Duck

Chapter 4

*Individuals in the Organization

*Can you imagine what the

world will be without organizations?

*Social System

“The whole is greater than the source of its parts”.

The basic concepts of economics and psychology in the social science, are that things do not just happen, but rather that they evolve from multiple cause and multiple effects.

*System

*A system may be defined as a series of interrelated and interdependent parts that affects the whole in an organization.

*Human organization

*Biological approach

--nervous system

--circulatory

--digestive

--reproductive

“system as separate systems.

*As we discuss human behavior in the organization, we use the psychological- biological perspective to study human being as a complete system and also as a sub-system of the social organization and of society as a whole.

*System of Roles

*Each individual has a specific role to play with each of the roles coordinated with a more integrated pattern.

*Example

*In the office, he is a male accountant, a diligent worker, a person looked-up to for his good human relations. When he steps out of the office, his role as an accountant changes as he becomes a citizen whose role is that of a husband, a father and an adviser to the family household. His previous roles do not disappear as they changes but become less prominent as his activities involving other changes.

*Status

*Is a position that has been accorded to an individual in a social system which implies a collection of rights and duties.

*Ascribed status

*Achieved status

*Roles conflict

*Is the condition when the changes in status and roles are disruptive.

*Organization

*Human groupings

*Deliberately constructed and reconstructed to seek specific goals.

*Is a mechanism or structure that enables living things to work effectively together.

*It is the process of identifying and grouping the work to be performed, of defining and delegating responsibility and authority.

* Concepts of Organization

1st , the organization is always made up of people.

2nd, the people in the organizations interacts; that is, the people in the organization are related to one another in some way.

3rd, the interactions of people are ordered by some structure that can be described.

4th, the structured interactions are designed to achieve the personal objectives of the people interacting.

* Organization as Social Systems

*Administrative/structural subsystem

*The informational/decision-making subsystem

*Economic/technological subsystem

*Human/social subsystem

Economic technological subsystem

Administrative/ structural subsystem

Informational/ decision-making

subsystem

Human/ social

subsystem

GOALS

*As a social system the organization contains people interacting with some more or less defined pattern of structure. This structured interaction results in status and role relationship which affect the behavior of members of the organization.

*Informal groups in the Organization oArise and persist because they perform

desired function for their members;oone function of informal organization is to Perpetuate cultural values;oIt is also provides SOCIAL SATISFACTION;oit gives man recognition, status and further opportunity to relate to others. in order to meet wants and to keep its members informed of what is taking place that may affect satisfaction of wants.

*Another function of Informal group is

Social Control*Internal control - is directed towards making members of the group conform to its culture.

*External control- is directed towards those outside the group such as management, union leadership, and other informal groups.

*Benefits of Informal Organization

-is they blend with formal systems to make a workable system for getting work done.

““Informal relations in the organization serve to preserve the organization from self destruction that would result from literal obedience to the formal policies, rules and regulation and procedures.”

*Interpersonal relations in the

Organizations*The individual in the organization behaves within the limits ascribed to him in his job.

*THE PATTERNS OF SOCIAL

RELATIONS*• Influence the behavior, the morale, and

productivity, and the formal organization as a whole.

*THE INDIVIDUALS ADHERENCE TO ORGANIZATION STANDARDS IS

* Maintained by disciplines,

*rewards, and

*punishment

WHEN THE INDIVIDUAL ENTERS THE

ORGANIZATION

He brings with his

objectives,

attitudes,

values, and

motives

*When there is MUTUAL COOPERATIVE RELATIONS between EMPLOYERS, EMPLOYEES, FELLOW EMPLOYEES in the achievement of these goals, WORKERS efficiency is improved and productivity is enhance with minimum of conflict between management and labor.

*The employment relationship is two

way

1. The organization does have responsibilities towards the individual,

2. But also the individuals bears responsibilities to the organization.