index [link.springer.com]978-94-010-0009-3/1.pdf · 286 index education 138-9,253,275 deregulation...
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Index
Abowd,J.M. 77Abraham, A. 153Africa 194-5, 197-9,225
African entrepreneurial developmentminority firms 156multivariate probit model 170
problem of 155, 187see also Sleuwaegen and Goedhuys
African-owned entrepreneurial firms 156, 180liquidity constraints for 167
Africans and minoritiesentrepreneurs, differences between 168, 171-2firms owned by, determinants of growth 180,
187Agricultural Economics Research Centre (AERC)
125agriculture
employment 41labor markets 125technological change in 129
Ahn, D. 120Ahn, K.S. 99Akerlof, G. 279Albania 214Alderman, H. 153Alesina, A. 225,259,280-1al Sayyad, N. 5Amadeo, E. 45Americans see United StatesAndean countries 270AngeU,A. 281Ansari, N. 152
apprenticeshipto micro-entrepreneurship 1fi7programs 1M
Argentina 71,257,269-70unemployment insurance systems 270
Artecona, R. 39Asia 167-8,225
1997 financial crisis 91Asian Cubs 41
assistance programs, centrally based 274Auer, P. 103augmented Cobb-Douglas production function
175Australia, panel survey 279Austria 97automotive component industry 242
Bagg,WS. 35Baker, G. 121
Balin,J. 77,82Balassa, B. 68-9
model of real exchange rate 69bank loans 161Baqir, R. 281Barbados 257,281Barenstein, M. 82Barr, A. 73Barreto, H. 189Bates, T. 181Batra, G. 193,213-14,223,225
Battat, J. 213Baumol, W 157
view of role of entrepreneur 158Beegle, K. 43
Behrman,J. 252Belgium 68Belka, M. 116Bell, L. 70Benabou, R. 248,255, 279Berkowitz, D. 107,117Bhagwati,J. 36Bhalla, S. 152
284 Index
Bhattacharya, N. 140Biggs, T. 155, 165, 173, 186,229,245Bilsen,V. 116Binswanger, H. 153Birdsall, N. 252,278-81Biswath-Diener, R. 279Blalock, G. 233Blanchflower, nG. 66,280Blau, n 167Bliss, C. 125--6,131-3,137-8,140,152Board, S. 120Bolivia 67
Emergency Social Fund 273Bombay 243Bouton, L. 6
Brazil 8, 36, 71,73, 257, 264agriculture 45case study 45--6, 60-3CPI 45education, low 45employment composition 61GDP growth per capita 45gender pay gap 45growth 60hyperinflation 45Instituto de Pesquissa Economica Aplicada 45labor market 45-6Pesquisa Naciona! Por Amostra de Domici!ios
(PNAD) surveys 39,45,60,63poverty and inequality 63real earnings 62unemployment insurance systems 270unemployment rate 60
Breman,j. 152bribery
administrative 208unpredictability of 209
Britain see United KingdomBrock,W 181Browning, H.L. 77,82Brunetti, A. 225Bulgaria 113,116bumper crops 139Burtless, G. 280business
environment 9,187key environment attributes 203licenses 107obstacles 216,220,222potential risks and obstacles for 219and technical training 164-5
Business Environment and Enterprise Performance(BEEPS) survey 208
Camargo,j.M. 45Cameroon 156,163-4,168-9Campos,j.E. 214"Can Do" Policies 257capacity utilization 176Capalleja, E.n 70capital
access to 111subsidies 91
Caribbean 281Carlin, W 117Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) 42Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 106, 195,
197-9,212Central Europe 200centrally driven initiatives and systems 276Chatterjee, G.S. 140Che,j. 115Chen, c.N. 28-9children 275
of"undeserving" poor 256Chile 71,73,257-8,279-81
reform of social sector institutions 270social welfare policies in 273unemployment insurance legislation 258
China 4,8,106-21,213economic reforms 105industrial output by rural enterprises 109local governments 116profit data from 121rownship and village enterprises 109,115-16
Chon, H. 99Chung,j.H. 99Cichello, P. 13Clinton, PresidentW 261Committee of Donor Agencies for Small
Enterprise Development 245Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
197,199-200,212,238Communist system 72
planned economy 116competition
and globalization 194laws 93
complere knockdown (CKD) assembly 231complex goods and services 113consumers 37contract enforcement mechanisms 186contracting 114cooperation 111copyright violations 206Corneo, G. 260,280corporate linkages 230
corporate partners 236corruption 195,203,206,221
bureaucratic 216exposure to 217and governance 199-200
indicators by region 200predictabiliry of 209see also bribery
Costa Rica 8, 36, 270
agriculture 44case study 44,56-9education categories, low 44employment composition 57Enwesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples, Empleo
y Desempleo (Enwesta Nacional de Hogares)44,56
growth 56labor market conditions in 44
poverty 44, 59real earnings 58social welf.lre policies in 273unemployment rate 44, 56
wage and salaried employment 44workers 44
Cote d'lvoire 156,159,165-6,168,175
country-specific poverry lines 29country studies, lessons learned from 46-7Cowan, K. 281credit
evaluation methodologies 234lack of access to 257markets 114-1 5subsidized 234
Cunningham, W. 79,82cyclical fluctuations 256Czechoslovakia, privatization program 105Czech Republic 67,71,115,117,279
Dandekar and Rath, absolute poverry standard140-1
Dandekar, V. 140Deaton, A. 152
de Castilla, R. 73decentralized, demand-based programs 273"decent" work 65
meaning of 80de Gortari, S. 75
de Gregorio, j. 281Dejong, D. 117de la Torre, A. 279De Long, B. 120Deng Xiaoping 105Denmark 97
Index 285
deserving poor 261
and non-deserving poor, distinction between
259,262De Soto, H. 77,118,217,225"De Soto View" of informal sector 216,221de Tocqueville, A. 259,279developing countries
large self-employment sector 66-72long-term economic mobiliry and private sector
35obstacles facing smaller business 215
Developing East Asia 195, 197, 199,212developing regions as group 195development, ultimate objects of 4Diener, E. 279di Tella, R. 259,280Djankov,S. 107,109,117,120-1Doka Gene Technologies Company, Russia
239-41Dollar, D. 4, 35, 279
Dominican Republic 264
donor organizations or government
agencies 236Dreze,j. 125-7,129,152-4
Durlauf, S. 279
Earle, j. 109, 120-1and Sakova's (2000) study of entrepreneurship
115Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 280East Asia 195
economies of 38East Asia NIC/China 199Easterly, W. 281Eastern bloc countries 67Eastern European and former Communist
economies 256econometric model 173economic activities in rural areas 124Economic Commission for Latin America and the
Caribbean (ECLAC) 45, 269economic globalization 194economic growth
effect on poverry, hypotheses 39-40higher wages 46long-term effects of 37
economic mobiliry 247short-term 14
economic position, initial, primary importanceof 28
economic sectors, high-skill 253economies of scale 113,216Ecuador 67, 281
286 Index
education 138-9,253,275deregulation of 97of head of household 33levels of 73,163,166,187
employment 4change in 181and labor earnings, changes in 39maximization 90in small firms in Poland 121see also head of household
enterprise growth conditions, higher level of 203entrepreneurial capabilities, fixed, basic model
181entrepreneurial culture 235entrepreneurial firms
establishment of 159-62and non-entrepreneurial firms 177, 182performance of 155, 175-87productivity, determinants of 178
entrepreneurial function, impact of 159entrepreneurial patterns in transition economies
106entrepreneurial talent, availability of 155entrepreneurs 162-6
activity types of 157attributes and endowments of 162distribution by ethnic background 168economic roles in development 157endowments 156,158-9,173-5ethnic background 170-1father's occupation of 162formal education of 179as innovator, gap-filler, and input-completer
158-9prior experience in industry 165profit 158role of 157-9self-help 114strategies of 110-13supply of 166in transition economies, central role of 105
entrepreneurshipenvironment for 106-7exemplii)'ing theories of 157new type 158supply of 157-9
entry costs 216Epstein,J.M. 279equality of opportunity 265
enhanced 255equity markets 115equity norms 278Ericson, R. 181,280
Estonia 117Ethiopia 67ethnicity
and entrepreneurship 167-73and growth 184-7of minority entrepreneurs 168
ethnic ties 156Europe 248, 275
actual mobility rates in 260small, open economies in 97
Europeans 167-8European-style system 256Evans, D. 166-7,181exchange rate 221
obstacle 219regime, inadequate 201
exogenous shocks 256expropriation
by insiders 115of profits 106
external shocks 274
Faber, H.S. 82Fafchamps, M. 118Fajnzylber, P. 82family
background 253income and expenditure surveys of 40size 29type 25
Farber, H.S. 77Fei,J. 28-9,38HAS 213Fiat/Magneti Marelli, India 241Fiat, marketing strategies 245Fields, G. S. 3,13,25,35,38,40,48,64-5,77,
82,152,253,279Fiess, N. 74finance 197-8
sources of 198financing 195, 221
constraints 198firm
age of 224architecture of 170attributes 203characteristics 200-1, 219constraints to enterprise growth 204-5efficiency 175-80with government participation in ownership
218,224growth 180-5investment 205
sales growth 204
size 173,181,216-19
fiscal adjustments 255Fisher, F. 157Fisman, R. 179food park 240Ford 232foreign connections 173
foreign direct investment (FOI) 201foreign-owned firms 218-19,224
foreign sources of information 188forgotten middle 201formal salaried employment 66, 74formal sector
employment 79labor market 65productivity 66,71workers 74
formality, notion of 76-7former Soviet Union 4, 106formerly Communist countries 8,218Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) class poverty
measures 153
Four Tigers 40Fox, M.L. 45Frankenberg, E. 43Frank, M. 181Freeman, R.B. 82free trade 13Freije, S. 13Friedman, E. 214Friedman and Kuznets classic permanent income
hypothesis of 19Friedman, M. 19frustrated achievers 250Frye, T. 106, 114Fugazza, M. 74
Galenson, W 37GOP 44,91Gelbard, J. 279Germany 68
attitudes towards government responsibility in261
Ghana 156,159,163,189Gibbons, R. 121Gibrat-influenced models 181Gibrat's law or Law of Proportionate Effect
180-1entrepreneurial firms versus others 183
Gilens, M. 263,280-1Gindin, S. 36
Gindling,T.H. 44
Index 287
Glaeser, E. 115
global economy, trends in 250
globalization 36, 94-5, 97, 229global marketplace 234global markets, bringing SMEs into 229global production, evolving structure of 235global supply chains, participating in 231-4GM 232Goedhuys, M. 166Goldthorpe,J.H. 280Gonzalez de la Rocha, M. 77gossip 111governance 194,213governance-related constraints 206government
efficiency 201to enhance opportunity and reduce insecurity
249-53participation in ownership 218,225policies 103, 254failures in 254old age or Social Security benefits 248pensions and health care 76redistribution of income 260, 266
responsibility for social welfare 260role in enhancing opportunity for poor 257rules and regulations 215social spending as percentage of GNP 259welfare policies, structure of 258--63
government-business coalition 92Government of India 242Government of Kazakhstan 238Graham, C. 64,93,247,251,266,278-81Greece 67green revolution 125Greenstein, R. 279-80Gregory, P 82Grosh, M. 281Gruber,J. 280Gruner, H.P 260,280
Haggard, S. 280Haggarty, L. 213Hall, B. 189Hallberg, K. 229,245Haltiwanger,J. 116-17Harbison, F. 102Haris,J. 153Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M. (1970) model
153Harris-White, B. 152Hart, K. 65
Harvard University 280
288 Index
harvestfailures 139f1uctuarions 128good 154
Hazell, P. 153head of household
education of 25employment status 25, 28, 30, 33gender of 25, 33job category and poverty transitions,
relationship between 31health insurance 280heavy and chemical industries (HCls) 89Hellman,].S. 214Hendley, K. 114Henwood, D. 36Hilgert, M. 252, 279Hiratsuka, R. 236Hirschman, A. 254, 279
Hojman, D. 279Holland,]. 107Honduras 67Hong Kong 40Hong,W 102households
adult males in 136characteristics, relationship between 24-8children, number of 25income dynamics and base-year income, initial
results 16-18independence 23initially poor 32initially rich 32location 25members, number of 33mobility, economic 14multivariate analysis 18-24per capita income (PCI) 13-14, 16percentage by poverty experience 30profiles by initial position 18-19quintiles, transition matrices 14-15surveys 124types of 14see also head of household
Howard, C. 281human capital
attainments and net worth 156differences 169endowments of entrepreneurs by ethnic
background 169formation 164-5, 181
Hungary 67,71,116Hwang, D.S. 98
Ian, H.W 233
Incomeinequality, "inverted U-Curve" 152
mobility 13percentage changes in 14shocks 139, 255
income changesin currency units 14determinants of 29
India 4,230,237
Automotive Component ManufacturesAssociation of India (ACMA) 241-3
automotive industry 232, 242
Automotive Research Association of India(ARAI) 241-3
investment climate, improvement in 124
National Centre for Applied EconomicResearch (NCAER), India 124
National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO),India 124
public works programs in 281recent development path 123village, development in 123see also Palanpur
indirect exporters 234individual efforts 267Indonesia 7-8, 36
1997 economic crisis 43agriculture 42case study 41-4, 52-5Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) 52Consumer Price Index 42economic growth 42Family Life Survey 15,34GNP per capita in 41household income dynamics 13-34industrial employment 42labor market 43National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS)
39,42,52poverty 42, 55pre-crisis 46real earnings 54SUSENAS survey 39unemployment composition 53unemployment rate 43-4, 52workers' earnings 42
industrial sector 51, 68industrialized countries 67, 72
literature on firm behavior 76inequality
tolerance for 259top-driven 254
inflation 114, 195,221
informal contracring 111informal entrepreneurship 80informal sector "demand" curve 67informal self-employment 65-6
and formal salaried sectors across development
process 68precariousness 76-7
informality 217and unprorecredness 72-80
infrasrructure 195,221Innovation Marketplace 213institutional obstacles 221institution-building objectives 273institutions of civil society 76insurance mechanisms 255Inter-American Development Bank 44, 252, 281inter-finns linkages 233intergenerational determinants of educational
achievement 254intergenerational mobility 253,264-6International Centre for Research in the
Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 152International Finance Corporation (I FC) 34-5,
37,213,225,238SME Support Facility 238work on poverty reduction 37
Internarional Labor Organization (ILO) 43,65International Monetary Fund (IMF) 5,35,42international standards 237investnlent 4
climate' 3.35in children's education 256
involuntary self-employment rate 66Ireland 97ISO 237[SPAT Katmet, Kazakhstan 238-9Isuzu in Thailand 231Italy 08
attitudes towards government responsibility in
261
just-in-time OIT) delivery 230james. E. 281japan 68, 232
keirersl/ system 236jayaraman, R. 152jelin, E. 82jobs 116
creation by private firms 5in high-technology 253
john F. Kennedy School of Government 280johnson, S. 100,108,114-18.121,214,217
Index 289
jovanovic, B. 76, 181
learning model 182-3judiciary 221
Kane 279Kapteyn, A. 279Karaganda Oblast 238Kaufmann,D. 193,207,210,213-14,217Kazakhstan 230,237Keefer, P 223, 225Kenya 65, 156, 164, 108-9Kharas, H. 213Khemani, S. 213Kilby, P 184,186Kim, D. 99
Kisunko, G. 225Klitgaard, R. 214Kloos, P 152Knack, S. 223, 225knowledge receptors, ptivate enterprises as 6Koford, K. 113Konings, J. 109, 116Konishi,Y 229,236Korea 67,70
agticultural employment 85Annual Report for Economically Active
Population Survey 87Asian financial crisis in 1997 97Chaebul 103
colleges and graduate schools 102creation of productive employment 85currency 88division of labor 88economic growth, major indicators of 86education explosion 89education reform 94-5, 103employment, improvements in quality 100-1equalization policy 94exchange rate 88export sectot 87, 90GBC (Government-Business Coalition) strategy
89-90,95-6CDP 86-7,91Globalization, reform fOt 103government policy toward small-scale economic
units 90HCls 90human resource development 88-9import substitution 87-8income inequality in 99industrial democtacy 95, 103industrial relations reform 95-6interest rate refotm 88
290 Index
Korea contd.labor force participation rate, employment rate
and unemployment rate 87labor-intensive manufactured goods 88literacy rate 89living standards 85long-run development 8market liberalization paradigm 96market size 88moral hazard problem 90National Investment Fund 89National Statistical Office 86-7, 99-100new social divide 94non-farm employment 85people's socio-economic activities 103policy loan 89poverty 85, 98private entrepreneurship 88private sector development 85,96prudent regulations, absence of 97regulatory regime 987research quality of graduate schools 94risk-sharing arrangement 89social safety nets 97total population 102union membership 103university-industry linkage in R&D activities
95upward mobility, mechanism of 96Yearbook of lAbor Statistics 91,101
Korean Statistical Yearbook 86Korean War of 1950-53 89Kozel,V 152Kraay,A. 35Kranton, R.E. 110--11Kremer, M. 189Krueger, A. 120Kuo, S. 28-9Kuznets, S. 19,152KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study 15,34Kynch,j. 152
laborcasual 144compensation 230earnings 29force, educated 46management perspective of 243subsidies 91survey data 121transfer from traditional subsistence agriculture
to modern sector 123labor-intensive industries 229
labor markets 33, 36, 46, 70, 166conditions 38cost pressures on 47distortion 66-72indicators across countries, database of 39protections 66rigidities 66, 79and small firm sector, incomplete regulation of
72landlessness 143Lanjouw,j.o. 152Lanjouw, P. 123,126,129,131-3,137-8,140,
145-7, 149, 152-4large firms 195
problems 217large-scale investments 113last-resort income sources 143Latin America 8,197,199,200,225,250,253-4,
264,266,275attitudes and outcomes in 267-71causes of poverty attitudes about 265countries 66equal opportunity attitudes about 267fear of unemployment 272marginal returns to education 252perceptions of equal opportunity 271productivity supporters versus GDP per capita
266social spending in 269top-driven inequality 252
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) 195,212
Latinobarometro survey 264-7,271-2laws and regulations, implementation of 208leave-it-to-the-market view 118Lee,j. 98-9Lee, S. 98Leff, N. 184
hypothesis 186legal protection 113legal system, well-functioning 114legislative approval 274Lehmann, H. 109Leibenstein, H. 157-8Leighton, L. 166-7less developed countries (LDCs) 70,72, 87
labor markets 71, 79services in 73
level playing field 223, 255Levenson,A. 76Levitsky,j. 245Levy, B. 213Lewis,A. 123
254215
92-4,97
Lewis process of intersectoral transfer 152
Lewis, W A. 38Li,H. 116Liedholm, C. 173Lien,D. 214"lighthouse" effect 73Limited Liability enterprise 159Lindert, I~ 281Little, I.M.D. 245living standards in rural areas 124Lizal, L. 117LNM Group of India 238local capacity building 273local economic policy 194local level stakeholders creation of 273
locally driven and/or bottom-up initiatives 276logit models 30Londono, j.L. 45long-term dynamism 4
long-term economic mobility 38and market-oriented economic growth 36
low-cost labor 231
low-cost lending techniques 234Lustig, N. 75,279Luttmer, E. 263,281
MacCulloch, R.. 259,280
macroeconomic constraints 206macroeconomic cycles 274macroeconomic instability 114macroeconomic reforms 274Magneti Marelli 243Maguire, M. 152Malaysia 232-3"Maloney View" of informal sector states 216,
221Maloney, WE. 64-6, 70, 73-6, 79-80, 82, 216,
225manpower utilization surveys 39-40Mansfield, E. 180Marcoullier, D.V. 73market forces and state intervention, mix of 96markets
ctiteria 278distortions inimperfectionsliberalizationniches 108"real-time"feedback from 4rules and procedures, developing 121structure, tiered 232, 242
market-supporting institutions 106, 108mass privatization program 160
Index 291
Mastruzzi, M. 207,210
Mauro, P 214,225
Mazumdar, D. 245Mazza, j. 280-1McKenzie,j. 121McMillan,j. 105-8,110-11,114-18,121McMurrer, D. 279-80Mead, D. 173
Medicare 262Megginson, WL. 120Menendez,M. 13Merton, R.K. 19
Mexico 36,66,71-2,74,79,270formal sector in 70microenterprise survey 77micro-firms 76motivation survey data from 79National Urban Employment Survey (ENEU)
74open unemployment in 75Urban Employment Survey (ENEV) 75
Meyers, C.A. 102microenterprises 65, 166, 229microentreprcneurs 65, 76, 163microfinance industry 234
Middle Eastecn entrepreneurs 189Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 190,
195,197,212middle-income countries 67Miller, j.B. 113mobility rates in new market economies 249modern urban sector 123Montes, G. 82MOR.I 281Morris, EA. 280Mozambique 156, 159-60, 168, 189Mukherjee,A. 152-4multinational corporations (MNCs) 36,219,
231-2,237supply chain 232-3QCD demands of 235Western 36
Murphy, K.J. 121Murray, M. 280Murrell, P 114,117,120"Must Do" policies 253-7
Naughton, B. 108-9,120Nead, K. 281Nellis,j. 105, 120Nelson,j. 263,280Nenova,T. 109,121net worth and liquidity constraints 169
292 Index
Netherlands, the 68, 97Netter,].M. 120New Deal 280new firms 106Newhouse, D. 13Newly Industrialized East Asia 195, 197Newly Industrialized East Asia (NIC) and China
212Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) 40new market economy 106Nigeria 156,163,165,169,189non-deserving poor 261non-farm employment as safety net 143non-farm unemployment 87,91non-tradeables, construction and services 76non-working poor 261NPR/Kaiser Family Foundation/Kennedy School
PoU on Poverty in America 262, 280Nunez,]. 70,82
OECD 67,195,197,199,212-13,225,259,275,280
annual productivity growth, services versusindustry in 69
off farm opportunities 123offtcial corruption 106offtcial policies 107Ok,E. 248,255,279Olson, M. 217openness to ideas 6opportunities for mobility 269opportunity costs 158, 166Ordinary Least Squares regressions 22Organization of Economic Cooperation and
Development see OECDOrr, L. 281Oswald, A. 280
Packard, T. 73Page,].M. 245Pakes, A. 181Palanpur viUage 9,124,126,149
agricultural labor households 142,146-7,154agricultural wages, evolution of 146-50,154agriculture 124,129-31,148-9Analysis of National Sample Survey data 154behavior offarmers 125caste composition ofviUage population 127castes 126,144,153children 153Consumer Price Index for Agricultural
Labourers (CPIAL) for Uttar Pradesh131
economy of 128education 144gender 144households in 145-8income 128-9,149labor-displacing technological change 148labor intensity of new agricultural technologies
150landholdings 136, 150NCAER data for rural areas 149,154non-farm employment 131-3,141,144-6,
150NSSO household surveys 152occupational diversification 124,131-2outside employment and incomes 132-9population 126,129,153poverty in 124,140--3rural markets 125study 125-40technical change, role and impact of 125
Park, S.-1. 85, 103Paxson, C. 153payoffs, structure of 158, 187Pencavel,]. 71per capita income
changes, determinants of 32decomposing sources of change in 28-9
per capita real GNP 40Peronist labor movement 281personalized interfirm relationships 113Peru 249-51,279perverse incentives, problems 258Pettinato, S. 251, 266, 279, 281Pfeffermann, G. 3, 64, 213, 225Philippines 67Piketty, T. 248,280Pinckney, T. 279Platteau,]. 153Poland 67,71,106-21
Central Statistical Offtce 109development of relationships with trading
partners 112private sector firms industrial employment in
109self-employment in 109
Poleman, T. 153policy
guidance 224implementations for 118instability 195, 198-9,223-4
political and administrative constraints 271-6political debate 273political economies of scale and influence 217
92
273,276
political economy
political opposition
poverty
alleviation in developing countries and
transition economies 215
and the non-farm economy 143-9
causes of 262,264,269
correlates of 141
entering and exiting 30
escapes from 29-32
line 44,153-4
rates 46
reduction 36,43,47
transitions, analysis of 31
poverty-reduction strategy 193
Pradhan, S. 214
Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum
(PWBLF) 241-3
Pritchett, L. 279
private and public sectors, role in employment
46
private elites 208
private firms 4
influential, countries with 208
private investment 6private sector 51
activity 155
employment 110
production, change in global organization of 232
productivity 155
versus redistribution 266product quality 230
professional networks 170
profitsand entry 107-10reinvestment 113
property rights, protection 206
prospects for future upward mobility (POUM)
248
hypothesis 255
protection
and benefits 72-3
for unemployed adults 256
prudent regulatory regime 93
public attitudes 247,258-63
and politicaIJy sustainable policies, developing
country context 264-71
public ownership 115
public policy 10,247
public resources
scarce, choices 256
tradeoffs between objectives 275
public sector institutions 275
Index 293
public services, quality of 200
public social expenditures and welfare policies
253
Pune 243
Pyatt, G. 28-9
Qian,Y. 115
QS 237
quality incentives 113
quality, cost, and delivery (QeD) requirements
231-2
of multinationals 237
racial composition of poverty 263
racial group loyalty 263, 270
racial heterogeneity and immigration 259
Ramachandran, V. 173
Rama, M. 39
Ramaswamy, C. 153
Ramey, G. 110-11
Ranis, G. 28-9,38
Rath, N. 140
Raturi, M. 173, 186
Ravallion, M. 152-3,281
Ray, D. 153
redistribution 264,269,280
attitudes about 275
social equity perspective 247
weak record of 268
Regional Program for Enterprise Development
(RPED) see World Bankregional sourcing strategy 232
regulatory constraints 197
regulatory, infrastructure and financial barriers
194relational networks 156
repeated games 113
incentives 110
Ress, H. 167
Ribeiro, E. 71
Richter, A. 109,116
Rio de Janeiro favela and low-income housing
complexes 5
Roberts, M. 214
Romania 113,116
Ronnas, P 107
Rose-Ackerman, S. 214
Rosenzweig, M. 153
Ross 279
Rotemberg,J. 121Roy,A. 5
Rozelle, S. 116
rural non-farm sector 123, 149
294 Index
rural poverry 123,152Russia 106-21,230,237,250
development of relationships with tradingpartners 112
economic growth rates of the different regionsof 117
manufacturing employment 109perceived past mobiliry and actual income
mobiliry 251self-employment in 109see also Doka Gene
Ryan,J. 152Ryterman, R. 114
Sabot, R. 278-9safery nets see social safery netsSaith,A. 152Sakova,Z. 109,121Sala-I-Martin, S. 4Saloner, G. 121Satan, M. 152Sawhill, I. 279-80Schaffer,M.E. 109,116Schiffer, M. 213,225Schumpeter,J. 157
model, earlier 157original conception of entrepreneurial function
158"Schumpeterian effect" on growth 184Schumpeterian innovator 158Sehnbtuch, K. 280self-employment
involuntary 77versus industrial productiviry 67
self-help mechanism III, 113in financial markets 115
semi-private pension system 281Sen,A. 152Seoul National Universiry 103Serafmi, M.W 280services
sector 68to businesses 194
severance pay system 281Shaffer, M. 109Shah,A. 167Shah,M. 155,165,173Shariff, A. 149Sharma, N. 125-7,129,153Sharma, R. 153Shartiff, A. 154SWeifer,A. 106,114-15,214Shorrocks, A. 29
Siegel, S. 280Singapore 40Singh,1. 154Skocpol, T. 262, 279-80Sleuwaegen and Goedhuys
(1998) study 174choice model to study underlying determinants
of entrepreneurship in Africa 166-7Sleuwaegen, 1. 166Slovakia 113-14small firms
bias against 224and large firms, different patterns of concerns
221small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 8, 90, 106,
111,124,195,201,215,224,229,233assistance "new paradigms" in 234-5corporate linkage programs 230,235-7,244creditworthiness 230definition of 245efficiency, problems of 231entrepreneurial 245financial and non-fmancial services for 234"Iifesryle" 245performance and market imperfections 230-1supply side of 235
small farmers 128Smarzynska, 13. 233Smith, Adam 119Smith,J.P. 43Snodgrass, D. 245Soares, S. 45social assistance systems 256social capital 235social contract, domestically financed 272social insurance systems, inadequate 253, 268social networks of family 76social norms and public attitudes, interaction
between 248social safery nets 93, 255, 271-2
and social assistance policies, choice of 273program design 256
social securiry 262programs, individual account-based 258
social welfarepolicies 273-4reforms 274structures 272
South Africa 7household income dynamics in 13-34Zimele Fund, study tour in 239
South Asia 195,197-8,212developing countries 167
South Korea 40
Spain 7,7(}-1
household income dynamics in 13-34Household Panel Survey 15, 34
Srivastava, P. 165, 173, 186standard Mincerian earning equation 78standards of living 37, 123startup
capital 107finance, source of 159, 161
startup firmsmanagers of 114manufacturing 106size, determinants 174
statecapture 208redistribution 267support for entrepreneurship 113-16
state firms 110,117privatizing 107
state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 4-5,88,201Stern, N. 35,123,125-6,131-3,137-8,140,
144-7,152-4Stone, A. 225Stone,A.H.W. 193,213subcontracting and productivity growth 233Sub-Saharan Africa 9,212
business environment 156, 173economies of countries, role of minority
entrepreneurs in 167entrepreneurial firms, distribution of 160entrepreneurs, attributes and endowments of
159-66entrepreneurship, determinants 166-75fmancial environment 182future reductions in poverty 155thin credit markets in 160
Suh, S.M. 98Sumarto, S. 279SumJinski, M. 6,225supply chains 244
formation 235of MNCs 233-4
tiered 232Suryahadi, A. 43-4, 279
Svejnar, J. 117Swamy, A. 173Szekely, M. 45, 252, 279
data on Brazil 63
Taiwan (China) 8, 112,232case study 36, 40-1, 48-51economic growth in 41
Index 295
employment composition 49
family income and expenditure surveys of 39,
48labor market 41manpower utilization surveys 48poverty and inequality 51real earnings 50unemployment rate 48workers' wages in 51
Tan, H. 214Tanzania 156,164,168targeted versus universal assistance 259Tarozzi, A. 152
taxadministration 201,223
and regulatory constraint by firm size 202revenues 6schemes, distributional effects of 279
taxation 223progressive forms of 255
taxes and regulations 195, 221Taylor, T.120technical, vocational, and enterprise-based
training, availability of 188technology
generation and diffusion 6
transfer channels, access to 188Temirtau 238Tendler, J. 281Thomas, D. 43
Toyota 232Trabajar public works program 269trade
and capital account liberalization 76credit 111, 113liberalization 75unions, impact on turnover 82
trading partners 111, 114trading relationship, informal 114transaction costs 3Transition Economies 195,212,225,229Transition Europe (CIS and CEE) 195Triska, D. 105
trust-based information 186
TRW Thailand 232tunnel hypothesis 254Turkey 67,70,225Twohey, M. 280
Tybout,J. 214
Ukraine 113, 117underreported revenues
versus unpredictability of corruption 209-10
296 Index
unemploymentfear of 271Insurance 255,257-8,271,281rates 248
unions in less developing countries 71United Kingdom 68,167
attitudes towards government responsibility261
United Nations 239--42United States 68,70,72,108,167,259,275
actual mobility rates in 260aid to families with dependent children
(AFDC) 261causes of poverty, attitudes about 262-3citizens 73Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 258Federal Reserve 121General Social Survey (GSS) 260,262-3,265government responsibility, attitudes towards
261job transitions in 79National Survey of Small Business Finances
121Panel Survey of Income Dynamics 38, 248social mobility in 248Social Security Administration 73studies ofiong-term mobility in 253temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)
258,261,273welfare reform 280welfare system 256, 261, 263workers 66
University of Delhi 125unofficial economy
behavior of registered firms 206determinants of 206
upgrading jobs and skills 5upward mobility 4,143,265
generating 85role of individual effort in 275
Uruguay 270social welfare policies 273
Uttar Pradesh, India 124poverty line for 140
van Bastelaer, T. 153van de Walle, D. 281VAT 255Veblen, T. 279vendor development programs (VDPs) 236Venezuela 7, 281
household income dynamics in 13-34Sample Household Survey 15,34
Vietnam 106-21development of relationships with trading
partners 112lack of formal market-supporting institutions
110manufacturing community 111
private firms 109village
government 116studies 124
Vishny, R.W 214vocational training 257Vodopivec, M. 116-17volatility, levels of 250
wagesdistributions 70,73and poverty 73-6
Waldman, M. 120Walker, T. 152Watson, J. 110--11Weder, B. 213,215,225welfare
effects of entrepreneurship 116-17policy, alternative model 273program, centrally implemented 273reform law 261
West Bank and Gaza, territory of 225Whang, S. 99Whiting, S.H. 115Wodon,Q. 82Woodruff, C. 73,105-8,110--11,114-18,121workers 37
in developing countries 35working capital 188
finance 179World Bank 35,39,154,193,216,219
Regional Program for Enterprise Development(RPED) surveys 156,161-78,182-3,185
Regional Studies Program of Latin American
and Caribbean Region of 82World Bank Institute 213World Business Environment Survey (WBES)
193-4,216,219-23countries surveyed 212data on state capture 211implications 211objectives 194sample distribution of region, size and sector
196-7Steering Committee 213
World Development Indicators database 121World Development Report 7,37
world
markets 244population 3poverry 4
Worldwide Business Environment Survey 7,10worldwide enterprise data set 201l
Yeon, H.C. 98Yoo, H. 99
Index 297
Yoo, K. 99
Young, P 279
Zambia 156, 164, 168Zavaleta, D. 207, 210Zhoug, K.x. 105Zimbabwe 67,156,159-60,163-4,168,
173Zoido-Lobat6n, P 214,217