INDEX

Symbol

8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 302

A

Acanthosis nigricans 16,53,343Acarbose 147, 185, 360, 361, 365, 366 ,

406Acromegaly 78, 166, 341Adaptive immunity 68Adenocarcinoma 231 , 235Adipocyte 47 ,240,243-247,350,351 ,

365 ,397,403-405Adipokine 42,46,47,240,244-247Adiponectin 46, 53, 245 , 246, 351 , 365 ,

384 ,404Adipose tissue 46-48,240,243-247,

278 ,351 ,365,397,403-405Advanced glycation end product (AGE)

107, III , 142, 221 , 273Agaricus 384Aggressive phenotype 51, 53, 58Aging population 42, 44Akt 225 ,236,241 ,242,279,296,298,

303 ,405Aldose reductase (AR) 79,97, 100, 102,

112,167,221 ,222,273-275 ,387Aldosterone antagonist 117Alogliptin 7,462Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor 148 360, ,

361 ,365,366,406,450

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) 168,169,381 ,390

Alpha subunit 2,3Alzheimer's disease (AD) 466,468, 469Aminoguanidine 119AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)

47,48,236,401-405Amputation 8,9, 10, 123, 124, 126, 128,

131,133,134,155,156,176,357,415 ,422

Amylin 144,148,149,291,303,317,352 ,361 ,368,450,453

Amyloidosis 166, 303, 317Anatomical change 88,94Angiogenic growth factor 91, 92Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

97,108,110, 113, 116-119, 140,225Angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor blocker

(ARB) 113,116-119Ankle Brachial Pressure Index (ABP!)

126-129,133Antibodies anti GAD65 (GADA) 198,

199Antigen presentation 65, 69, 81, 20 I,

208Antigen presenting cell (APC) 63, 64,

66,67,69,197,200,201 ,203-205,209 ,253,255,256,260-262

Anti -islet autoantibody 266 , 267Antioxidant 167-169,221 ,222,276,

277 ,300,304,386,388

473

474

Apoptosis 48,67,82,95,143,157,195,201 ,204,205,210,236,261 ,265,291-293 ,297-302,304,315,349,350 ,448

AS160 241 ,242,404Atherosclerosis in youth 56Autoimmunity 4,9,22,63,65,67-72,

77, 167, 194-199,201 ,202,204,205,207-209,211 ,252,255,25~

258 ,259,265-267,312,314,315,317 ,347

Automated screening algorithm 89Autonomic neuropathy 1,56, 125, 162,

163,170,171 ,176-178,181 ,182,185, ]87-189,373,422

Autophagy 292

B

Bariatric surgery 358 ,441 , 446 , 452 ,453 ,459,460

Basal insulin see Insulin, basalBBDP rat 257 ,261B cell 7,64,65, 67-69 , 166,209

receptor 69Behavioral and psychological symptoms

of dementia (BPSD) 465 , 468Beta cell 7,10, 14, 15,20,22,24,26,

49 ,51 ,53,54,62-64,66,67,69-72,78,142,145,148,194-200,203,205-2] 1, 240 , 241, 243, 252-256,258-261 , 265 , 266 , 276 , 288-296,298-305,310-317,320-322,324,325 ,327-329,334,335,34] ,343,346-350,353,362,367,371 ,373-375,386,387,391 ,399,400,4]8,448,449

apoptosis ]95, 205 , 291-293 , 299 ,300 ,302,448

dysfunction 24, 53, 252 , 254 , 256 ,266 ,276,289,295,298,300,302-304,325,34] ,348,349,353,386

loss ]94,198,205,208,211 ,29] ,294 , 311, 313-317

mass 255 , 266 , 290 , 291 , 293-295 ,305 ,311,312,315,317,328,349

pathology 3] 5

DIABETES

regeneration 10, 292-294, 305 , 310 ,311,316,367

Bidirectional relationship 86Bilberry 399-401, 405, 408Bitter melon 385 , 386 , 399-401 , 404 ,

406-408Bolus insulin see Insulin , bolusBromocriptine 449Bypass 126,133,134,233,446,460Bystander effect 260

cC57BLlK mouse model 257Cancer antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) 234 , 235Candida albicans 127Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 234 ,

235Cardiovascular disease 1, 52, 56-58,

77,79, 109, 115, 140-142, 144, 148,149,219-221 ,223-227,244,276,289 ,351 ,352,382,405,421 ,439,444 ,453

Cardiovascular risk 33, 52, 56-59, 115,141,145,148,162,171 ,180,189,347 ,356,359,384,440,441 ,446,448

Cassia cinnamon 386, 387CD4 +CD2Y T cell 68,202,260,262CD4 +T cell 3, 64, 66-69, 199,200,

202-204, 208 , 262CD4 +T helper cell 64, 68,262CD8 +T cell 3, 64, 66, 67, 69, 199,200,

202,203,208,209,262CD 11 c" dendritic cell 65Cerebrovascular disease 227 ,422Charcot's arthropathy 125, 131, 162,

166Chromium 389, 390Chronic distal symmetric sensory/

sensorimotor 158, 161, 162Chronic kidney disease (CKD) 113, 115,

117,118,363Chronic wound 133Classification 3, 12-15, 18, 77, 78, 80,

89,113,114,128,155,156,158,177,257,310-313,341,429

Clinical challenge 51

INDEX

Clinical outcome 185Co1esevelam 375 ,449Complementary and alternative medicine

(CAM) 382Complex carbohydrate 325,335, 366,451Compliance 118, 182, 184, 366 , 371 ,

416 ,418,421 ,430,468Complication 1,2,5,6,8-10,12,16, 17,

20,22,24,26-28,30,31 ,33,40,51 ,52,54-59 ,62,63,72,77,79,83,86,88,95,97, 107, 110, 11 2, 115, 116,123, 124, 139-144,149, 155-157,161, 162, 167, 171, 180, 182,185,188,1 89, 245, 247, 272-276, 282,340 ,342-345,348,353,356,357,359,364,373,374,376,382-384,397 ,399,408,414,415,418,420,421,429-431 , 434 , 435, 438 -440 ,446 ,450,453,460,467

Con gen ital anomaly 27,30Congestive heart fai lure (CHF) 219,

220 ,365,439,449,452Continuous blood glucose monitoring

system (CGMS) 22, 144Continuous subcutaneous insu lin infusion

(CSII) 22,144,373,414,415,417,418

Conventional Treg (cTreg) 204Copper/zinc (Cu/Zn)-SOD 296 , 300 ,

302 ,304Coronary artery disease (CAD) 144,

220 ,358,422Corticosteroid 10 I, 161, 344Coxsackievirus B (CYB) 7 1,254,257,

260 -262, 264, 265Creatinine 108,1 13,11 6- 11 8, 275, 361,

364 ,366, 423 ,430Cushing's syndrome 5, 78, 3 11, 34 1CYB4 "Tuscany strain" 265CXCL 10 22, 202 , 209 , 254 , 265Cycl ic guanos ine monophosphate 185Cystic fibros is (CF) 17, 78,235,3 12,34 1Cytokine 46,48,49,64,67,68, 70, 72,

81,1 10, 11 1, 200, 202-2 10, 243, 245,247, 254-256, 260-263, 265, 266,274 ,276,278,303,348,351

Cytolytic T lymphocyte-a ssociatedantigen 195

475

Cytomegalo virus (CMY) 71, 78, 207 ,208,259,262,263,341 ,422,432-434

Cytotoxic T-1ymphocyte (CTL) 21 ,202 -204 ,206,207, 209 ,210

D

Dendritic cell (DC) 65, 69 , 70, 201 -206 ,209 ,210,260,263

Depression 112, 187, 234 , 468Diabetes mellitus (DM) 1-8,12- 15, 17,

20,2 1,24,26,29,35-40 ,42,43,5 1,53,62,63,68, 77-8 1, 85, 88,91 ,107,1 39, 140,1 55-157,1 70,1 71,177,1 83,1 86,1 89,1 94, 2 19, 235,240 ,252,272,273, 276,288,289,310 -3 13,32 1,322,334,340-342,344 ,346,347,350,351 ,356-358 ,374,381 , 382 , 388 -39 1, 396 -399,4 14,417,420,435,438,440,442,444 ,445,447,459,465,466,468

autonomic neuropathy (DAN)176-179,188,189

associated loci 65 , 298classification 3,12-14,77,78,

311-313,341complication 1,8,9, 12,26,54,

57, 72, 79, 86, 88, 97, 110, 116,139-141 , 155,156,16 1,171 ,180,275 ,356,357,376,408,4 15,420,42 1, 460 , 467

erectile dysfunction (DED) 185, 186education 356 , 357foot (DF) 1, 123- 134, 155,156, 176

ulcer 124, 126, 128, 130, 131,133, 134

gestational 5,12- 14, 17,24,25,27-31 ,78,293 ,34] ,4 17,418

ketoacidosis 53, 54, 264 , 342 , 343 ,353,369,4 17

kidney disease 109, 111, 113,1 14macular oedema (DMO) 89, 94,

99-101maculopathy 92management 6, 7,28,29,31 ,57, 139,

149,341 ,356,357,373,374,376,396 ,397,406,408,465,468

hospital 148, 149

476

medication 52, 140, 145, 147, 148nephropathy 5,9,79,107,113,116,

275 ,358,421neuropathy (DN) 8,9,107-113,

115-119,155-164,166-171 ,176,177,179, 183, 185, 186

treatment 119, 166, 168peripheral neuropathy (DPN) 162,

165,169,170,180prevention 258 ,389,391 ,443,460,

461retinopathy 9,26, 88-102, 107, 113,

124,162,388,421types

Type I (TIDM) 2-4,6,7,9, 10,13-15,20-22,26,27,43,53-56,58,62,63-72,77,78,83,86,91 ,92,94,107-109,112,113,115-117,140,141,144,157,161 ,171 ,177,180,187,194-205,207-211 ,225,231 ,235,237,252-267,276,310-317,340-343,346,347,352 ,353,357,365,368,371-375,391 ,392,417,418,421 ,435,450,459

fulminant 4,20-22idiopathic (Type IB) 4, 15, 18,

20,63,341,347Type 2 (T2DM) 2,4-7, 10, 13-15,

17,24,26,32,35-40,42-44,46,48,49,51-59,68,77,78,83,86,91,92,94,98,101,107-109,112,113,115,116,118,139-142,144,145,148,149,155,157,159-162,171 ,177,180,187,219-221 ,231 ,235,237,240-244,246,247 ,273,276,281 ,288-292,294-299, 303-305, 310-315,317 ,322,324,325,328,329,332-335,340-343,346-353,356-358,360,362,364-368,371 ,375,376,382-392,396,397 ,399,401-403,417,421 ,438-441 ,443,444,446-452,459-463 , 465-469

other specific types 13, 15,341

DIABETES

Diagnostic challenge 53Diagnostic criteria 5, 20, 28, 29, 78,

178, 179, 340 , 341 , 345 , 348 , 353Dietary therapy 441Diffuse exudative maculopathy 93Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)

130Digit symbol substitution test (DSST) 467Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) 7, 144,

148, 149,226,326,328,332-335,350,361 ,366,367,448,451 ,452,459

inhibitor 7, 144, 148, 149,226,328,332 ,333,335,366,367,448,451 ,452 ,459

Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) 157Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) 22,

254 ,256Down syndrome 78, 341

E

Education 6,33,52,58, 123, 130, 134,177, 189,356,357,376,415,417,430 ,444,445,449,468,472

Emerging therapeutic target 100Encephalomyocarditis virus 22,207,

254 ,258Endocrinopathy 14, 17, 78, 341Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) 235Endothelial dysfunction 142, 185, 221,

222 ,225,439End stage renal disease (ESRD) 9, 107,

109,110,116,118,421 ,422Enterovirus (EV) 22,71,207,252,257,

260 ,261 ,263,264Environmental influence 263Epidemiology 20,52,80,94, 108, 155,

156,194,207,466Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) 207,422ER-MP23+ macrophage 65Eruptive xanthomas 343Escherichia coli 127Exercise 6, 13, 16, 30, 31, 33, 43, 48,

56-58,83,107,118,161 ,178, 180,244 ,343,344,356-358,363,368,369 ,371 ,372,376,423,440,441 ,443 ,444

Exocrine cancer 23 I

INDEX

F

Fastin~ plasma glucose (FPG) 5,33,4~ , 79,140,144,148,289,341 ,342,344 ,366,372,418

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) 178187 '

Fenofibrate 100-102Fenugreek 399-402,404, 406-408Fetal hyperinsulinemia 25Fetal surveillance 31Fluorescein angiography 89,98Foot-and-mouth virus 257 ,258Forkhead winged helix transcription

factor (FoxP3) 68,204Framingham 144,219,220,439Framingham study 439Free fatty ac id (FFA) 42,46,47,

240,243-245 ,247,279,299,322,347 -351 ,365,389

G

Gastrointestinal (GI) 21,27,142,158,176- 178,181-184,189,325,329,332 ,350,364,366,375,388,406,433 ,442,448-450,461

Gene expression 95,210,222,247,265,274 ,297,299,301 ,302,322,403

Gene therapy 374Genetics 3, 9, 14-16 20 21 40 43 54

62,63 ,65,71 ,72,77,78,83,86,94,107, 109,110,119,155,157,166,194-197,201,205,208,229,232,234,240,243,252-254,257,258,260,263,266,279,288,289,298,299 ,305,340,341 ,346,351 ,352460 '

Genetic factor 43 , 86, 94, 107, 109, 110,119,155,157,195-197,201 ,254298 '

Gestational diabetes see Diabetesgestational '

Ginseng 385 ,398-402,404,408Glibenclamide 30,295,360-363,387,

391 ,447

477

Glic lazide 360-363,384,447Glinide 226 ,447,448,45 1,452Global epidemic 1, 5 1, 123, 438Glomerular basement membrane (GBM)

107, 110, 112-114Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) 9, 109,

113,116-119,367,423Glomerular hyperfi Itration 110Glucagon 2,4,7,17,21 ,22,181 ,184,

189, 226, 230, 292, 297, 304, 3 16,325 ,341 ,346,350,353 361 366368 ,372,386,448,452' , ,

G lucagon-like peptide (GLP) 7,22,144, 148, 149, 18 1, 226, 302, 304,305 ,325,326,329,332,333,335,350 ,361 ,366,367,376,448,449,451 -453

GLP-l 7,22,144, 148, 149,181,226 ,302,304,305,325,329,332,333 ,335,350,361 ,366-368 376448 ,449,45 1-453 "

analogue 333 , 361 , 367 , 452receptor agonist 22 226 332 335

361 , 367 ,448,451-453 ' ,Glucagonoma 78, 311, 341Glucokinase activator (GKA) 16, 78,

326-328,335,375Glucokinase (GK) 5,54,296,305,

319 -321 ,324,326,328,341Glucomannan 383Gl ucose 2-7 ,10,16,21 ,22,24,25,

28-33 , 36, 43, 44, 46 -49 , 52-54,56,58,70,77,79,82,85,94,95,97-99 ,102, 107, Ill, 112, 115,118,1 19,129,139,140-149,16 1,181,185,187, 189, 198,220,221 ,223 ,225,240-247,255,260,265,273 ,274,276,277,279,289,291,294-296, 298 -302, 304 , 305, 311,313 , 3 19-335, 340 -342 , 344, 345 ,347 -351 ,356-359,362-364,365,366,372-375,381 -391 ,396,397,399 -408,414-418,429,430,435,439 ,440,444,445,447-451 ,459,462 ,468

challenge test (GeT) 28,29,385

478

homeostasis 4, 46, 48 , 140, 181, 243 ,245 ,294,300,320,332,340,341 ,375 ,403,448

stimulated insulin secretion 240 ,298,304 ,319,320

transporter 2 (GLUT2) 296 ,305, 320transporter 4 (GLUT4) 2,3,241-243 ,

247 ,347,403-405Glucotoxicity 273 ,288,297,299,300,

302 ,303,305,349Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) 14,

21,22,55,68,198,203,256,264,346 ,347

Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) 222 ,296,300 ,304

Glycated LDL 221Glycation 12, 79, 98, 107, 111 , 142,

15~ 167,221 ,273,274,277,345Glycemic

control 7, 13, 27 , 31-33, 54-56, 58,63,76,82-84,97,98, 108, 115,129,139-146,148,149,155,160,161,166-168,171 ,176,177,180,181,187,189,204,221 ,243,272,333-345,350,351 ,356-359,365,368 ,371 ,375,376,386,391 ,415,417 ,418,435,446,450-452,465,467 ,468

excursion 147,418target 30,31 ,359variability 139-144 ,147-149,415,

452Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

dehydrogenase (GAPDH) 274Glycopyrrolate 188Glycosuria 16,25,77,345,451GIycosylated hemoglobin A Ie (HbA Ic)

7,13,21 ,31 ,58,83-85,98,109,115,129,139-141 ,144,147-149,221 ,331-334,342,344,345,353,357 , 359 , 360 , 362-364, 366-368,371 ,375,382,383,386,387,389-391 ,415-417,430,439,440,442 ,444,445,447-450,452,462,467

DIABETES

Glycosylation end product (AG E) 12,79,82,98,107,111 ,112,119,139,140,142,157,168,221-224,273,274 ,452

G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)328 ,329,335

agonist 328Guanosine monophosphate (GMP) 185Guar gum 384Gymnema 387 ,399,400,408

H

Heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) 111Helper T cell (Th) 199,202,203,205,

206 , 208-210, 254Hemodynamic pathway 107, 110Hepatocyte nuclear factor-l a (HNF-la)

5, 16,54,341Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4a (HNF-4a)

5, 16, 78, 296 , 341Herbal medicine 381 ,384-387,396-403 ,

406-409Herpesviridae 259 , 263High density lipoprotein (HDL) 99,220,

221 ,224,347,348,359,383,387,439 ,445,450,462

High risk HLA-DR3/DR4 genotype263 ,313,346

Homeostasis 2,4,32,46-48,140,181 ,205 ,208,243,245,246,273,283,294 ,300,320,324,332,340,341 ,375 ,384,400,403,408,448

Host response 80, 81, 266Human enterovirus (HEV) 257 ,264,

265 ,267Human leucocyte antigen (HLA) 3, 14,

15,21 ,65,67,71 ,77,83,195-197,253 ,263,266,310,313,316,317,346 ,347,422,425

Hydrogen peroxide (H20 2) 132,277,300

Hyperbilirubin 28

INDEX

Hyperglycemia 3,12,13,15-17,25,26,28-30,54,64,71 ,76,77,79,94,95,97,107,109-112,119,142-144 ,148,157-159,162,181 ,194,207,219-223,225-227,234,236 ,240,241 ,272-276,278,289,295 ,311-313,320,324,325,341,342 ,345-347,349,350,368,372,382 ,385,396,397,401 ,405-408,415 ,416,432,439,441 ,448,451 ,460 ,466

Hyperosmolar state 342, 343, 369Hyperthyroidism 5, 78, 341Hypocalcaemia 28Hypoglycemia 6, 7, 17,27,30,32,40,

58,115,140,141 ,144,147-149,158,176-178,181 ,189,312,326,333 ,357,363,364,366,368,370-374,386,391 ,415-417,429,440 ,447-453,462,465-467

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena1 axis 466

I

IFIHI 253-255,266Immunosuppression 72,204,374,

428-30,434, 435Incretin 7,49, 142,304,329,332,334,

335 ,341,343,350,353,376,414,447,448,450,452,453,459,462,463

based therapy 7, 329, 332-335, 448 ,452

Incretine analogue 459 ,462Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (100) 69,

204Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)

275-280Inflammation 33,46,47, 57, 67-69,

81-83 ,98,101 ,102,110,114,117,118,127,129,145,158-161,166,180,195,196,202-205,207-210,221 ,234,235,243,245,247,252,254 ,255,261-263,265,266,277,302 ,303,348,351 ,365,366,396,397 ,408,415,424,431 ,432,439,460,466

479

Infrapop Iiteal artery 130, 134Innate immunity 22,62,64,65,67,69,

70,195,203,205,259,263Insulin 2-7 ,9, 10, 12-17,20,22,24,

25, 30-33 , 42, 43 , 46-49, 51, 53-55 ,57,59,62-65,67,68,70-72,76-78,82,83,110,130,140-142,144-149,161,168,180-182,189,194,195,197,199-202,208,210,219-221 ,224-226,230,236,237,240-247,253-255,260-262,264,265,272,276-279, 281, 282, 288-305,310-313,315,316,319-332,334,335,341 ,343,346-353,357,358,360-376,382-392,396,397,399-405, 408, 414-418, 420, 421 ,429 ,432,435,440,442,447-453,459,461 ,463,466

autoantibody (lAA) 68, 197, 199bas~ 146,147,295,368,370,371 ,

383 ,386,403,414,417,450,451 ,453

bolus 357 ,371 ,372,415,450,453detemir 147,370growth factor (lGF) 236 , 370intensive therapy 20,22,371promoter factor-l (lPF-I) 5, 16,78,

341pump 373,414,415,417receptor (lR) 2, 3, 16, 43 , 78, 146,

225 ,241-243,246,247,279,296,298 ,321-325,335,384,387,391 ,400-402, 404

beta 279receptor substrate (IRS) 225 ,

241-243,245,247,279,297,298,400 ,404,405

resistance 4, 5, 10, 15-17 , 24, 25, 30,33,42,43,46-48,51 ,53,57,59,83, 11~ 142,208,221 ,224,225,230 ,236,240-247,272,276-279,282 ,289,298,315,319,321 ,341 ,343 ,346-351 ,353,371 ,372,376,383-386,389,391,396,397,401,405 ,408,417,449,450,452,466

480

secretion 5, 7, 10, 12, 13, 15, 20, 22,24, 25,47,77,142,145,147,194,199,2 10,240, 241 ,243 ,246,255,260,288,289,294,295, 298-302,304 , 305 , 310 , 3 11, 3 19-332, 334,346 ,348-350,362, 363,368,371 ,372,376,386,396,397,399,400,402 ,408,414,435,447

sensitizer 7,326, 360 ,376,461signal casc ade, TRIB3 298s ignaling 47 ,48,219,225,240-243 ,

245 -247,277,279,281 ,282,298,385 ,389,397,400,40 1

Insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2)14,55,68, 19~ 199-201 ,203,20~

260,265,266,3 12Insulitis 64,65, 69, 194-197, 199, 203,

208 ,209-2 11, 25 7,259,260,262,265 ,267,3 14,316, 317

Intensive treatment 52, 118, 141, 225 ,440 ,468

Interferon (IFN) 78, 195,202-205,207 ,209,210,254-256,260,26 1,263-265

Type IIFN 261Inter leukin (lL) 47 , 67, 68, 80, 8 1, 82,

111 , 195,202,203,204, 205,207,208 , 209 ,210, 245 ,254,255,256,260 ,26 1,265,267, 276 ,303

IL- I13 276Interventional stud y 186, 289 , 3 13Intrapancreatic mucinous neoplasia 232Ischemia 28,91 -93 , 124, 127, 128, 130,

133, 134, 178, 276, 432classification 128

Isletamyloid polypeptide (lAPP) 291,

303 ,352,368autoantibody 194, 196- 199, 208 , 266 ,

310 ,3 12-314,316auto antigen 64, 196, 198-200, 204 ,

265 ,266cell antibody (ICA ) 14,55,68,198,

264 ,3 1Icell tran splantation 374 ,423,435

DIABETES

K

Ketoacidosis 4, 13, 15, 2 I , 22, 40 , 53,54,63,77, 161,264,342,343,347,353,364, 369, 374, 4 16, 4 17

Kilham rat virus (KRV) 259 , 262 ,263Klinefe lter ' s syndrome 341Kras2 oncogene 229, 232, 233

L

Langerhans cell 2,9,62, 194,206,230,349

Laser photocoagulation 99 , 100, 102Lepti n 42 ,46,47,245,246,350,383,

404Lifestyle 5, 7, 33, 36, 43 , 44, 48, 49 ,

5 1,59,155,226,227,277,352,356 -358 , 364 , 398 ,430,441 -446 ,453 ,462

Lifesty le modification 33 , 356 , 44 1-444,446,453,462

Linagliptin 7,462Lip id 46 ,58,76,77,79,82,89,98-102 ,

107, 110,112,117- 119,155, 171,224-226,241 ,243,273,276,277,279 ,280,282,300,302,322-325 ,328,333,351 ,356,359,365,376,382 ,385,398,401 ,408,445,448,449 ,452,461

Lipotoxicity 243,277,288,299-303 ,305 ,324,325,335,349,460

Ljungan virus (LV) 180,258,261Loss of prot ective 123, 124, 127 , 162Low den sity lipoprotein (L DL) 117,

220 -222 ,224-226,347,358,359,375 ,383,384,386,387,389,445,452

Lymphocytic choriome ningitis viru s(LCMV) 254 , 260

M

Macroalbum inuria 54,108,109, 116Macrophage 3,22,47,65,69,81 ,101 ,

160, 20 1, 205, 206, 209, 2 10, 222,225 ,245, 247 , 255 ,258-263 ,278,303

INDEX

Macrosomia 24,25,27,30,32, 58,418Macrovascular complication 8, 10, 12,

57,63,139,141 ,142,149,155,171Macrovascular disease 56, 115, 126Macular oedema 89, 90, 93, 99, 100Magnesium (Mg) 390, 391Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)

130Maitake mushroom 389Major histocompatibility complex

(MHC) 63,65-67, 195-197 ,200,265

class I (MHC-I) 196,203,265class II (MHC-II) 195,209,265

Management 1,6, 7, 10,24,28-32, 39,52,57-94,97,98,102,130-134,139,141,145, 148, 149, 159, 160, 164,168-171 ,180,183,341 ,356-359,368 ,369,373-376,396,397,399,406 ,408,409,416,418,428,429,441 ,443,446,449,465,467-469,472

Manganese superoxide dismutase(MnSOO) 274

Maternal hyperglycemia 26Maturity onset diabetes of the young

(MOOY) 5,14-16,54,312,321,341 ,351

Mechanism of action 99,236,264,322 ,329,362,364-366,375,384,386 ,-388

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) 29,33,357

Medication 6, 33, 49, 52, 57, 58,102, 140, 144, 145, 147-149, 159,169,179,180,182,187,188,236,237 ,358,360-362,368,376,382,383 ,388,392,414,421 ,422,430,444-446,448,452,453,468,472

Mengovirus 254 , 258Metabolic syndrome 15, 46 , 62, 77, 246 ,

272 ,273,276-279,348,381 ,391,443 ,460

481

Metabolism 4,44,46,48,49, 76, 77, 82,157,225,241-244,246,247,255,277 ,279,289,294,300-302,313,319-325,327,328,335,344,356,362,376,389,396-399,402,447

Metformin 7,30,31 , 144, 148, 166,182,236,300,302,304,326,333,360-364,366-368,376,384,387,397,400,444,447-452,459-462

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcusaureus (MRSA) 126

Microalbuminuria 54,56,108-110,113,115, 116, 118,423,439

Microbiota 266,267Microvascular complication 8, 10, 16,

20,22,88,112,115,139,141,156,167,272,357,467

Microvasculardisease 54,57,107,113,115,126,139,274,466

Milk thistle 381 ,386Mineral 180,389,390Mini mental state examination (MMSE)

466Mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein

(MAYS) 261Molecular mimicry 72,208,256,260,

262 ,264,265Multiple daily insulin injection (MOl)

144,414-418Mums infection 207

N

Nateglinide 360,361,363,391,447Natural health product (NHP) 381 , 392Natural killer cell (NK) 63, 69, 70, 203 ,

205 ,206,210,256,265Natural killer T cell (NKT) 70, 196,

205,206,209Natural progression 89Natural regulatory T cell (nTreg) 204Neoplasm 78, 341Nephropathy I, 5, 8-10,51 ,54,55, 79,

107-110,113-116,118,119,124,127,162,225,272,275,342,358,406,421

482

Neurocognitive assessment 466, 467Neuroendocrine tumor 231 , 235Neuropad 188Niacinamide 391Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate (NADPH) 222 , 273 , 280 ,296 ,322,323

oxidase 273 , 280 , 296Nitric oxide (NO) 67, 110, 142, 145,

185,186,210,219,221 ,225,256,263 ,275,276,278,280

synthase 186, 219, 221 , 225, 275 ,276

NOD mice 64-70,257,259,260,262,266 ,267,314,316

Non-invasive vascular monitoring 134Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy

(NPDR) 89, 90, 92, 96, 98, 100Nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) 202 ,

210 ,221 ,223,273,274,277,303Nutraceutical 381,389,397,406,409Nutritional prevention 319,324

oObesity I, 4, 5, 15, 25, 26, 30, 33,

35,36,39,40,42-49,51-53,55,56,58,59, 77, 82, 124, 129, 130,155,159,167,184,186,219,220,226 ,229,233,240,242-247,272,273 ,276-279,281 ,283,288,293,311-313,315,321,322,324,325,340 ,343,346-352,358,376,438,439 ,441-443,446,447,453,460,461 ,471

Db/Db mice 246 , 403 , 404Offloading 123, 130, 131, 134Oligoadenylates synthesis enzyme 1

(OAS I) 254 , 255 , 266Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

89Orlistat 358 ,446,459,461-463Osteomyelitis 126-129Oxidative stress 48, 98, 107, III , 112,

139,142-145,147-149,272-282,297 ,300,302,304,322,325,385,386

DIABETES

p

Painful neuropathy 161, 163, 416Pancreas 2,7, 10, 14, 16,22,24,47,

48 ,65,70, 115, 145, 157, 196, 198,207 ,209,230-232,234,236,237,257 ,261 ,263-265,276,288-290,292-295,303,305,310,311 ,313-315,317,320,329,341 ,346,350 ,352,362,373,374,399,406,414 ,418,420,421 ,423-434,436

Bcell 288 ,315cancer 229-237endocrine function 181, 230, 398,

429exocrine function 230islet 3,7, 10,63, 194,230,243,257,

258,261,264,265,293,296,298,300 ,301 ,304,314,322,328,332,347 ,366

lymph node (PLN) 63, 70, 205 , 206 ,208 ,210,314

transplantation 115, 157,374,420,421 ,426,428-430,432,436

Pancreatitis 5, 16, 22, 78, 234 , 235 , 294 ,315 ,341 ,366-368,424,430,431 ,433 ,435

Paramyxoviridae 258Parvovirus 259 ,262Pathogenesis 4, 12, 13, 18, 20, 22, 25 ,

35,47,48,62-65,68,69,71,72,77,79,80,88,97,99, 100, 110, 112,124, 142, 167, 185, 194,206,211 ,241 ,252,253,257,259,261 ,262,264-267,273,311,312,314,340,343 ,348,350,353,397,398,406,435 ,459

Pathogenetic treatment 167, 169, 176,189

Pathophysiology 2, 7,28,49,51 ,53,79,89,95,108,110,119,132,142,155-157,245,340,346,353,468,469

Patient education 52,58,123,130,415,430 ,468

Pattern recognition receptor (PRR) 203 ,205 ,207,210

PCSK9 226

INDEX

Periodontal disease 1, 9, 76, 79-83 , 86Periodontitis 76, 79-84, 86Peripheral 7-10 ,22,25,47,48,56,

63,64,65,67-69,72,77,89,91 ,98,123-130,142,145,156,159,162,168,169,177,185,187,188,199-20 I, 203 , 204 , 210 , 219 , 220 ,227 ,234,241 ,244,255,264,275,277 ,319,357,364,370,396,421 ,422 ,439

Peroxynitrite 142, 221 , 275 , 278, 279 ,282

Pharmacologic therapy 12, 13,358,359Pheochromocytoma 78, 341Phosphatase and tension homologue

(PTEN) 241 ,242Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)

236 ,241 ,242,247,279,403-405Phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE-5)

inhibitor 186, 187Phosphoinositide 3-kinase 225Physical activity 30, 33, 36, 42, 44 , 56,

57,59,188,220,288,358,415,430,441-444, 459-463

Phytochemical 407 ,408Picornaviridae 257 ,258,264Pioglitazone 226 , 360 , 361, 364-366,

449-452Piragliatin 375Plasma fatty acid 219 ,221 ,225,227,

325Plasma glucose 5,21 ,28,33,43, 79,

140,147,225,289,341,342,344,366 ,372,404,405,418,468

Poliovirus (PV) 257 ,264Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP)

157,168,274,275Polycythemia 28Polydipsia 53, 55, 77, 79, 342Polyinosinic-po1ycytidylic acid (PET)

180,256Polyol 12,79,97,107,111 ,112,142,

157,221 ,222,273-275Polyphagia 6, 77, 79, 342Polyuria 1,6,53,55, 77, 79Positron emission tomography (PET)

180Postoperative management 428

483

Postprandial blood glucose 140, 147,148,372,382,383,387

Pramlintide 148,361 ,368,450Premature complication 51, 59Prepregnancy counselling 58Prevalence 1,2,4,5,13,14,17,20,21 ,

24,35-40,42-45,51 ,52,54-57,77,78,80,82,83,88,91 ,108,118,123,155-157 ,159,163,164,169,171 ,177,178,181 ,182,185,186,188,194,220,263,316,340,343,345,352,397,438-440,453,466,471

Prevention 49 , 52, 57, 86, 98, 101, 102,119,130,134,139,149,155,156,176, 189, 194,211,225,226,258,267,288,305,319,324,325,359,383-385,389,391 ,392,399,408,415,439,440,444,460,461 ,465,466

Prickly pear cactus (PPC) 381 ,388Probiotics 267Proinflammatory cytokine 46 , 202, 204,

207 ,209,243,247,261-263,265,348

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR)89-94,97-99,101

Propantheline 188Protein kinase B (PKB) 241 ,242,247Protein kinase C (PKC) 97, 100, 107,

111 ,112,119,142,157,167,241 ,242,273,274,304,322,329

inhibitor 119PKCN~ 241 , 242

Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 195,241,242

nonreceptor type 22 (PTPN22) 195,197,201,253

Proteinuria 107,109-111 ,113,115-118Pseudomonas aeruginosa 127Psyllium 383 , 384Public health 51,59,352,446Pycnogenol 381 ,388,389

Q

Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test(QSART) 188

484

R

Ranolazine 448 , 449Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 98, Ill ,

112, 142, 143,21~273,274,276,

277 ,279,299-301 ,304Recipient selection 421Regeneration 10,99, 167,288,292-294,

297 ,298,305,310,311,316,367,373,400

Regulatory T cell (Treg) 64, 68, 69,196,201 ,202,204,206,207,253,259-263

Renin angiotensin aldosterone system(RAAS) 110, Ill, 115, 117-119

Reovirus 259, 262Repaglinide 360,361 ,363,447Resistin 245,351,365Respiratory distress syndrome 27Retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) 47,

245-247,351Retrovirus 259, 262 , 263Risk factor 6, 25, 26, 33, 46 , 52, 56-58,

82,94,100,107-109,119,124-127,140,144,149,166,167,171,177,180,208,220,226,229,230,232-234,236,237,242,252,340,341 ,350,351 ,359,376,415,422,439 ,441 ,444,448,465

Rosiglitazone 148,226,280,303,360,361,364,365,400,467

Rotavirus (RY) 71,207,208,259,262,263 ,266

Rubella virus 17,71 ,72,207,208,258,263,264,341,346

Ruboxistaurin mesylate 100

S

Salacia 387 ,406-408Saxagliptin 7, 148, 360 , 361 ,366,462Secretagogue 7,236,295,298,322,

360 ,399,449Sedentary lifestyle 48 ,51 ,277,352Self-monitored blood glucose (SMBG)

31, 140, 144, 149,357

DIABETES

Sensation 9, 123, 124, 127, 128,161-163,165,182,188

Serum fructosamine 345Sexual dimorphism 171Sitagliptin 7, 148,333,334,360,366,

451 ,462Sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT)

inhibitor 7,374,375,459,462Soluble fibre 381-384Somatostatin 180, 184, 230 , 292Spin trapping 280-282Standardization 14,39, 177, 179, 182,

198,200,345,388,417Staphylococcus aureus 126Stem cell therapy 10Streptozotocin (STZ) 157,208,223,

260,280,385,388,403,405Suboptimal treatment 58Sudomotor autonomic neuropathy 188Sulfonylurea 7, 16, 144, 148, 302 , 321 ,

328 ,333,360-364,366,367,389,397 ,414,440,447-452,461

Sulodexide 119Superoxide (02- ) radical 142,221 ,222,

274 ,278,300,322Supplement 130,183,371 ,381-383 ,

388-390, 392Surgical procedure 132, 358 ,421 ,423,

425 ,435,460,463Survivin 315 , 316

T

Tcell 3,7,9,14,21,22,62-70,72,195,197,199-206,208-210,253-257,260-266,314,422,429

receptor (TCR) 66,67, 197,200,201 ,205,253,256,260,314

Tea 344 , 387 , 400 , 40 1, 403 , 404,406-408

Thermoregulatory sweat test (TST) 188Thiazolidinedione (TZD) 48, 148,225,

226 ,236,333,360-362,364-366,376 ,400,448,449

Thrifty gene 352Tissue-specific antigen 64, 20 I

INDEX

Togaviridae 258 , 263Tolerance 5, 16,25,28,29,33,36,43,

48,62-65 ,67-70,72,79, 194, 196,197,200, 201 ,203,204,208,240,246,253,260, 276 ,279,289, 294 ,313 ,325,329,331 -334 , 342,344,345 ,348,350,351 ,375,383 ,388,390 ,401 ,439,440,444,450

Toll-like receptor (TLR) 22, 203 ,205,255 ,256, 259 -261 , 263

Total contact 13 ITraditional Chinese medicine (TCM)

397-399,405,408Trad itional med icine 396,397,399Transcutaneous tissue oxygen (TcPO z)

130Transluminal angioplasty 134Transp lantation 7,9, 10, 70, 72, 102,

11 5,11 6,1 57, 209, 374, 417, 41 8,420-426, 428 -436

Treatment 1,5-7,9,10,12,13, 16-1 8,20 ,22,24,28, 30,40,48,52-54 ,57-59 , 72, 77, 82, 83, 86, 88, 89,98-102 , 107,108,1 14-119 , 123 , 124,129-134,1 39- 14 1, 144, 148, 149,155-1 57,1 59,1 60, 162, 166-1 7 1,176, 177, 180-1 82, 184-1 89,1 94,2 11, 2 19, 225-227, 230, 23 1, 233,235 -237,260,261 ,263,267,275,280 ,283,288,302,304, 305 ,319,324,326,329, 33 1-333,335 ,343,348, 35 1, 353, 356, 357,359, 360,362 ,364,366,367,369,371 -376,381 -392,397-399,403,405,408,409,416-4 18,420,421 ,432,435,436,438-444, 446, 447, 451-453,459 -462, 465-468, 472

Triamcinolone acetonide 10 1Trihexyp henidy l 188Tumor necrosis factor-a lpha (TNF-a)

46 ,47,67,80-82 ,10 1, 111, 2 10, 245,247 ,255,261 ,276,303,351

Tumor-suppressor gene CDKN2A 229,232 ,233

Turmeric 406-408Turner syndrome 14, 78, 341

48 5

uUDP-N-acety l glucosamine 274Ulceration 8,56, 124, 125, 127, 128,

155, 156, 162, 163,176,188,433Ulnar nerve compression 159Urbanization 36 ,42,44

vVascular dement ia 466Vascu lar disease 8, 10,26,27,56, 123,

124,1 26, 127, 141, 147, 162, 220,357 ,422,439,440,448,452

Vascular endo the lial growth facto r(VEGF) 91,92,97- 100, 102, 110,III

Anti -V EGF 100, 102Vasopeptidase inhibitor 11 9Very low den sity lipoprotein (VLDL)

224 ,225Vildagliptin 7, 333, 334, 361, 366, 367,

462Vira l infection 20 , 22 , 63 , 7 1, 72, 163,

207, 208,252-258, 260, 263-266,341

Vitamin 0 352Vitrectomy 99,101 , 102VP-l prot ein 257 , 261 ,264,265

wWagner 's classification 128Weight reduction 107, 11 8, 356, 357,

371 ,376,382,438,440,451 -453,459-461

Wolfberry 398 , 399 , 408

y

Yam 390 , 398, 405 , 408Young onset 54

zZinc tran sporter 199,299,346Zucker rats 276 , 323 , 329, 331