KKNI). KKNI is necessary in order

to pair, equalize, and integrate educations, trainings, and work experience segment. Pairing and

equalization is important for granting the recognition of working competence in accordance with

job structure in various sectors.

KKNI consists of nine level of qualification, starting at level 1 as the lowest level up to level 9 as

the highest level. There is description in each level that pronounces the learning

outcomes/competency that individual should demonstrate. The description is divided into two

categories: general and specific. General description includes personality, working attitude and

ethics that applies to every individual at every level. Specific description describes the knowledge,

skills held by individuals, and it is a level-specific (Table 1).






Table 1. Equivalencies between learning outcomes from different types of education

Academic

Qualifications

IQF Technical and vocational Education and Training

S3 9 S3 (Applied) Specialist

S2 8 S2 (applied)

7 Profesion

S1 6 D IV

5 D III

4 D II

3 D I

General High

School

2 Vocational High School

Junior High School

Junior High

School

1

Source: Kementerian Hukum dan HAM, 2012.

3. SKKNI DEVELOPMENT

In accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration No. 8 of 2012

on Procedures for Determination of Competency Standards Article 10 paragraph (2), IG

competency units are conceived and formulated with reference to RMCS. RMCS itself is a standard

model of competence development using function approach of the work process to produce goods

and or services. SKKNI development in Indonesia can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Indonesian system for national competency standardization

Source: Permen No. 5 of 2012 on National System for Work Competence Standardization

(Kementerian Tenaga kerja, 2012)






3.1 Competency Mapping of IG sector

When developing GI SKKNI, we use RMCS which focuses on what is expected from workers in

the workplace. To identify the labor competencies associated with productive function, we deploy

the function analysis approach that produces a unit of competency as the smallest unit of work that

can produce a single measured output unit.

IG competency units are identified through the analysis of production function/IG organizing

business in order to achieve IG main purpose that is achieving effective and efficient

implementation. To achieve this purpose, there are five key functions to be conducted: (1) GI

planning, (2) Geospatial Data (GD) collection (3) GD processing, (4) Management of GD and GI,

and (5) Presentation of GI.

Table 2. GI function mapping

Main Purpose Key Function Major Functions Basic Function (Unit

Competence)

Administration

of GI in an

effective and

efficient manner

Planning

a. Planning in Terrestrial Survey

b. Planning in Hydrography

c. Planning in Photogrammetry

d. Planning in Remote Sensing

e. Planning in Geographical

Information System

f. Planning in Cartography

4 Units

6 Units

5 Units

1 Units

2 Units

1 Units (19)

Collecting

a. Collection of Terrestrial Survey GD

b. Collection of Hydrography GD

c. Collection of Photogrammetry GD;

d. Collection of Remote Sensing GD;

e. Collection of Geographical

Information System GD;

f. Collection of Cartography GD.

6 Units

9 Units

5 Units

4 Units

2 Units

1 Units (27)

Processing

a. Processing of Terrestrial Survey GD

b. Processing of Hydrography GD

c. Processing of Photogrammetry GD;

d. Processing of Remote Sensing GD;

e. Processing of Geographical

Information System GD;

f. Processing of Cartography GD.

2 Units

6 Units

6 Units

16 Units

2 Units

2 Units (34)

Management

a. Management of Hydrography GD

and GI

b. Management of Geographical

Information System GD and GI

12 Units

6 Units (18)

Presentation a. Presentation of Terrestrial Survey

GI

b. Presentation of Geospatial

2 Units

1 Units






Information System GI

c. Presentation of Cartography GI

1 Units (4)

Source: Kementerian Tenaga Kerja, 2013.

3.2 Formulation of SKKNI

In KKNI qualification level formulation refers to KKNI and implemented in six sub-areas, namely:

Survey terrestrial, hydrography, Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing, Geographical Information

System (GIS), and Cartography. Certification is implemented to assess the competence of human

resources in those mentioned sub-field. Each sub-field will consist of several qualification levels as

of KKNI, although not all levels are accommodated (Table 3).

Table 3.Competence Unit and Qualification Level of Sub-field

Sub-field Level Predicate Number of

Required

Competence Unit

Terrestrial

Survey

3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 3

4 Junior Analyst (Analis Muda) 4

5 Middling Analyst (Analis Madya) 1

6 Principal Analyst (Analis Utama) 5

Hydrography 3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 4




7 Junior Expert (Ahli Muda) 6

8 Middling Expert (Ahli Madya) 6

Photogrammetry 3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 1





Remote Sensing 3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 3






GIS 3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 4









9 Principal Expert (Ahli Utama) 2

Cartography 3 Principal Operator (Operator Utama) 3




3.3 Competence units of SKKNI in GI sector

GI competence units are conceived and formulated with reference to the Regional Model

Competency Standards (RMCS). Key structure in this formulation is a statement of the particular

competency to be attained (unit title), the range of variables pertaining to the context in the which

the competency is to be performed, the specific performance criteria to be met to be deemed

competent, and evidence guides. The code unit follows the codification from Standard Industrial

Classification 2009 version (Table 4).

Table 4. List of Competency unit of GI SKKNI

No Unit code Title of Competence Unit

1 M.711000.001.01 Provide Geodetic Control Points

2 M.711000.002.01 Measure angle

3 M.711000.003.01 Measure distance

4 M.711000.004.01 Measure height

5 M.711000.005.01 Determine 3D position

6 M.711000.006.01 Measure gravity

7 M.711000.007.01 Conduct data compilation

8 M.711000.008.01 Present alphanumeric data from geodetic survey

9 M.711000.009.01 Present graphical data from geodetic survey

10 M.711000.010.01 Design specification of terrestrial survey

11 M.711000.011.01 Scheduling terrestrial survey

12 M.711000.012.01 Design labor need

13 M.711000.013.01 Design a budget

14 M.711000.014.01 Conduct data calculation and analysis

15 M.711000.015.01 Observe sea tide

16 M.711000.016.01 Measure sea current

17 M.711000.017.01 Measure physical characteristic of sea water and conduct

sampling

18 M.711000.018.01 Take samples and measure sediment transport in water

bottom

19 M.711000.019.01 Measure water depth (bathymetry)

20 M.711000.020.01 Imaging of sea bed using Side Scan Sonar

21 M.711000.021.01 Acquire image of deep-sea objects using Remotely






Operated Vehichle (ROV)

22 M.711000.022.01 Imaging Soil layer of under sea bed using Sub-bottom

Profiler (SBP)

23 M.711000.023.01 Detect magnetic objects under and on the sea bed using

magnetometer

24 M.711000.024.01 Process and analyze bathymetric data

25 M.711000.025.01 Process and analyze tidal data

26 M.711000.026.01 Process and analyze sea current data

27 M.711000.027.01 Process and analyze physical characteristics of sea water

data

28 M.711000.028.01 Process and analyze sea bed features data

29 M.711000.029.01 Process and analyze under sea bed feature data

30 M.711000.030.01 Manage hydrography data for sea mapping

31 M.711000.031.01 Manage hydrography data for harbor and coastal

engineering

32 M.711000.032.01 Manage off shore seismic survey data

33 M.711000.033.01 Manage off shore construction survey

34 M.711000.034.01 Manage marine remote sensing data

35 M.711000.035.01 Manage hydrography data for inland water

36 M.711000.036.01 Supervise bathymetric survey and mapping

37 M.711000.037.01 Supervise harbor and coastal engineering work

38 M.711000.038.01 Supervise off shore seismic survey work

39 M.711000.039.01 Supervise off shore construction survey works

40 M.711000.040.01 Supervise marine remote sensing works

41 M.711000.041.01 Supervise hydrographic survey for inland water works

42 M.711000.042.01 Plan bathymetric survey and mapping works

43 M.711000.043.01 Plan Hydrographic Survey for harbour and coastal

engineering

44 M.711000.044.01 Plan offshore seismic survey

45 M.711000.045.01 Plan offshore construction works

46 M.711000.046.01 Plan marine remote sensing works

47 M.711000.047.01 Plan hydrographic survey for inland water

48 M.711000.048.01 Conduct aerial photos restitution

49 M.711000.049.01 Conduct editing

50 M.711000.050.01 Conduct field checking and comprehensiveness survey

51 M.711000.051.01 Conduct Air Triangulation

52 M.711000.052.01 Process Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data for GI

creation

53 M.711000.053.01 Process Laser Data Scanning

54 M.711000.054.01 Process Aerial Photo data

55 M.711000.055.01 Conduct Laser Scanning mission






56 M.711000.056.01 Conduct Aerial Photogrammetry mission

57 M.711000.057.01 Evaluate the result of Laser Scanning

58 M.711000.058.01 Evaluate the result of Aerial Photogrammetry

59 M.711000.059.01 Prepare Laser Scanning mission

60 M.711000.060.01 Prepare an Aerial Photogrammetry for GI creation

61 M.711000.061.01 Design technical plan for GI creation from

photogrammetry techniques using SAR data

62 M.711000.062.01 Design technical plan of GI creation from

photogrammetry techniques

63 M.711000.063.01 Design proposal of GI creation from photogrammetry

techniques

64 M.711000.064.01 Conduct initial radiometric pre-processing

65 M.711000.065.01 Conduct geometric processing of digital imagery

66 M.711000.066.01 Design digital imagery mosaicking

67 M.711000.067.01 Conduct spectrometry field measurement to create

spectral library

68 M.711000.068.01 Conduct Remote Sensing data collection by tracking and

satellite data recording in Earth Station

69 M.711000.069.01 Conduct initial multispectral digital classification

70 M.711000.070.01 Conduct image sharpening for visual interpretation

71 M.711000.071.01 Conduct Image Fusion for imagery quality amelioration

72 M.711000.072.01 Conduct visual interpretation of analog imagery

73 M.711000.073.01 Process field spectrometry data to create spectral library

74 M.711000.074.01 Conduct field spectrometry for ground truthing

75 M.711000.075.01 Conduct data collection of samples for ground truthing

76 M.711000.076.01 Conduct advanced radiometric pre-processing

77 M.711000.077.01 Conduct quality imagery amelioration

78 M.711000.078.01 Process field sample data for ground truthing

79 M.711000.079.01 Conduct advanced multispectral digital classification

80 M.711000.080.01 Conduct hyperspectral digital classification

81 M.711000.081.01 Conduct object-based classification by means of

segmentation techniques

82 M.711000.082.01 Plan remote sensing technical works

83 M.711000.083.01 Conduct multi-source image classification

84 M.711000.084.01 Process active-sensor microwaves (radar) image data for

classificaton

85 M.711000.085.01 Conduct geospatial data conversion by means of Table

Digitation Method

86 M.711000.086.01 Conduct geospatial data conversion by means of On-

screen digitation

87 M.711000.087.01 Conduct geospatial data editing






88 M.711000.088.01 Conduct geospatial data quality testing

89 M.711000.089.01 Conduct geospatial database building

90 M.711000.090.01 Conduct basic analysis of geospatial data

91 M.711000.091.01 Design geospatial-based interface application

92 M.711000.092.01 Design geospatial database

93 M.711000.093.01 Conduct medium analysis of geospatial data

94 M.711000.094.01 Understand general requirements of GIS works

95 M.711000.095.01 Design GIS works

96 M.711000.096.01 Conduct advanced analysis of geospatial data

97 M.711000.097.01 Evaluate geospatial data analysis results

98 M.711000.098.01 Process GI presentation

99 M.711000.099.01 Represent the printed and digital information of GI

100 M.711000.100.01 Evaluate GI representation

101 M.711000.101.01 Conduct data collection for cartographic processing

102 M.711000.102.01 Plan cartographic processing for GI presentation


3.4 Implementation of SKKNI

Legally, SKKNI has established by a regulation from Minister of Manpower and Transmigration

No. 331 of 2013 on the Establishment of the Indonesian National Competence Standard of

Geospatial Information sector. Then, to implement SKKNI, Head of BIG has issued a regulation

No. 9 of 2014 on the Application of SKKNI in Geospatial Information sector (SKKNI-IG). The

latter regulation stipulates that SKKNI-IG applies in national scale, is used as the material of,

neither bilateral nor multilateral, international cooperation and mutual recognition, and is used as a

reference when implementing the certification process in GI sector (Badan Information Geospasial,

2014).

SKKNI-IG has been used as a basis and reference for the management and development of

competency-based of GI human resources HR-IG, which involves:

1. Development of Competency-based Training in GI Sector (PBK-IG)

PBK-IG or better known as the Competency Base Training (CBT) is a type of training,

whose qualification, content, process, assessment, and recognition refer and be oriented to

SKKNI-IG. In this regard, SKKNI-IG is used for formulating training programs, curricula

and syllabus; preparing modules; establishing training methods, criteria and evaluation

materials; as well as other similar uses.

2. Development in the Certification of GI competency

GI Competency Certification is the process of granting certificates of competency in the

field of GI, which is conducted systematically, objectively, accountable, measurable, and

traceable, with reference to the SKKNI-IG. The certification has function to ensure and

maintain competence in accordance with SKKNI. In this regard, SKKNI-IG is used as a






reference in setting goals and test material, methods of appraisal, criteria of graduation test,

and competence certification schemes of GI.

3. Development in Human Resources Management Systems of GI

In order to develop Human Resources Management System with competence-based

approach, SKKNI-IG is used as a reference for recruitment and selection, placement,

competency assessment, career development, both in functional and structural lines.

4. Discussion

KKNI provides national recognition of further education results. KKNI also supports the flexibility

of movement from the training sector i.e. non-formal education or experience into formal education

in job market.

KKNI has strategic roles as the following:

1. Consistently and nationally recognize the output of education and training

2. Integration and correlation between career paths and levels of qualification

3. Give clear directions to each individual to develop competence both in education and training

4. Stimulate the optimization of resources and training

5. Urge national and international recognition for any qualifications developed in Indonesia

The existing used KKNI is the one compiled by Ministry of Education and Culture. Therefore, the

description is too general and only relevant in education sector. It is lacking of technical description

needed by other proposer sectors, which were also contributing in the KKNI making process.

Kemenakertrans is currently promoting an acceleration of KKNI development in every industry

sector so that the qualifications would be more appropriate to apply. The development of specific

KKNI still refers to the description under Perpres No. 8/2012, but it is adapted to the own

qualification characteristics of each sectors. Up to now, KKNI in GI sector has not been yet

established. BIG as a technical institution responsible for GI sector in Indonesia is still in the

progress to establish KKNI in GI sector. This will be a particular obstacle in the process of

accreditation and certification.

Although MEA implementation is approaching, currently there are very limited Certification of

Professions Bodies (LSPs), the bodies that can give professional certification as mandated by IG

Act. The certification bodies are needed because the certificates of competence are not directly

acquired after getting bachelor degree. Therefore, should be considered in the forthcoming times

that any higher education/universities to publish a letter accompanying the diploma as the proof of

graduates competence.

A mandate to conduct professional certification has been enacted since five years ago, but the

implementation of SKKNI-IG still not proceed. Currently, the certification process is operated by

only 2 certification bodies that do not rely on the established SKKNI. Regarding this situation, more

structured actions are required in the form of:






- More massive socialization to all stakeholders in GI sectors, such as universities/higher

education, course and training institutions, professional associations, private

industries/companies, and other sectors related to GI.

- New establishment and development of LSPs, training and competency center. The increasing

number of LSPs will increase the accessibility of certification process that would generate

economy at the sector.

In dealing with MEA, Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) has established a Working Group on

Conformity Assessment (KKPK) that aims to assist conformity assessment in GI sector. According

to the Act No. 20/2014 on Standardization and Conformity Assessment (SPK), any standards that

have been developed and used need to follow the conformity assessment. Conformity assessment

itself is an activity to assess whether human resources, personnel, or instrument meets the standards.

In addition, this assessment can also be used to assess goods, services, systems, and processes that

have met the specified requirements.

KKPK has duty in the scope of discussing, providing consideration and opinion regarding the

implementation of accreditation towards certification bodies, enterprises, and training institutions.

Besides that, KKPK also will provide recommendation regarding the approval and rejection

towards the accreditation results, which will be put in a BIG’s head regulation, and design

documents related to accreditation that aims to guarantee the quality of GI implementation.

5. Development of MRA on Surveying Qualification at ASEAN level

Under AEC framework, ASEAN countries have agreed to form a partnership of trades in goods,

services, investment and so on. In services flow trade, ASEAN has agreed to organize a joint

mechanism for some particular services. For this purpose, a technical consultation amongst ASEAN

countries embodies in the forum of ASEAN Coordinating Committee on Services (CCS). This

forum was established as one of the efforts to create AEC as a stable, prosperous, and competitive

economic region. CCS Forum, in more detail, oversees various mechanisms of cooperation in

services, one of which is to establish a framework called Mutual Recognition Arrangement on

Surveying Qualification (MRA on Surveying Qualification) (Pusat Standardisasi dan Kelembagaan,

2015).

Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) as a competent authority on surveying qualification has been

actively involved in CCS meeting since 2014 at the 77th Meeting in Yangon, Myanmar. At the

meeting, all members reported the latest implementation status of MRA on surveying qualifications,

road maps, next implementation plan, and educational templates.

Indonesia has always been actively involved and deliver updates regarding MRA implementation

such as the establishment of SKKNI and a progress to institute an independent agency for

undertaking accreditation and certification for qualified professional surveyors and organizations.






One top priority issue was the one related to the identification of similarities and differences in the

respective member states about surveying qualification.

However, different definition of surveyor jobs amongst countries became the obstacles and

challenges for realizing MRA. The developments then still very low and as result, MRA on

surveying classification cannot be implemented at ASEAN level unless there is the expanded

definition surveying services in ASEAN. To date, the cooperation agreement amongst country

members was still bilateral, but in the roadmap from the meeting, the recommendation says that

henceforth the cooperation between countries would be in the form of MRA in ASEAN level.

6. Conclusion

Certification as a proof of professional competency in GI sector becomes very important because

besides it has been mandated in GI and Standardization and conformity assessment act, it also be a

need for a free market, especially in the near future to meet MEA. It is necessary to have strategic

and accurate policies to face off and overcome national and global challenges. Implementation

SKKNI-IG is part of an effort to provide recognition of the competence. Certificates of competence

is identical with the recognition of job competence.

There are several advantages of certification or competency standards:

- For workers, as proof of ability and competence

- For employers, as a standard for provisioning jobs that meet the employee qualifications.

- Recognition by wider community, as result of the implementation of a high standard to

assess the competency

- Continuous professional development is an important aspect to ensure that the professionals

keep maintaining their knowledge and skills to deal with increasingly complex tasks.

SKKNI which is now used as a competency standard and surveyor qualification must be developed

in line with industry sector demand and then be harmonized in ASEAN level. BIG as the

responsible institution should see the value in establishing national standard which cover the

broadest possible range of GI practice and committed to regularly reviewing the standard to

maintain continuous improvement in meeting tomorrow’s challenges.

Acknowledgement

Substantial portion of this paper were adapted from SKKNI IG, which the authors are member of

the formulator team.






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http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/14/indonesia-apply-competency-standards-expatriates.html

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Jakarta. Badan Informasi Geospasial. 13. Trinder, J. C., 2008. Competency Standards - A Measure of The Quality of A Workforce. The

International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information

Sciences. Vol. XXXVII. Part B6a. Beijing 2008, pp. 165-168.

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTES

CONTACTS Lalitya Narieswari, M.Sc.

Geospatial Inforation Agency of Indonesia

Badan Informasi Geospasial (BIG)

Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46,

Cibinong, Bogor 16911

INDONESIA

+62 21 8759481

+62 21 8759481

[email protected], [email protected]

www.big.go.id






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