midterm * midterm review:thursday, march 7 * midterm date:tuesday, march 12
TRANSCRIPT
MIDTERM
* Midterm Review: Thursday, March 7
* Midterm Date: Tuesday, March 12
Hostile Personalityhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78b67l_yxUc
Hostile Personality and Health
Hostile Personality IS NOT: Angry all the time
Aggressive all the time
Hostile Personality IS: Way of perceiving the world
* Distrustful * Cynical
* Suspicious * Vigilant
Highly stable trait: Correlation over 4 yrs, r = .84
Which gender is more prone to Hostile Personality? Men
Hostility Scale (Cook and Medley, 1954)
[answered “YES”/”NO”]1 No one cares much what happens to you. 2 I have often met people who were supposed to be
experts who were no better than I.
3 Some of my family have habits that bother and annoy me very much.
4 I often have to take orders from someone who did not know as much as I did.
5 It makes me feel like a failure when I hear of the success of someone I know well.
6 People often disappoint me. 7 It is safer to trust nobody. 8 I have often felt that strangers were looking at me
critically.
9 I tend to be on my guard with people who are somewhat more friendly than I expected.
10 My way of doing things is apt to be misunderstood by others.
Hostility and Coronary Heart Disease Among MDs Barefoot, et al., 1983
-1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
0 TO 8 9 TO 13 14 TO 17 18 TO 31
Hostility Score
CH
D E
ve
nts
MD Survival Rates Over 25 Years:Low Hostile vs. High Hostile
0.85
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.99
1960- 1965- 1970- 1975- 1980-
Pe
rce
nt
Su
rviv
ing
Low HostileHigh Hostile
Pathway From Hostility to Heart Disease
Appraisal of threat higher defensive mode (fight)
more cardiac output ↑ cortisol atherosclerosis
Where else did we see connection between neg. emotion, cortisol, and physical costs?
Depression --> hypercortisolemia --> hippocampus atrophy --> memory impairment
Informational Value of Emotions to Health
Mood affects recognition / interpretation of own symptoms
Pos mood attn. outward less focused on symptoms
Neg mood attn. inward more focus on symptoms
The Dangers and Benefits of Being Happy
Happiness as Health Risk
Happiness as Health Benefit
Illusion of Invulnerability
Blind to danger signs
More health-promoting behaviors
Willing to risk upsetting diagnoses
Less defensive about hearing health risk information
Psychoneuroimmunology and AIDS
Psychoneuroimmunology: New inter-disciplinary area that looks at how psychological states affect the body’s
resistance to illness
AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. The virus that causes AIDS.
Psycho-social Aspects of AIDS
Why do some people who get HIV infections acquire AIDS sooner than do others? (Cole, 2000).
1. Sample: gay men who acquire HIV at about the same time.
2. Looks at whether disclosed or hid gay identity, HIV status
Who is more likely to become symptomatic, "hiders" or "disclosers"?
Hiders
Why is this so?
Why Do “In Closet” Gays Develop AIDS Sooner?
Suppressors tend to be “sensitizers”, easily disturbed by any kind of event, especially social events.
NOTE: THIS LINKS TO "TEMPERAMENT"
Is it that suppressing was itself a stressor, stress illness, therefore suppressing leads to quicker AIDS onset?
NO
A. (Hide Gay Identity) B. (AIDS)
C. Sensitizer
How Stress Hastens AIDS Onset
1. “T” cells important player in immune system. Fight infections.
2. Cells sprout molecular “hand holds”, like Velcro, at times.
3. HIV uses these hand-holds to attack cells.
4. Researchers artificially induce hand-holds by using harsh
laboratory chemicals.
5. Cole asks: What kinds of natural chemicals have same effect?
6. Clues: * AIDS faster among stressed vs. non-stressed
* Stress releases nor-epinephrine
7. Finds: Exposing healthy T cells to nor-epi more hand-holds.
Emotion, Learning, and Memory
Class 13
How Emotions Affect Mental Processes
* How emotions affect memory, learning, and judgment
* Emotional intelligence
* Emotions and social judgment
Gordon Bower Mood and Cognition Research
1. Memory for past events
2. Learning
3. Higher Order Functions
* Free associations
* Fantasies/Imagination
* Snap judgments
* Event likelihood
* Social impressions
* Self judgment
Gordon Bower 1932--
State Dependent Memory
Memory associated with an emotional state will be easier to
retrieve when you are in SAME emotional state.
Memory associated with an emotional state will be harder to
retrieve when you are in an OPPOSED emotional state.
Scuba Diver Study
Learn on
Land
Learn Under
Water
Recall on Land
Good
Poor
Recall Under Water
Poor
Good
Bower State Dependent Memory Study
1. Ss learn 16 words in happy mood, then later Ss learn 16 words in a sad mood
2. Ss come back some time later
3. Ss placed in either a happy or a sad mood
4. Ss asked to recall words from "happy" list and from "sad" list.
Learning and Recall in Same/Different Moods (Percent Recalled)
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
Recall Happy Recall Sad
Learned HappyLearned Sad
Number of Happy and Sad Memories Remembered by Happy and Sad Subjects
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Sad Event Happy Event
Recall HappyRecall Sad
Associative Networks
Rutgers
Psych ClassesBooks
Fine diningEasy Parking
day-old pizza
"Friends" re-runsMy friend MariaGet Maria
from airport!!
Associative Networks
Happy
BirthdaysFriends
Emotions ClassWeekends
Fun Readings
Emotions and cognitionAssociative
NetworksMood Congruent Learning!!!
Time Spent Looking at Happy/Sad Scenesby Happy/Sad Subjects
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
Sad Scene Happy Scene
HappySad
Number of Happy/Sad Scenes Recalled by Ss Who Studies Scenes in Happy/Sad Mood
66.5
77.5
88.5
99.510
10.511
Happy Scene Sad Scene
Happy
Sad
State Dependent Memory and Mood Congruent Learning
State-Dependent Memory: How mood helps/hurts recall of things that are already learned.
Mood-Congruent Learning: How mood affects the way in which new information is acquired, i.e. learned.
Number of Happy/Sad Story Incidents Recalled by Ss Who Read Story in Happy/Sad Mood
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
Happy Scene Sad Scene
HappySad
Probability of Recalling a Prompt due to Strength of Emotion Generated by the Memory Associated to the Prompt
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Intensity Rating
Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 1
a. Subjects are hypnotized
b. Ss trained to evoke three different levels of either
happy, sad, or angry
Procedure for Emotional Intensity and Learning Study: Session 2 a. Ss access mood they were trained to evoke
b. Imagine self in 4 happy scenes, 4 sad scenes, 4 angry scenes narrated to Ss by the experimenter
1. At emotion level 1 (lowest)
2. At emotion level 2 ( middle)
3. At emotion level 3 (highest)
c. Shift to neutral mood
d. Remove from hypnotic trance
e. Filler task for 5 minutes
f. Free recall of gist of episodes
Average free-recall of happy, angry, sad episodes by happy, angry, sad subjects
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Happy Episode Angry Episode Sad Episode
HappyAngrySad
Average Free-Recall For Episodes Under Low, Medium, Or High Intensity Emotion
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
Happy Episode Angry Episode Sad Episode
HappyAngrySad