index [ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com]ptgmedia.pearsoncmg.com/images/0321427610/index/... · index numbers...

819

Index

Numbers10GigE, 479, 480–48116:9 aspect ratio, 398–3991G (first-generation) cellular networks, 581–586

analog, 581–583CDPD packet data protocol, 583–584defined, 580packet radio data networks, 584–586

1X RTT (Radio Transmission Technology), 6081xEV-DO (Enhanced Version–Data Only), 6081xEV-DV (Enhanced Version–Data and Voice), 6082.5G (intermediate second-generation) cellular

networks, 592–597defined, 580EDGE, 595–596GERAN, 596GPRS, 593–595HSCSD, 593messaging services standards, 596–597primary techniques of, 592–593

2BIQ (2 Binary 1 Quaternary), 1582G (second-generation) cellular networks,

586–592cdmaOne, 590–591defined, 580

digital cellular radio, 586–588GSM, 567, 588–589PDC, 592UWC, 589

3.5G (3.5-generation) cellular networks, 602–6053A software, 3753DES (Triple DES), 376, 6223G Partnership Project (3GPP), 599, 696, 7003G (third-generation) cellular networks, 597–611

3.5G standards, 602–605CDMA2000, 606–609CDMA450, 609comparing mobile data architectures, 627defined, 580deployment issues, 609–611HSDPA, 602–604HSOPA, 605HSUPA, 604–605IMS for, 697overview of, 597–599standards, 599–601TD-SCDMA, 606UMTS TDD/TD-CDMA, 605UMTS/W-CDMA, 601–602

3GPP (3G Partnership Project), 599, 696, 700

Goleniewski_book.fm Page 819 Thursday, September 21, 2006 8:57 AM

820 Index

4G (fourth-generation) cellular networksdefined, 581MeshCube, 656wireless broadband, 612–615

5G (fifth-generation) wireless, 581, 614–6156bone, 2796to4, 277–278

AA (access) link, 134AAA (authentication, authorization, and

accounting)IMS with, 422RADIUS for WLAN security, 648VPN security with, 375

AAL (ATM adaptation layer), 233–235Abilene Project, 292ABR (area border router), 261ABR (available bit rate), 439Access

AAA server in VPN security, 375broadband outer tier, 428LAN methods, 182–185to networks, 107service categories, 107–108

Access concentrators, POP, 288–289Access independence, IMS, 420–421Access routers, POP, 288Accounting, AAA server, 375Active communication mode, NFC, 684Active hubs, 187Active RFID tags, 676–677Active topology, 186Actix, 706Ad hoc communications, livAd hoc mode, 802.11, 645Ad Hoc, On Demand, Distance Vector (AODV),

655Adaptive Differential PCM. See ADPCM

(Adaptive Differential PCM)Adaptive jitter buffers, 326Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), 603Adaptive modulation, OFDM, 573

Add/drop multiplexers (ADMs)OADMs, 463–464in SDH/SONET network, 128–129

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 258Address signals, PSTN, 130Adjacencies, in OSPF, 261ADMs (add/drop multiplexers)

OADMs, 463–464overview of, 128–129

ADPCM (Adaptive Differential PCM)high bit-rate vocoders, 576voice compression standard, 119–120waveform coders, 324

ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line)ADSL2, 505–506ADSL2+, 506–507ADSL2-RE, 507defined, 50overview of, 503–505

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 328, 377Advanced intelligent networks (AINs), 136–137Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS), 581,

583–584Advanced Research and Education Network Atlas

(ARENA), 304Advanced Research Projects Agency Network

(ARPANET), 247–248Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC),

402–406, 407AES (Advanced Encryption Standard), 328, 377AfriNIC (African Network Information Centre), 250The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers

Exceed Human Intelligence (Kurzweil), xlviii, 548

Aggregated RSVP, 301Agnostic platforms, lvi, 141–142, 411AINs (advanced intelligent networks), 136–137Alerting signals, PSTN, 130Allocation, of radio services, 554Ambient computing, xxxixAMC (Adaptive Modulation and Coding), 603American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN),

250


Index 821

American Standard Code for Information Inter-change (ASCII)

coding scheme, 161error control, 164

Amplifiersanalog transmission with, 19boosting attenuated signals with, 6optical, 452optical line, 457–458

Amplitudedefined, 14modulation, 155, 560

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), 581, 583–584

Analog cellular networks, 581–582Analog transmission

characteristics of, 18–21conversion of, 20–23POTS with, 108twisted-pair for, 47–50

Analog TVvs. DTV, 390–391, 398overview of, 397signal degradation in, 390

Animal world, and infrasound, 12ANSI (America National Standards Institute)

ANSI-136, 567, 590ANSI-J-STD-008, 591ASON, 477ASTN, 477defined, 38forming 3GPP2, 600, 602GFP T1X1.5a, 477HDSL2, 501SONET, 123T1.413, 503T1E1.4, 500TIA/EIA 568-A, 46X3T9.5, 78X.509, 380

Antennas, 556–560building, 557defining, 556

gain in, 556magnetic polarization in, 558MIMO, 558–559multiantennas, 557phased-array, 557–558RFID tags with, 675–676types of, 556

Antheil, George, 569Anticollision protocol (Singulation), 681–682Anycast, 269–270, 275AODV (Ad Hoc, On Demand, Distance Vector),

655APNIC (Asia Pacific Network Information Centre),

250APONs (ATM PONs), 527–528Application-driven networks, 148Application layer protocols, 166–167Application platform, IPT network, 318–319Application servers, IMS, 422, 698Applications

broadband, 387–389convergence in, 413–414supporting mission-critical, 434–435

Area border router (ABR), 261ARENA (Advanced Research and Education Net-

work Atlas), 304ARIB (Association of Radio Industries and Busi-

nesses), 408ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers),

250ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), 258ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency

Network), 247–248ARQ (automatic repeat request)

HSDPA error control, 603powerline HANs, 540

ArrayComm, 630–631ASBR (autonomous system boundary router),

OSPF, 261ASCII (American Standard Code for Information

Interchange), 161, 164Asia Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC),

250


822 Index

ASON (Automated Switched Optical Network)defined, 477IP+optical control plane with, 487–488in overlay networks, 475

Aspect ratio, 398–399Assignment, 554Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

(ARIB), 408Assured Forwarding, DiffServ, 301ASTN (Automatic Switched Transport Network),

477Asymmetric encryption, 377–379Asymmetric key cryptography, 377–379Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line. See ADSL

(Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line)Asynchronous Transfer Mode. See ATM (Asynchro-

nous Transfer Mode)Asynchronous transmission, 162–164Athletics

reality innovations for, xlviii–xlixsmart garments for, xliv

ATM adaptation layer (AAL), 233–235ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), 229–243

ADSL deployed with, 504–505advantages/disadvantages of, 237applications, 230–232current status of, 238evolution of, 229Frame Relay and, 221interfaces, 232–233Internet performance and, 290–291IP and, 238–242, 449layers, 233–235MFA Forum and, 243multiservice edge supporting, 436overview of, 229–230packet size in, 220placement in network, 236provisioned VPN based on, 350–352QoS, 438–440switches, 99, 288transmission path of, 235–236WANs using, 201

ATM PONs (APONs), 527–528

ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee), 402–406, 407

Attenuated signals, 6, 551Augmented reality, xlviii–xlixAuthentication

asymmetric cryptography for, 377–379digital cellular networks, 587IMS, 423–424POP security protocols, 286–287VPN security protocol, 375

Authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA)

IMS, 422RADIUS for WLAN security, 648VPN security, 375

Authorization. See AAA (authentication, authoriza-tion, and accounting)

Automated Switched Optical Network. See ASON (Automated Switched Optical Network)

Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 540, 603Automatic Switched Transport Network (ASTN),

477Autonomous system boundary router (ASBR),

OSPF, 261Autonomous system number, 260Autonomous systems

exterior routing and, 262–263, 265interior routing and, 260, 265in public Internet, 85, 252

Available bit rate (ABR), 439

BB (bridge links), 135Backbone router (BR), 261Backbones

ATM, 221, 229, 237, 239bus topology, 186as core network, 8fiber-based, 52, 78–80, 510–511Gigabit Ethernet for, 181increased bandwidth in, xxxvi–xxxviiincreased digitalizing of, lvInternet challenges, 289–290Internet corporate, 149–150


Index 823

Internet growth rate and, 246, 248Interplanetary Internet, 304IP-based network, 85, 96, 350IP VPNs, 352, 362, 364–365IPv4 multicast (mbone), 271IS-IS, 260–261ISP network architecture, 266–267LAN transmission media, 176–177NSP, 293OSPF, 260–262PDH, 114PSTN, 104, 107, 112, 138research, 291–292satellite, 71SDH/SONET, 127, 212switched LAN for, 189–190, 199T-, E-, or J-carrier, 190, 206–211three-tiered architecture, 427traffic trends, 385–386virtual router VPNs, 367–369VPLS, 372VPWS VPNs, 371

Backward explicit congestion notification (BECN), 223–224

Bacterial protein memory, xxxiiBacteriorhodopson (BR), xxxiiBallet Mécanique (Antheil), 569Bandwidth

broadband, 17–18coax cable and, 54data communications traffic and, 150–152data rates of, xxxiiidefined, 15digital transmission vs. analog, 21efficiency, 560electromagnetic spectrum and, 12–15expansion factor, 571in fiber optics, 17, 79Internet growth rate in, 289microwave and, 56narrowband, 15next-generation networks and, 410–411optical technology and, 456overview of, xxxiii–xxxv

radio spectrum and, 551–553trends in, 386–387WDM increasing, 459wideband, 15–16wireless, 560

Bandwidth-on-demandin Frame Relay network, 222, 225next-generation requirements, 410

Barker Code, 571Base station controller (BSC), 586–587, 699Base transceiver station (BTS), 582, 699Baseband LANs, 178Basic Rate Access (BRA), 47–48, 213Basic service set (BSS), 645Batch processing, 92–93Baud rate, 156Beaconing, 182, 642Bearer platform, IPT, 318–319BECN (backward explicit congestion notification),

223–224Bell Labs, 73Berners-Lee, Tim, 306Beyond 3G, 580–581, 611–612BFWA (broadband fixed wireless access), 619–621BGCF (border gateway control function), 424BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 258, 262–264,

274BGP MPLS VPNs (RFC 2547), 365–367, 369Big LEOs, 70Binary digits, 19–20Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK), 561–562Binary Runtime for Wireless (BREW), 705Biometrics, xlviBits

in coding schemes, 161–162defined, 156

Bits per second (bps), 44Blocking, 398Blocks, 93–95Blowfish, 376Bluetooth, 542, 625, 660–664Border gateway control function (BGCF), 424Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 258, 262–264,

274


824 Index

BPL (broadband over powerlines), 530–534bps (bits per second), 44BPSK (Binary Phase-Shift Keying), 561–562BR (backbone router), 261BR (bacteriorhodopson), xxxiiBRA (Basic Rate Access), 47–48Brain–computer interfaces, xlvi–xlviiBRAN (Broadband-Compliant Radio Access Net-

works), ETSI, 628–630BREW (Binary Runtime for Wireless), 705BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 47–48, 213Bridge links (B), 135Bridges, 192–194Broadband

backbone trends in, 385–386bandwidth trends in, 386–387DCSs, 128defined, 560embedded devices in, xxxviv–xliiigrid computing in, liii–livhuman–machine interactions in, xlv–liiintelligent wearables in, xliii–xlvISDN standard, 123LANs, 177–178LEOs, 70main measurements of, xxx–xxxvnew generation of networks in, lv–lviinext-generation networks in, liv–lvioverview of, xxix–lviii, 17–18three-tiered architecture of, 427–432traffic trends in, xxxv–xxxviii, 384–385, 409wireless. See Wireless broadband

Broadband access alternatives, 489–546broadband PLT, 530–534cable TV networks. See Cable TV networksdrivers of, 489–492DSL technology. See DSL (Digital Subscriber

Line)fiber solutions, 522–528HANs. See HANs (home area networks)wireless broadband, 529

Broadband-Compliant Radio Access Networks (BRAN), ETSI, 628–630

Broadband fixed wireless access (BFWA), 619–621

Broadcast property, of satellites, 63Broadcast satellite (BSS), 62Broomsticking, 73Browser games, 704BSC (base station controller), 586–587, 699BSS (basic service set), 645BSS (Broadcast satellite), 62BTS (base transceiver station), 582, 699Bubble switches, 467–469Bundling, 10Bus topology, 52–53, 186Business-class communication trends,

387–388BWA (broadband wireless access), 559Bypassing, and microwave, 57–58

CC-band, 64C (cross) links, 135Cable, fiber-optic. See Fiber opticsCable modem termination systems. See CMTSs

(cable modem termination systems)Cable modems

for cable TV networks, 512–513CableHome standard, 521DOCSIS standards, 513–518OCAP standard, 520OpenCable standards, 519–520PacketCable standards, 518–519VOD Metadata standard, 520–521

Cable TV networks, 509–522Cable DTV, 400cable modem standards, 513–521cable modems and CMTSs, 512–513coax cable, 52–54future of, 521–522HFC architecture, 510–512overview of, 509–510

CableHome, 521CableLabs

CableHome, 521, 544OpenCable, 520–521VOD Metadata, 520–521

Call agents, SIP, 333


Index 825

Call forwarding/waiting, 90Call session controller function (CSCF), IMS,

422–423, 698Calm computing, xxxixCamera phones, 689Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunica-

tions Commission (CRTC), 12CAP (Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation),

158, 504Capacity reservation, 447–449CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless

Access Points), 654–655Care-of address, Mobile IP, 694–695Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection

(CSM/CD), 183–184, 479Carrier waves, 665Carrierless Amplitude Phase Modulation (CAP),

158, 504CAs (certificate authorities), 380–381Category 5 (10BASE-T) wiring, 543CBQ (Class-Based Queuing), 357, 444CBR (constant bit rate), 438–440CCIR (Consultative Committee on International

Radio), 553CCS (common-channel signaling), 131–132CCSDS (Consultative Committee for Space Data

Systems), 304ccTLDs (country code TLDs), 282–283CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

MediaFLO with, 711spread spectrum technology, 568–569TD-SCDMA, 606TDD/TD-CDMA, 605UMTS/W-CDMA, 601–602W-CDMA. See W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA)

CDMA-MC (CDMA Multi-Carrier), 607–608CDMA Multi-Carrier (CDMA-MC), 607–608CDMA2000, 606–608, 612CDMA450, 609cdmaOne, 590–591, 607CDPD (Cellular Digit Packet Data), 583–584CEBus (Consumer Electronic Bus) standard,

540–541, 543Cells, 93–95, 563

Cellularintegrating WLANs with, 651–654vs. PCS, 588

Cellular Digit Packet Data (CDPD), 583–584Centre de transit (CT), 113CEPCA (Consumer Electronics Powerline Com-

munication Alliance), 540CEPT levels, 122CERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche

Nucléaire), liiCertificate authorities (CAs), 380–381CEVs (controlled environmental vaults), PONs,

527Channel banks, 116Channel service units (CSUs), 116, 208–209Channels, 6CHAP (Challenge Handshake Authentication Pro-

tocol), 286–287, 375Chips

Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, 571intelligent implants using, xlii–xliiioverview of, xxviii

Chirped pulse, 459Chord ringtones, 689CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing), 260,

272–274Cingular, 707Ciphers, 375–376Ciphertext, 376CIR (committed information rate), 226–227, 483Circuit-Switched Data (CSD), 592Circuit switching, 87–92

advantages/disadvantages of, 87–89connection-oriented, 84–85ISDN-based, 212–215leased-line based, 203–212overview of, 87packet switching vs., 99–100types of, 203

CircuitsASTN, 478overview of, 4two-wire vs. four-wire, 4–7virtual, 9–10


826 Index

Clarke, Arthur C., 61–62Class 4 office, 8Class 5 office, 8Class-Based Queuing (CBQ), 357, 444Class of service (CoS), 290–291Class Selectors, DiffServ, 301Classification, QoS, 295–296Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), 260,

272–274CLECs (competitive local exchange carriers), 105Client, 252Closed user groups, Frame Relay, 222Cluster trees, ZigBee, 673CMTSs (cable modem termination systems)

defined, 510DOCSIS architecture with, 514overview of, 512–513

Co-channel interference, 555Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing. See

CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Coax (coaxial cable), 51–54advantages/disadvantages of, 53–54applications of, 53broadband media options for, 490characteristics of, 43, 52–53HFC architectures, 52–53, 510–511overview of, 51–52usable bandwidth of, 14–15

Cochlear implants, xliiCode Division Multiple Access. See CDMA (Code

Division Multiple Access)Codec (coder-decoder)

digital voice technologies and, 324overview of, 20–23

Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex-ing (COFDM), 573

Coding schemes, 160–162COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing), 573Cognitive radio (CR), 692–693Collaboration grids, liiCollating sequence, 19, 160–162Collision domains, 184

Committed information rate (CIR), 226–227, 483Common-channel signaling (CCS), 131–132Common Open Policy Service. See COPS (Com-

mon Open Policy Service)Communications channels, 83–102

networking modes, 84–85overview of, 83–84PSTN vs. Internet, 100–102switching modes. See Switching modes

Competitive local exchange carriers (CLECs), 105Compressed Real-Time Transport Protocol

(CRTP), 330Compression

in spectrum reuse, 576–577video formats, 344, 393–396

Concentrators. See Intelligent multiplexingConditioning, QoS, 295–296Conductors, circuits, 4–5Conjugate Structure Algebraic CELP (Code-

Excited Linear Prediction), 325Connection-oriented networking, 84–85Connection-oriented packet-switched networks

MPLS as, 446–447overview of, 97process in, 218

Connectionless networking, 84–85Connectionless packet-switched networks, 95–97,

218–219Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire

(CERN), liiConstant bit rate (CBR), 438–440Constraint-Based Routed Label Distribution Proto-

col (CR-LDP), 485–486Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems

(CCSDS), 304Consultative Committee on International Radio

(CCIR), 553Consumer Electronic Bus (CEBus) standard,

540–541, 543Consumer Electronics Powerline Communication

Alliance (CEPCA), 540Contention ratios, broadband technology,

497–498Continuum, IP QoS, 295–296

Goleniewski_book.fm 26 Thursday, September 21, 2006 8:57 AM

Index 827

Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points (CAPWAP), 654–655

Control networks, 542–543Control plane, 238Control segments, satellites, 66Controlled environmental vaults (CEVs), PONs,

527Convergence

in applications, 413–414arguments for, 414IP networks for, 202multiservice, 434next-generation networks and, 411–412in public infrastructures, 415–416regulatory effects on, 414–415in service environment, 416–418in systems, 413in transport, 413

Conversioncodecs and modems, 20–23between coding schemes, 162

Convolutional coding, radio transmission, 575Cooperative agents, xlviiCopper cable

in coaxial cable, 51–54EFM using, 482overview of, 41twisted-pair, 44–51

COPS (Common Open Policy Service)IMS security with, 421overview of, 444–445PacketCable with, 518VPN evolution to, 357

COPS-MAID, 445Core switches, broadband, 431–432Corning Glassworks, 73Corporate backbone, Internet, 149–150Correspondent node, Mobile IP, 694–695CoS (class of service), 290–291Country code TLDs (ccTLDs), 282–283CPE (customer premises equipment)

circuit switches, 91–92defined, 7Frame Relay, 225

nodes, PSTN, 111VPNs based on, 352, 358

CR (cognitive radio), 692–693CR-LDP (Constraint-Based Routed Label Distribu-

tion Protocol), 485–486CRC (cyclic redundancy check), 165, 223Cross (C) links, 135Cross-connects

digital, 211SDH/SONET, 128–129

Crossbar switches, 90–91Crosstalk, DSL, 495CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommu-

nications Commission), 12CRTP (Compressed Real-Time Transport Proto-

col), 330CSCF (call session controller function), IMS,

422–423, 698CSD (Circuit-Switched Data), 592CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/

Collision Detection), 183–184, 479CSUs (channel service units), 116, 208–209CT (centre de transit), 113Customer edge model (VPNs), 348Customer edge routers, 363, 365Customer premises equipment. See CPE (customer

premises equipment)Cut-through technique, 198–199Cuvette, xxxCWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

applications of, 459commonality with LANs and WANs, 200in intelligent optical networks, 455MANs using, 461–462MSPPs incorporating, 473overview of, 32–33

Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 165, 223

DDAB (Digital Audio Broadcast) standard, 402, 632,

708–709Dark fiber, 78, 212DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects

Agency), 248


828 Index

Data communicationscommonly used applications, 150–152data flow and. See Data flowdata traffic and, xxxvi–xxxviievolution of, 145–150OSI reference model, 165–168prerequisites for, 3–4TCP/IP four-layer reference model, 168–171

Data communications equipment (DCE), 152–154, 202

Data competitive local exchange carriers (DCLECs), 105–106

Data Encryption Standard (DES), 376Data eyeglasses, xlviii–xlixData flow

asynchronous/synchronous transmission, 162–164

coding schemes, 160–162DTE and DCE in, 152–154error control in, 164–165modems and modulation in, 154–159physical interface in, 152–154simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmis-

sion, 159–160transmission channel in, 152–154

Data link layer protocols, OSI, 168Data networking. See Data communicationsData Over Cable Service Interface Specifications.

See DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Inter-face Specifications)

Data rates802.11a and 802.11g, 645GEO satellites, 67twisted-pair, 51ZigBee, 673

Data service, 202Data service units (DSUs), 205–206, 288Data storage grids, liiData terminal equipment (DTE), 152–154, 202Datagram Congestion Control Protocol (DCCP),

258Datagrams, 96, 169–170, 255DBPSK (Differential Binary PSK), 644DBS (Direct Broadcast Satellite), 529

DCCP (Datagram Congestion Control Protocol), 258

DCE (data communications equipment), 152–154, 202

DCLECs (data competitive local exchange carri-ers), 105–106

DCSs (digital cross-connect) systemsbackbone for WANs, 211features of, 88overview of, 118–119SDH/SONET, 128–129

DDSs (digital data services), 205–206Dedicated network connections, 11Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA), 248Defense Research and Engineering Network

(DREN), 279Deficit Round Robin (DRR), 297–299Delay. See LatencyDemarcation point, 107Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing. See

DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

Department of Defense (DoD), 279DES (Data Encryption Standard), 376Designated router (DR), OSPF, 261Deterministic technique, 183Diabetes infusion pump implant, xliiDialup users, Internet, 285–286DIAMETER protocol, 375, 421Dickson, W. K. L., 398DID (direct inward dialing) trunks, 108Differential Binary PSK (DBPSK), 644Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK), 562Differential Quadrature PSK (DQPSK), 644Diffie-Hellman algorithm, 379DiffServ (Differentiated Services)

defined, 299overview of, 300–301VoIP QoS and, 329–330VPN QoS and, 357

DiffServ Code Point (DSCP)DiffServ using, 300, 444IPv6 with, 276


Index 829

Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB), 402, 632, 708–709Digital audio radio, 71Digital cellular radio, 586–592

cdmaOne, 590–591defined, 580GSM, 567, 588–589overview of, 586–588PDC, 592UWC, 589

Digital certificates, 380–381Digital cross-connects (DCSs). See DCSs (digital

cross-connect) systemsDigital data services (DDSs), 205–206Digital entertainment realm, xxxviiiDigital libraries, 306Digital loop carriers. See DLCs (digital loop

carriers)Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 33Digital Multimedia Broadcasting. See DMB (Digital

Multimedia Broadcasting)Digital Multimedia Broadcasting-Terrestrial

(DMB-T), 402Digital objects, 306Digital Subscriber Line. See DSL (Digital Sub-

scriber Line)Digital television service, IPTV, 342–345Digital terrestrial television (DTT), 400Digital transmission

conversion, 20–23overview of, 19–21PSTN access lines, 108twisted-pair used in, 47–50

Digital TV. See DTV (digital TV)Digital video, 390–396

compression for, 393–396delay and jitter in, 396overview of, 390–392

Digital Video Broadcasting. See DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)

Digital video recording (DVR), 392Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS), 529Direct inward dialing (DID) trunk, 108Direct outward dialing (DOD) trunk, 108Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), 571, 642

Directional antennas, 556Disaster recovery, microwave, 59Discrete Multitone Technology. See DMT (Discrete

Multitone Technology)Disney, 713Distance-vector routing protocols, 259Distribution routers, 288DLCs (digital loop carriers)

architecture of, 117evolution of, 117intelligent multiplexing, 28–29next-generation, 471–472

DLECs (data competitive local exchange carriers), 105–106

DMB (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting)DMB-T, 402mobile TV standard, 708–709overview of, 634–636S-DMB, 632–633, 709T-DMB, 632–633, 709

DMB-T (Digital Multimedia Broadcasting-Terrestrial), 402

DMT (Discrete Multitone Technology)ADSL deployment with, 504defined, 159EFM using, 482

DNS (Domain Name System), 250importance of domain names, 283–284overview of, 280–281top-level domains, 281–283

DoCoMo Super 3G, 612–613, 615DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface

Specifications)defined, 513DOCSIS 1.0, 514DOCSIS 1.1, 515DOCSIS 2.0/2.x, 516DOCSIS 3.0, 517DOCSIS DSG, 517–518for future cable TV, 521overview of, 513–514PacketCable using, 518

DOCSIS Set-top Gateway (DSG), 517–518DoD (Department of Defense), 279


830 Index

DOD (direct outward dialing) trunks, 108Dolby Digital sound, 399Domain Name System. See DNS (Domain Name

System)Domain names

DNS and, 280–281importance of, 283–284resolvers for, 281servers for, 297top-level domains, 281–283

Doppler effects, 555Downloadable games, 704–706DPSK (Differential Phase-Shift Keying), 562DQPSK (Differential Quadrature PSK), 644DR (designated router), OSPF, 261DREN (Defense Research and Engineering Net-

work), 279DRR (Deficit Round Robin), 297–299DSCP (DiffServ Code Point)

DiffServ using, 300, 444IPv6 with, 276

DSG (DOCSIS Set-top Gateway), 517–518DSL access multiplexers. See DSLAMs (DSL access

multiplexers)DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)

ADSL, 49–50, 503–505ADSL2, 505–506ADSL2+, 506–507ADSL2-RE, 507characteristics of, 494–498DLC interoperability and, 29G.SHDSL, 501–503HDSL, 49, 499–500, 501–502how it works, 493–494IDSL, 214next-generation digital loop carriers and,

471–472overview of, 48–49, 493PSTN access lines, 108RADSL, 50, 507–508SDSL, 50, 500–501SHDSL, 50, 501–502VDSL, 50, 508VDSL2, 508–509

DSLAMs (DSL access multiplexers)in ADSL deployment, 504–505DSL implementation using, 494in next-generation loop carriers, 471

DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum), 571, 642DSUs (data service units), 205–206, 288DTE (data terminal equipment), 152–154, 202DTT (digital terrestrial television), 400DTV (digital TV)

vs. analog TV, 390–391, 398compression, 393–396delay and jitter in, 396moving to, 398–399implementations and distribution, 399–402as next-generation TV, 397overview of, 391–392sound and, 399standards, 402–409

Dual Stack, 277Duplex transmission, 575Duplexing

defined, 575FDD, 575in spectrum reuse, 575–576TDD, 576

DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting)defined, 513DVB-H, 402–403DVB-MHP, 407–408, 520DVB-T, 402overview of, 406–408

DVB-H (DVB-Handheld)competing with DMB, 635for mobile TV, 709–710overview of, 402–403

DVB-MHP (DVB-Multimedia Home Platform), 407–408, 520

DVB-T (DVB-Terrestrial)vs. ATSC, 406defined, 407DVB-H based on, 709–710as fixed reception standard, 402using COFDM, 573using OFDM, 572


Index 831

DVR (digital video recording), 392DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex-

ing), 99applications of, 459developments and considerations, 459improving optical infrastructures, 452in intelligent optical networks, 455Internet increasingly relying on, 291interoperability standards for, 462minimizing latency with, 99overview of, 32–33packet-switched networks using, 217place in network architecture, 460–461

Dynamic alternative routing, 210–211Dynamic NAT, 275Dynamic routers, 87Dynamic routing table, 197Dynamic WEP, 647

EE-carrier system

backbone for WANs, 206–211overview of, 15–16signal hierarchy in, 122–123standards, 115

E-commerce (electronic commerce), xxxviii, 246–247

E-DCH (Enhanced Dedicated Channel), 604E (extended) links, 135E-mail, 291, 297E NNI (External Network-to-Network Interface),

477E-payments, 713EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Inter-

change Code), 161Echo cancellation, 228, 325ECTA (European Competitive Telecommunica-

tions Industry Association), 35EDCA (Enhanced Digital Control Access), 650EDFAs (erbium-doped fiber amplifiers), 37–40, 77,

457–458EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolu-

tion), 595–596Edge switches, broadband, 428–431

EDTV, 404–405Education, and broadband, 388EFM (Ethernet First Mile), 479, 482EHF (extremely high frequency), satellites, 71–72EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Proto-

col), 274EIR (equipment identity register), 587EIR (excess information rate), 483Elastic applications, 31ELECs (Ethernet local exchange carriers), 106Electric power utilities, and fiber optics, 78Electromagnetic field, 551Electromagnetic interference (EMI), and twisted-

pair, 45Electromagnetic spectrum, 11–12Electronic commerce (e-commerce), xxxviii,

246–247Electronic common control switch, 90–91Electronic Number Mapping Standard. See ENUM

(Electronic Number Mapping Standard)Electronic Privacy Information Center (EPIC), 682Electronic tandem networking, 109Electronics and Telecommunications Research

Institute (ETRI), 626Embedded devices

broadband evolution and, xxxix–xlgames, 703for home, xl–xlimobile, xli–xlii

Emergency services, and IPT, 315EMI (electromagnetic interference), and twisted-

pair, 45Emotions, in affective computing, xlviEMS (Enhanced Messaging Service), 596–597Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), 276Encryption, 375–380

asymmetric, 377–379overview of, 375–376public key infrastructure and, 379–381symmetric, 376–377

End office, 139Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution

(EDGE), 595–596Enhanced Dedicated Channel (E-DCH), 604


832 Index

Enhanced Digital Control Access (EDCA), 650Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(EIGRP), 274Enhanced Messaging Service (EMS), 596–597Enhanced Version-Data and Voice (1xEV-DV), 608Enhanced Version-Data Only (1xEV-DO), 608Enhanced Wireless Consortium (EWC), 646Entertainment applications

broadband evolution in, 388digital video, 390–396embedded games, 703future traffic patterns and, xxxviii

Entrust, 380ENUM (Electronic Number Mapping Standard)

future of, 340–342how it works, 339–340overview of, 339

Environmentfiber optics and, 80–81restrictions on microwave, 56, 60VSATs subject to, 69wireless communications subject to, 556

EPCGlobal, 680Ephemeral ports, 256EPIC (Electronic Privacy Information Center), 682EPONs (Ethernet PONs), 527–528Equipment identity register (EIR), 587Erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), 37–40,

77, 457–458Error concealment, VoIP, 327Error control

data flow, 164–165e-mail, 150Frame Relay and, 221HSDPA and, 603synchronous transmission, 163transaction processing, 151X.25, 218

Error ratesanalog vs. digital networks, 21coax cable, 54twisted-pair, 51

ESA (European Space Agency), 305ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload), 276

ESS (extended service set), 645ESTI BRAN, 629–630Ethernet

advantages/disadvantages of, 478–479categories of, 478shared vs. switched, 184–185standards, 179–180switches, 189–191using CSMA/CD, 183–184VPLS combining MPLS and, 371–373

Ethernet First Mile (EFM), 479, 482Ethernet local exchange carriers (ELECs), 106Ethernet PONs (EPONs), 527–528ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications

Research Institute), 626ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards

Institute)BRAN, 628–630hierarchy of wireless standards, 618UMTS standardization, 599

Euro-DOCSIS standards, 513–514European Competitive Telecommunications Indus-

try Association (ECTA), 35European Space Agency (ESA), 305European Telecommunications Standards Institute.

See ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute)

Evil uses of technology, li–liiEWC (Enhanced Wireless Consortium), 646ExEn (Execution Environment), 705Expedited Forwarding, DiffServ, 30Explicit QoS, 437Expression eyeglasses, xlivExtended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

(EBCDIC), 161Extended (E) links, 135Extended service set (ESS), 645Exterior routing protocols, 197, 262–264External Network-to-Network Interface (E NNI),

477Extranet

defined, 252VPNs, 356–357

Extremely high frequency (EHF) satellites, 71–72


Index 833

FF (fully associated) links, 135Fading, 555Fair Queuing (FQ), 296–297Fashion, wearable intelligence, xliiiFast Ethernet, 181Fast hopping technique, 632Fast Low-Latency Access with Seamless Handoff

OFDM (Flash-OFDM), 632–634FCC (Federal Communications Commission), 12FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), 575, 601FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

as LAN standard, 181overview of, 79PDC based on, 592token passing using, 182–183

FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)broadband LANs with, 177–178HFC with, 511optical infrastructures using, 452overview of, 26TDM with, 27TDMA with, 567

FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), 566–567

FEC (forward error correction), radio transmis-sion, 574–575

FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Class), 447, 603FECN (forward explicit congestion notification),

223–224Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 12FFD (full-function device), ZigBee, 671–672FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)

802.11 using, 642military history of, 569overview of, 570–571

Fiber Distributed Data Interface. See FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface)

Fiber in the backbone, 510Fiber optics, 73–81. See also Optical networking

advantages/disadvantages of, 79–81applications of, 78–79bandwidth and, 17broadband media options for, 490

cable for, 74–75characteristics of, 43, 73–74defining, 42EFM and, 482evolution of, 73FTTx in, 523–525how it works, 76–77innovations in, 77–78light sources in, 75–76overview of, 522PONs in, 525–528virtual fiber (VF), 55, 529, 636–638WDM for, 30–31

Fiber-to-the-home/fiber-to-the-premises (FTTH/FTTP), 508, 522, 524–525

Fiber-to-the-node (FTTN), 508, 522–524Fiber-to-the-premises (FTTP), 472, 508, 522,

524–525Fiber-to-the-x (FTTx), 522–525FIFO (first-in, first-out) queuing, 296, 441Fifth-generation (5G) wireless, 581, 614–615File transfer, 151Firefly clothing, xlivFirewalls, 374First-generation wireless (1G), 581–586First-in, first-out (FIFO) queuing, 296, 441Fixed jitter buffers, 326Fixed-reception digital broadcasting standards,

402Fixed satellite services (FSS), 62Flarion Technologies, 632–634Flash-OFDM (Fast Low-Latency Access with

Seamless Handoff OFDM), 632–634Flat networks, 194FLO Forum, 710FLO (Forward Link Only), 710FM/AM radio tuners, on mobile phones, 689FOD (free-on-demand), 522Foliage, and radio signals, 555FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access),

601Footprints, satellite, 62Foreign agent, Mobile IP, 694–695Foreign exchange (FX) lines, 109–110


834 Index

Forward error correction (FEC), radio transmis-sion, 574–575

Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC), 447, 603Four-pair, 5Four-wire circuits, 5–7Fourth-generation (4G) wireless

defined, 581MeshCube, 656wireless broadband, 612–615

FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommu-nications System), 599

FQ (Fair Queuing), 296–297FQDN (fully qualified domain name), 339–340Fractional services, 16, 207Frame format, 124Frame rate, 392Frame Relay, 98

advantages/disadvantages of, 228–229applications of, 222error control in, 221evolution of, 147, 221multiservice edge supporting, 436N-ISDN for dialup using, 214networks, 222–227packet size in, 220performance issues, 227provisioned VPN based on, 350–352VoFR, 227–228vs. VPNs, 357WANs using, 201

Frames, 93–95Free-on-demand (FOD), 522Free Space Optics (FSO), 636–637Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA),

601Frequencies

defined, 13electromagnetic spectrum and, 11–15infrasound and animal world, 12ITU BFWA allocations, 620modulation, 155in radio spectrum, 551–553RFID, 678–681in wireless signal modulation, 561

Frequency Division Duplex (FDD), 575, 601Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA),

566–567Frequency Division Multiplexing. See FDM (Fre-

quency Division Multiplexing)Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum. See FHSS

(Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum)Frequency-modulated devices, 14Frequency spectrum

of coaxial cable, 52of satellites, 63–65of twisted-pair, 51

Front-end processor, 146FSO (Free Space Optics), 636–637FSS (Fixed satellite services), 62FTTH/FTTP (fiber-to-the-home/fiber-to-the-

premises)defined, 522overview of, 524–525VDSL as sister technology for, 508

FTTN (fiber-to-the-node)defined, 522overview of, 523–524VDSL as sister technology for, 508

FTTP (fiber-to-the-premises)defined, 472FTTH/FTTP, 508, 522, 524–525

FTTx (fiber-to-the-x), 522–525Full CR (cognitive radio), 692Full-duplex transmission, 160Full-function device (FDD), ZigBee, 671–672Fully associated (F) links, 135Fully qualified domain name (FQDN), 339–340Functional agents, xlviiFuture Public Land Mobile Telecommunications

System (FPLMTS), 599FX (foreign exchange) lines, 109–110

GGain, antenna, 556Gaming, mobile, 702–706

categories of, 703–704overview of, 702–703platforms for, 704–706


Index 835

GAN (Generic Access Network), 653Gatekeepers, H.323, 331–332Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN), 594, 699Gateways

H.323, 331HAN, 544IPT media, 319–320

Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying (GMSK), 561Gbps (gigabits per second), 457G.dmt. See ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber

Line)G.dmt.bis, 505–506Gen2 standard, 680, 682General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 593–595Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching

(GMPLS). See GMPLS (Generalized Multi-protocol Label Switching)

Generations of telecommunication technologies, time frames of, 612

Generic Access Network (GAN), 653Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), 477Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE), 353,

362–363GEO (geosynchronous orbit), 62, 66–67GERAN (GSM EDGE Radio Access Network), 596GFP (Generic Framing Procedure), 477GGSN (gateway GPRS support node), 594, 699Gigabit Ethernet

with ATM in LANs, 231example of, 181replacing ATM, 238

Gigabit PONs (GPONs), 527–528Gigabits per second (Gbps), 457G.lite.bis, 505–506Global System for Mobile Communications. See

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching)

ASTN used interchangeably with, 477Internet performance and, 291IP+optical control plane with, 485–487in peer-to-peer networks, 475protocols for, 477

GMSK (Gaussian Minimum-Shift Keying), 561GNU Zebra, 655GPONs (Gigabit PONs), 527–528GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), 593–595Graceful Restart, 261, 264GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation), 353,

362–363Grid computing, liii–livGrooming, 125Ground segments, satellites, 66Ground start, 130–131G.SHDSL, 501–503GSM EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN), 596GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

based on TDMA, 567EDGE with, 595–596GERAN enhancement for, 596GPRS enhancement for, 593–595messaging services standards, 596–597overview of, 588–589

HH.323 protocol suite

advantages/disadvantages of, 332components of, 331–332overview of, 330–331

HALE (high-altitude, long-endurance) satellites, 72

Half-duplex transmission, 159–160Handoff capability, 649, 652Handset revolution

cognitive radio, 692–693from mobile phones to multimedia, 689–691overview of, 688–689software-defined radio, 691–692

HANs (home area networks), 534–545applications of, 535–536broadband PLT for, 530control networks, 542–543elements of, 535–536evolution of, 149, 534fiber optics for, 79future of, 544–545gateways and servers, 544


836 Index

HANs (home area networks), continuedmarket for, 535–536over phone lines, 537–538over powerlines, 538–541wired, 543–544wireless, 541–542

Haptic interfaces, xlixHardware, Internet, 251HARQ (hybrid automatic repeat request), 603HCF (Hybrid Coordination Function), 650HD-PLC Ethernet adapter, 540HDSL (High-Bit-Rate DSL)

defined, 49G.SHDSL, 501–502overview of, 499–500

HDTV (high-definition TV)ATSC standards for, 404–405digital technology and, 391moving to, 398–399

Health care, and broadband, 388–389Health issues, and mobile phones, 555Hertz, defined, 13Hertz, Heinrich Rudolf, 11, 551HF (high-frequency) RFID, 679HFC (hybrid fiber coax) architectures

cable TV networks deployed as, 510coax cable and, 52–53overview of, 510–511

HFCPN (high-frequency conditioned power net-work), 531

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6), 695Hierarchical networks, 197High-altitude, long-endurance (HALE) satellite, 72High-Bit-Rate DSL. See HDSL (High-Bit-Rate DSL)High bit-rate vocoders, 576High-definition TV. See HDTV (high-definition TV)High-frequency BFWA, 619–621High-frequency conditioned power network

(HFCPN), 531High-frequency RFID, 679High-Performance Radio Access (HiperAccess),

630High-Performance Radio LAN 2 (HiperLan2),

629–630

High-Performance Radio MAN (HiperMAN), 630High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), 593High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). See

HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

High-Speed OFDM Packet Access (HSOPA), 605High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), 605High-speed portable Internet (HPi), 626High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA),

604–605HiperAccess (High-Performance Radio Access),

630HiperLan2 (High-Performance Radio LAN 2),

629–630HiperMAN (High-Performance Radio MAN), 630Hitless Run, 261HLRs (home location registers), 423, 586–587HMIPv6 (Hierarchical Mobile IPv6), 695Holographic storage systems, xxxii–xxxiiiHolostore, xxxii–xxxiiiHome agent, Mobile IP, 694–695Home area networks. See HANs (home area

networks)Home location registers, 423, 586–587Home subscriber servers (HSSs), IMS, 423–424,

698HomePlug Powerline Alliance, 539HomePNA (Home Phone Networking Alliance),

537–538Hop-by-hop routing model, 253Host-to-host protocols, 170Hosts, 251HPi (high-speed portable Internet), 626HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data), 593HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

as competitor to WiBro, 627for mobile video, 707overview of, 602–604

HSOPA (High-Speed OFDM Packet Access), 605HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) services, 605HSSs (home subscriber servers), IMS, 423–424,

698HSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access),

604–605


Index 837

Hub-and-spoke networks, Frame Relay, 222Hubs, 187–189Human–machine interactions, xlv–lii

affective computing, xlviaugmented reality, xlviii–xlixbrain–computer interfaces, xlvi–xlviievil uses of technology, li–liiintelligent robot squads, l–liioverview of, xlv–xlvisoftware agents, xlvii–xlviiiteleimmersion, xlix–lvirtual reality, xlix

Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), 603Hybrid circuits, ASTN, 478Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF), 650Hybrid fiber coax (HFC) architecture. See HFC

(hybrid fiber coax) architecturesHybrid hubs, 188Hz (Hertz), 551–553

II NNI (Internal Network-to-Network Interface),

477IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

DNS administration, 283overview of, 248–250reclaiming 6bone prefixes, 279

IBSS (independent basic service set), 645iBurst, 630–631ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names

and Numbers), 37, 249–250, 282–283ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), 258ICT (information and communications technolo-

gies) trendsdefined, xxixembedded devices, xxxix–xliiigrid computing, liii–livhuman–machine interactions, xlv–liiintelligent wearables, xliii–xlvreal-time communications, liv

IDEA (International Data Encryption Algorithm), 377

Identification Friend or Foe (IFF), 674IDSL (ISDN DSL), 214

IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)

1394 (FireWire), 543, 669–670802.11, 541–542, 642802.11a, 644–645802.11b, 644802.11e, 645–646802.11g, 644–645802.11i, 646802.11n, 646802.11v, 654–655802.11x, 642–646802.15.1 (Bluetooth), 542, 625, 660–664802.15.2L WPAN Coexistence (Task Group 2),

660802.15.3 (WPAN-HR and WPAN-AHR), 660,

664–665802.15.3a. See UWB (Ultra-Wideband)802.15.4 (ZigBee), 661, 670–674802.16 (WiMax). See WiMax (IEEE 802.16)802.16e (Mobile WiMax), 623–624802.1X authentication framework, 647802.20 (Mobile-Fi), 627–628802.3 Ethernet standards, 179–180hierarchy of wireless standards, 618

IESG (Internet Engineering Steering Group), 249

IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), 249IFF (Identification Friend or Foe), 674IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol),

258, 344IGRP (Interior Gateway Routing Protocol),

259IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 361ILECs (incumbent local exchange carriers), 105,

493–494IMA (Inverse Multiplexing over ATM), 503Image traffic, xxxviiImpairments, wireless, 554–556Implants, intelligent, xlii–xliiiImplicit QoS, 437IMPS (Instant Messaging and Presence Service),

701–702IMPs (interface message processors), 247–248


838 Index

IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem), 420–425applications of, 420architecture of, 422–424, 697–700defining, 420emerging applications, 142, 696–701history and future of, 424–425for mobile video, 707principles of, 420–421protocols, 421–422

IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunica-tions 2000), 598–599, 606–608

Incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs), 105, 493–494

Independent basic service set (IBSS), 645Indium phosphide (InP), 470Information and communications technologies.

See ICT (information and communications technologies) trends

Information retrieval, 151–152Information signals, 130Infrasound, and animal world, 12Infrastructure ENUM, 341Infrastructure mode, 802.11, 645InP (indium phosphide), 470Input queue, 196Instant Messaging and Presence Service (IMPS),

701–702Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

See IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Elec-tronics Engineers)

Integrated networks, 202Integrated photonic circuits, 469–470Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting. See ISDB

(Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting)Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN). See

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)Integrated Services (IntServ)

defined, 301–302RSVP architecture, 328–329

Intelligent agents, xlviiIntelligent edge

broadband architecture, 428–431multiservice, 432–437

Intelligent highways, xli–xlii

Intelligent hubs, 188Intelligent implants, xlii–xliiiIntelligent multiplexing, 28–30, 209–210Intelligent networks

advanced (AINs), 136–137next-generation, 142overview of, 135–136

Intelligent robot squads, l–liiIntelligent wearables, xliii–xlvIntensi-fi, 651Interactive computing, 151–152Interactive nametags, xliInteractive processing, 92–93Interexchange carrier (IXC), 106Interface message processors (IMPs), 247–248Interfaces

ATM networks, 230, 232GMPLS, 486haptic, xlixmultiservice edge, 437overlay network, 477PON architecture, 527

Interior routing protocols, 197, 260–262Interlacing, 404Intermediate second-generation wireless (2.5G),

592–597Intermediate System to Intermediate System

(IS-IS), 259, 262Internal router (IR), OSPR, 261International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA), 377International gateway, 9, 113International Mobile Telecommunications 2000

(IMT-2000), 598–599, 606–608International Organization for Standardization

(ISO), 166Internet, 245–307

access with N-ISDN, 214challenges and changes, 289–291commercialization and, 148convergence in, 415–416as corporate backbone, 149–150DNS for, 280–284governance of, 36–37growth rate of, 245–246


Index 839

history of, 247–251how it works, 251–254IP QoS, 295–303IP routing, 269–270IPv4 addressing, 271–275IPv6 addressing, 275–280network architectures, 264–268next-generation, 303–307, 410organization of, 284packet switching, 85, 254POP architecture for, 285–289protocols, 255–258PSTN vs., 100–102regulation of, 249routing protocols, 258–264satellite backbones for, 71service providers and interconnection, 291–294straining local PSTNs, 104telephony, 314

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. See IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

Internet-based VPNs, 348–350Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 258Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and

Numbers (ICANN), 37, 249–250, 282–283Internet-enabled devices, 305Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), 249Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 249Internet exchange points (IXPs), 289, 293–294Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP),

258, 344Internet Key Exchange (IKE), 361Internet Protocol. See IP (Internet Protocol)Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG), 249Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), 249Internet service providers. See ISPs (Internet ser-

vice providers)Internet Society (ISOC), 38, 249Internet World Stats, 245Internetwork Packet Exchange (IPX), 259Internetworking protocols, 169–170Interoffice signaling, 131Interplanetary Internet (IPN), 292, 304Interplanetary networking protocols, 10

Interrogator, RFID, 675Intranet

defined, 252VPN, 354–355

IntServ (Integrated Services)defined, 299–302RSVP architecture, 328–329

Inverse multiplexing, 30–31Inverse Multiplexing over ATM (IMA), 503IP (Internet Protocol)

ATM and, 241basic routing, 253datagram structure, 255evolution of, 248features of, 238–239hard phones, 321Mobile IP, 693–695vs. MPLS, 446MPLS integrating ATM with, 449multiservice edge supporting, 436for next-generation networks, 140–142over birds, 266over WDM, 462problems with, 239–240soft phones, 321switching, 198–200, 240–241TCP/IP four-layer reference model, 169–170Web phones, 321

IP addressesanycast, 269–270CIDR address scheme and, 272–274IANA overseeing, 250for Internet addressing, 268–269IPv4, 271–275IPv4 to IPv6 transition, 276–278IPv6, 275–280multicast, 269NAT and, 274–275POP assigning for dialup users, 286registration of, 250unicast, 269

IP Multimedia Subsystem. See IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem)

IP PBXs, 322–324


840 Index

IP precedence, 329IP QoS, 295–303

challenges, 290–291continuum in, 299–303DiffServ and, 300–301, 443–444IntServ and, 301–302, 441–442mechanisms, 295–296NSIS, 302–303overview of, 295queuing mechanisms, 296–299

IP Security (IPsec), 353, 361–362, 631IP services, 311–381

evolution to, 311–313IMS supporting, 421IPT. See IPT (IP telephony)IPTV, 342–345VPNs. See VPNs (virtual private networks)

IP telephony. See IPT (IP telephony)IP television. See IPTV (IP television)IP VPNs

overview of, 352–354vs. provisioned VPNs, 350VPDN and, 359

IP VPNs, site-to-site, 359–373GRE VPNs, 362–363IPsec VPNs, 360–361Layer 2 VPNs, 369–373Layer 3 VPNs, 363–369overview of, 359

IPN (Interplanetary Internet), 292, 304IP+optical control plane, 483–488

with ASON, 487–488evolution of, 483–485with GMPLS, 485–487with UNI, 487

IPsec (IP Security), 353, 361–362, 631IPT (IP telephony)

digital voice technologies, 324–325ENUM, 339–342evolution of, 314–316vs. Internet telephony and VoIP, 314IP voice standards, 324–330media transport requirements, 327–328network, 318–322

next generation of, 317–318overview of, 313–314regulatory issues, 316–317voice enterprise systems, 322–324vs. VoIP, 314VoIP call-signaling protocols, 330–339

IPTV (IP television)ADSL2+ for, 507architecture of, 344–345defined, 400overview of, 342–343vs. streaming media, 343–344

IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange), 259IR (internal router), OSPF, 261iRadio, 690IRSG (Internet Research Steering Group), 249IRTF (Internet Research Task Force), 249IS-95 HDR, 607IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate Sys-

tem), 259, 262ISDB (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting)

mobile reception standards, 402–403for mobile TV, 710standards, 408–409

ISDN DSL (IDSL), 214ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network)

N-ISDN, 47–48networks based on, 212–215next-generation digital loop carriers and, 472

ISO (International Organization for Standardiza-tion), 166

ISOC (Internet Society), 38, 249Isochronous traffic, 410ISPs (Internet service providers)

hierarchy of, 291–293IXPs, 293–294network architecture, 266–268overview of, 291peering agreements, 294

ITU (International Telecommunication Union), 38broadband, 17electromagnetic spectrum, 12–13, 16IPT regulations, 317ISDN standard, 212


Index 841

modulation schemes, 156packet loss, 152PSTN switching, 111and regulatory issues, 34–40VoFR compression, 228wireless regulations, 553

iTunes, and mobile phones, 689IXC (interexchange carrier), 106IXPs (Internet exchange points), 289, 293–294

JJ-carrier system

as backbone for WANs, 206–211E-carrier vs., 122overview of, 15–16Robbed Bit Signaling in, 121standards, 115

Jamming resistance, 667Japanese Total Access Communication Systems

(JTACS), 581Java ME (Java Micro Edition), 704–705Java ME MIDPI (Mobile Information Device Profile

version 1), 705JITC (Joint Interoperability Test Command), 279Jitter

digital video and, 396in IP networks, 240packet switching and, 98VoFR and, 228VoIP and, 326

Johnson, Samuel, xxivJoint Interoperability Test Command (JITC), 279JTACS (Japanese Total Access Communication

Systems), 581JTAPI (Java TAPI), 319Junction exchange, 8

KKa-band, 65Kao, Charles, 73KDDI Ultra 3G, 612Kevlar, and fiber optics, 74Kinescope, 398Ku-band, 64

LL-band, 65L2TP (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol), 353Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), 370–371,

447–448Label-switched paths (LSPs), 446–450Label-switching routers (LSRs), 447–448Labels, MPLS, 446–449LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean Internet

Addresses Registry), 250Lamarr, Hedy, 569LANs (local area networks), 173–200

access methods, 182–185ATM networks and, 231, 238benefits of, 174–175components of, 175concepts, 174evolution of, 147–148, 173fiber optics and, 79internetworking of, 148N-ISDN for, 214topologies, 185–187transmission media, 176–177transport techniques and standards, 177–181wireless. See WLANs (wireless local area

networks)LANs (local area networks), interconnection and

networkingbridges, 192–194hubs, 187–189IP switches, 198–200routers, 194–198switches, 189–191VLANs, 191–192

LAPD (Link Access Protocol on the D Channel), 223

Laser diodes, 75–76Latency

digital video and, 396mobile video and, 707packet switching and, 216VoIP and, 325–326

Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses Registry (LACNIC), 250


842 Index

Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP), 353Layer 2 VPNs

overview of, 369–371VPLS, 371–373VPWS, 371

Layer 3 VPNs, 363–364Layers, ATM, 233–235LCD (liquid crystal display) switches, 467–469LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol), 445LDP (Label Distribution Protocol), 370–371,

447–448Leased lines

advantages/disadvantages of, 24–25dark fiber and, 78, 212DDSs and, 205–206defined, 11microwave replacing, 56–57as nonswitched service, 109–110overview of, 203–204SDH/SONET backbone and, 212T, -E, -J carrier backbone and, 206–211vs. VPNs, 357WANs based on, 201

LEC (local exchange carrier), 105LEDs (light-emitting diodes), 75–76Legacy support, 321LEO (low-earth-orbit) satellites, 69–70LF (low-frequency) RFID, 679LIB (Label Information Base), 447Licensed band CR, 692Licensing, 12LIDO Organization, Inc., xxi, xxiii–xxivLIDO Telecommunications Essentials, xxiLight-emitting diodes (LEDs), 75–76Light sources, fiber-optic, 75–76Lightning strikes, 54Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP),

445Line-coding techniques, 154Line of sight, microwave beams, 56Linear predictive coding (LPC), 577Lines, transmission, 6–9Link Access Protocol on the D Channel (LAPD),

223

Link adaptation, in HSUPA, 604Link layers, 265Link Management Protocol (LMP), 477, 485Link-state advertisements (LSAs), 261Link-state routing protocols, 259–262Liquid crystal display (LCD) switches, 467–469Little LEOs, 70LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service), 623LMP (Link Management Protocol), 477, 485Loaded pairs, DSL, 496Local area networks. See LANs (local area networks)Local exchange carrier (LEC), 105Local exchanges

overview of, 8–9PSTN architecture, 112–113

Local loopbroadband PLT as, 530in fiber optics, 78PSTN, 107

Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS), 623LocustWorld protocol, 656Logical four-wire circuits, 5Long-Term Evolution (LTE), 612LonWorks standard, 542Loop carriers, DSL, 496Loop signaling, 130–131Loop start, 131Low bit-rate vocoders, 576–577Low-Delay CELP (Code-Excited Linear Predic-

tion), 324–325Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, 69–70Low-frequency BFWA, 621LPC (linear predictive coding), 577LSAs (link-state advertisements), 261LSPs (label-switched paths), 446–450LSRs (label-switching routers), 447–448LTE (Long-Term Evolution), 612Lucent Technologies, 632

MM-commerce (mobile commerce), xxxviiiM2m (machine-to-machine) applications, 660MAC (Media Access Control) addresses, 192, 478Macrocells, 564


Index 843

MAEs (metropolitan area exchanges), 293Magnetic polarization antennas, 558Magnetic sensors, xxxiiiMain distribution frame (MDF), 88Management information services (MIS), 147Management, optical network, 470–471Management, QoS, 295–299Mandl, Fritz, 569Mann, Steve, xliiiMANs (metropolitan area networks)

CWDM for, 461HiperMAN, 630wireless. See WMANs (wireless metropolitan

area networks)Marconi, Guglielmo, 551Mars Exploration Rover Spirit Orbiter, 305Mars Express Orbiter, 305Mars Telecommunications Orbiter, 305Martini draft, 370–371Martini, Luca, 370Master/slave architectures, 317Match.com, 713Maximum segment size (MSS), 255Maxwell, James, 11, 550MBOA-SIG (Multiband OFDM Alliance SIG), 669Mbone (multicast backbone), IPv4, 271MCML (Multi-Class Multi-Link) PPP, 330MCUs (multipoint control units), 332MD5 (Message Digest-5), 378MDF (Main distribution frame), 88MDU (multiple-dwelling unit), 503Measurements, digital, xxx–xxxvMedia Access Control (MAC) addresses, 192, 478Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP), 335Media Gateway Controller (Megaco), 332–333Media gateway (MGW), IMS, 424, 699Media gateways, 319–321Media layer, IPT, 318Media types. See Transmission mediaMediaFLO, 710–712Medicine, and teleimmersion, lMegaco (Media Gateway Controller), 332–333MEMS (microelectromechanical system) switches,

467–468

MEO (Middle-earth-orbit) satellites, 69Mesh networks, 654–659

benefits and considerations, 656–657intelligent optical networks with, 455overview of, 654–655protocols and implementations, 655–656when to use, 657–658wireless micromesh networks, 658–659ZigBee supporting, 673

Message Digest-5 (MD5), 378Message Integrity Code (MIC), 647Metadata, defined, 521Metrics

routing algorithms, 86routing protocols, 259

Metropolitan area exchanges (MAEs), 293Metropolitan area networks. See MANs (metropoli-

tan area networks)MGCF (multimedia gateway controller function),

424, 699MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol), 333–335MGW (media gateway), IMS, 424, 699MIC (Message Integrity Code), 647MIC (Ministry of Information and Communica-

tion), 626Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) switches,

467–468Micromechanical flying insects, lMicrosoft Point-to-Point Encryption (MPPE), 354Microwave, 54–61

advantages/disadvantages of, 60applications of, 56–59characteristics of, 43, 55–56new wireless broadband era, 60–61overview of, 54–55RFID, 680–681satellites vs., 63

Middle-earth-orbit (MEO) satellites, 69Middle tier, broadband, 428–431Midspan meet, 123Military

augmented reality innovations, xlviii–xlixintelligent robot squad applications, liteleimmersion for training, l


844 Index

MIMO (multiple-input multiple-output) antennasHSDPA using, 603HSOPA using, 605IEEE 802.11n using, 646OFDM with, 572–574overview of, 558–559VoWLAN support with, 651

Ministry of Information and Communication (MIC), 626

MIS (management information services), 147Mitola radio, 692MMW (millimeter wave) technology, 636–638Mobile, broadband media options for, 490Mobile content, 712–713Mobile embedded devices, xli–xliiMobile-Fi (IEEE 802.20), 627–628Mobile gaming, 703–706Mobile IP devices, 321, 693–695Mobile IPv6, 695Mobile Mesh protocol, 655Mobile music, 689–690Mobile node, Mobile IP, 694–695Mobile phones

chipset, 707futuristic entertainment on, 401–402handset revolution, 688–693health issues and, 555in shirts, xli

Mobile reception standards, 402–403Mobile Satellite Service (MSS), 62, 599Mobile telephone switching office (MTSO), 582Mobile TV

defined, 401DMB for, 708–709DVB-H for, 709–710ISDB for, 710MediaFLO for, 710–712overview of, 707–708

Mobile video, 706–707Mobile virtual network operators (MVNOs),

711Mobile WiMax (IEEE 802.16e)

comparing mobile data architectures, 627vs. Mobile-Fi, 627

overview of, 623–625vs. WiBro technology, 626–627

Mobitex, 585–586Modems

ADSL, 504cable. See Cable modemsCDPD network service, 583defined, 22DSL, 494EFM standards options for, 482modulation and, 154–159packet radio networks, 584PLT, 531RADSL, 508

Modulationcategories of, 157–158components of, 155–156modems and, 154multicarrier, 158–159WiMax standard, 622wireless signal, 560–563

Monomode fiber, 74–76Moonv6 project, 279–280Moore, Gordon, 315Moore's Law, xxx–xxxi, 314–315Mophun, 705–706Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), 393–396MP-BGP (Multiprotocol BGP), 365–367MP3 player phones, 689MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 393–396MPLS LDP protocol, 447MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching)

architecture of, 445–450iBurst security with, 631Internet performance and, 291Layer 2 VPNs, 370Layer 3 VPNs, 365–367multiservice edge supporting, 436trend towards using, 237–238, 315VPLS combining Ethernet and, 371–373VPN QoS and, 357–358

MPPE (Microsoft Point-to-Point Encryption), 354MRFC (multimedia resource function controller),

IMS, 424, 698


Index 845

MRFP (multimedia resource function processor), IMS, 424, 699

MSAUs (multistation access units), 188MSOs (multiple-system operators), 509MSPPs (multiservice provisioning platforms), 465,

472–473MSS (maximum segment size), 255MSS (Mobile Satellite Service), 62, 599MTSO (mobile telephone switching office), 582MTU (multiple-tenant unit), 503MTV, 712–713Multi-Class Multi-Link (MCML) PPP, 330Multiantenna technology, 557Multiband OFDM Alliance (MBOA-SIG), 669Multicarrier modulation schemes, 157–159, 562–563Multicast

IPv6, 275next-generation requirements, 411overview of, 269

Multicast (mbone) backbone, IPv4, 271Multidomain networking, 147Multientity buildings, 113Multiline VoDSL (Voice over DSL), 502Multimedia gateway controller function (MGCF),

IMS, 424, 699Multimedia handsets, 689–691Multimedia networking, 389–409

digital video, 390–396overview of, 389–390television standards. See television standards

Multimedia resource function controller (MRFC), IMS, 424, 698

Multimedia resource function processor (MRFP), IMS, 424, 699

Multimode fiber, 74–76Multipath distortion, 398, 555Multiple-dwelling unit (MDU), 503Multiple-input multiple-output. See MIMO

(multiple-input multiple-output) antennasMultiple-system operators (MSOs), 509Multiple-tenant unit (MTU), 503Multiplexers (muxes)

circuit-switched WANs and, 209defined, 23

in PDH infrastructure, 116SDH/SONET, 128–129

Multiplexing, 23–33CWDM, 32–33DWDM, 32–33FDM, 26intelligent, 28–30inverse, 30–31minimizing latency with, 99overview of, 23–26STDM, 27–28TDM, 26–27WDM, 30–32

Multipoint control units (MCUs), 332Multipoint leased lines, 204Multiport repeaters, 187Multiprotocol BGP (MP-BGP), 264, 365–367Multiprotocol, defined, 446Multiprotocol Label Switching. See MPLS (Multi-

protocol Label Switching)Multiservice edge

architecture of, 435–437attributes of, 433–434overview of, 432–433service and protocol integration at, 434–435

Multiservice provisioning platforms (MSPPs), 465, 472–473

Multistation access units (MSAUs), 188Multiunit market (MxU), 503MVNOs (mobile virtual network operators), 711MxU (multiunit market), 503MyCupid, 713

NN-ISDN (Narrowband ISDN)

networks based on, 212–215overview of, 47–48PSTN access lines, 108

Naming Authority Pointer Resource Records, 339NAPs (network access points), 293Narrowband, xxxiv, 15, 560Narrowband ISDN. See N-ISDN (Narrowband

ISDN)NAS (network access server), 375


846 Index

NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Adminis-tration), 305

NAT (Network Address Translation), 274–275National ISPs, 293National Telecommunications and Information

Administration (NTIA), 35National Television Standards Committee. See

NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)

NCS (Network-Based Call Signaling) protocol, 518Near Field Communication (NFC), 683–685NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP), 259Network access points (NAPs), 293Network access protocols, 169, 264Network access, PSTN, 106–107Network access servers (NASs), 375Network adapters, 175Network Address Translation (NAT), 274–275Network-Based Call Signaling (NCS) protocol,

518Network-based IPsec VPNs, 358Network-based MPLS VPNs, 358Network-based VPNs, 352Network connections, types of, 11Network interface, 160Network interface cards (NICs), 175Network layer protocols, OSI, 168Network nodes

defined, 86LAN component, 175

Network service providers (NSPs), 285, 289, 293Network switches, 7–8Networked mainframes, 147Networking modes

connection oriented, 84–85connectionless, 84–85defined, 84

Newsgroup servers, 297Next-Generation Internet. See NGi (Next-

Generation Internet)Next-generation network, 383–450

broadband evolution and, lv–lvii, 384–389broadband infrastructure in, 409–411

convergence, 411–418defining, 101digital loop carriers, 472features of, 141–142multimedia requirements in, 389–409overview of, 101–102, 383–450PSTN telephony and, 140–142SS7 and, 138–140

Next-generation networks, infrastructure, 418–450

architectures, 425–432IP multimedia subsystem, 420–425MPLS architecture, 445–450multiservice edge, 432–437overview of, 418–419QoS, 437–445

Next Steps in Signaling (NSIS), 300, 301–302NFC Forum, 684NFC (Near Field Communication), 683–685NGi (Next-Generation Internet), 303–307

devices enabled by, 305digital objects and libraries, 306Interplanetary Internet, 304–305overview of, 303–304RFID applications, 305Semantic Web, 306–307SID telephony, 306

NICs (network interface cards), 175NLOS (non–line of sight), 559NLSP (NetWare Link Services Protocol), 259NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), 582Noise

analog transmission and, 19bus topology and, 53–54digital voice technologies and, 325selecting transmission media for LANs, 178in wireless communications, 555

Non–line of sight (NLOS), 559Nonstop Forwarding, 261Nonswitched services, PSTN, 109–110Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT), 582Not-so-stubby-area (NSSA), 260NRO (Number Resource Organization), 250


Index 847

NSIS (Next Steps in Signaling), 300, 301–302NSPs (network service providers), 285, 289, 293NSSA (not-so-stubby-area), 260NTIA (National Telecommunications and Informa-

tion Administration), 35NTSC (National Television Standards Committee)

analog TV using, 397ATSC DTV standard for, 404–405requirements for digitized streams, 391signal degradation in, 390

NTT DoCoMo Super 3G, 612–613, 615Number of bits per pixel, 392Number Resource Organization (NRO), 250

OOADMs (optical add/drop multiplexers), 452,

463–464OC (optical carrier) levels

OC-12, 473OC-192, 32, 290, 473OC-48, 32, 290, 473OC-768, 32, 290in SDH/SONET signal hierarchy, 126–127

OCAP (OpenCable Applications Platform), 520Oersted, Hans Christian, 550OFCOM (Office of Communications), 35OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing)combining with MIMO, 559DMT using, 504Flash-OFDM, 632–634HSOPA using, 605IEEE 802.11 standards using, 644–645overview of, 158–159powerline HANs using, 539–540spread spectrum technology, 572–574

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access), 574

Off-premises extensions (OPXs), 109–110Office of Communications (OFCOM), 35Office of Telecommunications (OFTEL), 35Office of the Telecommunications Authority

(OFTA), 35

OFTA (Office of the Telecommunications Author-ity), 35

OFTEL (Office of Telecommunications), 35OLT (optical line terminal), 526OMA (Open Mobile Alliance), 700–701, 702Omnidirectional antennas, 556On-demand computing grids, lOnes density rule, 206Online resources

3G Partnership Project, 599CableLabs OpenCable program, 519CERN grid computing project, lElectronic Privacy Information Center, 682ENUM, 342error detection in radio transmissions, 575ETSI, 599–600ETSI BRAN, 629fiber all around the world, 77global DTV deployments, 403government agencies controlling bandwidth, 12GSM Association, 595history of Internet, 247ICANN domain name registrars, 283integrating WLANs and cellular, 651Internet governance, 37Internet Number Resource Organization, 250Internet Society, 249Internet Traffic Report, 707Internet World Stats, 245interplanetary networking protocols, 10IP over birds, 266LIDO Organization, Inc., xxiMobitex, 585Moonv6 project, 279PKI standards, 380protocols, 166regulatory bodies, 35Semantic Web, 306–307SIP, 338TD-SCDMA, 606Telecom Essentials Learning Center, xxivteleimmersion for military training, lUMTS Forum, 601


848 Index

Online resources, continuedUMTS TDD, 605wireless broadband companies, 613World Radiocommunications Conferences, 599

ONUs (optical network units), 527Open Mobile Alliance (OMA), 700–701, 702Open PLC European Research Alliance (OPERA),

533Open Shortest Path First. See OSPF (Open Shortest

Path First)Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference

modellayers of, 166–168vs. TCP/IP, 170–171

OpenCable, 519–520OpenCable Applications Platform (OCAP), 520OPERA (Open PLC European Research Alliance),

533Operating system, 175Operation support system (OSS), 697Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), 452,

463–464Optical channel, OTN, 476Optical cross-connects, 464Optical line terminal (OLT), 526Optical multiplex section, OTN, 476Optical network units (ONUs), 527Optical networking, 451–488. See also Fiber optics

ASON, 487–488bandwidth abundance for, 456drivers of, 452–453falling prices in, 452GMPLS, 485–487IP+optical control plane, 483–485next-generation digital loop carriers,

471–473in next-generation networks, xxxv, 141, 411now vs. future, 453–456overlay model, 473–478, 483overview of, 451–452peer-to-peer model, 473–474, 478–483switches, 92UNI, 487

Optical networking, end-to-end, 456–471integrated photonic circuits, 469–470management of, 470–471OADMs, 463–464optical line amplifiers, 457–458overview of, 456–457switches, 464–468WDM equipment, 458–463

Optical switchesdefined, 92deployment challenges, 466in emerging WDM applications, 463first- and next-generation, 465optical switching fabrics, 466–468overview of, 464–465

Optical transmission section, OTN, 476Optical transport module (OTM), 476Optical Transport Network (OTN), 475. See also

Overlay networking modelOPXs (off-premises extensions), 109–110Orbits

GEO satellites, 66–67HALEs, 72LEO satellites, 69–70MEO satellites, 69unusable satellite altitudes, 69VSATs, 67–69

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), 574

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing. See OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing)

Oscillation, 551OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) reference model

layers of, 166–168vs. TCP/IP, 170–171

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)IS-IS vs., 262as link-state routing protocol, 259–261for mesh networks, 655overview of, 260–261

OSS (operation support system), 697OTM (optical transport module), 476


Index 849

OTN (Optical Transport Network), 475. See also Overlay networking model

Out-of-band signaling, 132–133Outsourcing model, COPS, 445Overlay networking model

ASON and ATSN, 476–478defining, 474–475overview of, 476peer-to-peer model vs., 483

Oxygen layer, and microwave, 55

PPABXs (private automatic branch exchanges), 7Packet headers, 93Packet loss, 152, 216Packet or protocol data units (PDUs), 255Packet radio data networks, 584–586Packet-switched networks, 215–243

advantages/disadvantages of, 98ATM, 229–238ATM and IP, 238–242circuit switching vs., 99–100connection-oriented, 84–85, 97, 218connectionless, 85, 95–97, 218Frame Relay and, 221–229generations of, 98–99Internet using, 254MFA Forum and, 243next generation of, 141overview of, 215–219X.25 and, 219–220

Packet switching, 92–93Packet transfer, 192PacketCable, 518–519Packets

defined, 216IP, 255–256overview of, 93–95

PAL (Phase Alternating Line)analog TV using, 397ATSC DTV standard for, 404–405requirements for digitized streams, 391signal degradation in, 390

Panel antennas, 556PANs (personal area networks), 149. See also

WPANs (wireless personal area networks)PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), 286Parameters, ATM QoS, 439Parity bits, 161Parity checking, 162Passive communication mode, NFC, 684Passive hubs, 188Passive optical networks. See PONs (passive opti-

cal networks)Passive RFID tags, 676–677Passive topology, 186Password Authentication Protocol (PAP), 286Path loss, 554–555Pbps (petabits per second), 385PBXs (private branch exchanges)

IP PBXs, 322–323defined, 7network access for, 106–107open-source PBXs, 323–324PSTN access services for, 108

PCM (Pulse Code Modulation), 119, 324PCS (Personal Communication Services), 587–588PDC (Personal Digital Cellular), 567, 592PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy), 114–123

digital signal hierarchy, 120–123elements of, 115–120overview of, 114standards in, 115voice compression standards, 119

PDPs (policy decision points), 444PDUs (packet or protocol data units), 255Peer-to-peer mode, 645Peer-to-peer networking, 478–483

10GigE, 480–481defining, 475EFM, 482with G.SHDSL, 503LANs for, 174overlay model vs., 483overview of, 478–480Resilient Packet Ring and other standards,

482–483


850 Index

Peeringagreements, 294defined, 266

Penultimate hop popping, 448PEPs (policy enforcement points), 444Per-trunk signaling, 131Performance engineering, 706Permanent virtual circuits (PVCs), 10, 225Personal area networks (PANs), 149. See also

WPANs (wireless personal area networks)

Personal broadband, 630Personal Communication Services (PCS),

587–588Personal Digital Cellular (PDC), 567, 592Personal video recording (PVR), 392Pervasive computing, xxxviiPGP (Pretty Good Privacy) algorithm, 379Phase

defined, 14error, DSL, 496modulation, 155

Phase Alternating Line. See PAL (Phase Alternating Line)

Phase-shift keying (PSK)IEEE 802.11b using, 644in wireless signal modulation, 561

Phased-array antennas, 71, 557–558Phone lines, HANs over, 537–538Physical four-wire circuits, 5Physical interfaces, 152–154Physical layer

ATM networks, 233HANs over powerlines and, 539OSI reference model, 168

Picocells, 565Picsel Technologies, 713Pipe, Flash-OFDM, 632Pixels, 392PKE (public key encryption), 377–379PKI (public key infrastructure), 379–381Plain old telephone service. See POTS (plain

old telephone service)Plaintext, 375–376

PLC (powerline communications). See PLT (powerline telecommunications)

Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy. See PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy)

PLT (powerline telecommunications)architecture, 530–532future of, 532–534overview of, 530

PN (pseudorandom number), 570PoC (Push-to-Talk over Cellular), 700–701Point of presence (POP)

evolution of, 285–289and ISPs, 266

Point-to-point leased lines, 203–204Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), 264Point-to-point pseudo-wires, 371Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP),

353–354Policy, and presence, 337Policy-based management, QoS, 445Policy controllers, IMS, 424Policy decision points (PDPs), 444Policy enforcement points (PEPs), 444Politics in networking, 33–40

Internet governance, 36–37main regulatory issues, 35–36overview of, 33–34policy and regulatory players, 34–35regulatory background, 34standards organizations, 37–40

Polled Access, VoWLANs, 650PONs (passive optical networks)

architecture, 526–527defined, 472EFM using, 482overview of, 525–526types of, 527–528

POP (point of presence)evolution of, 285–289and ISPs, 266

Port number, TCP, 256Ports

circuits terminating at, 4selecting optical switches, 465


Index 851

Postel, Jonathan, 248–249POTS (plain old telephone service)

defined, 108ISPs providing, 291next-generation digital loop carriers and, 472

Powell, Michael, 316Powerline communications (PLC). See PLT

(powerline telecommunications)Powerline HANs, 538–540Powerline telecommunications. See PLT (power-

line telecommunications)PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 264PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol),

353–354PPVPNs (Provider Provisioned VPNs), 347, 370PRA (Primary Rate Access), 48Predictive coders, 324Prefixes, in IP networks, 263Preliminary Design of an Experimental World-

Circling Spaceship (Project RAND), 61Presence-based services, with IMS, 701–702Presence, SIP and, 337–338Presentation layer protocols, OSI, 166–167Pretty Good Privacy algorithm (PGP), 379PRI (Primary Rate Interface)

ISDN component, 213, 215N-ISDN component, 48

Primary Rate Access (PRA), 48Primary Rate Interface. See PRI (Primary Rate

Interface)Privacy, and RFID, 681–682Private automatic branch exchanges (PABXs), 7Private branch exchanges. See PBXs (private

branch exchanges)Private ENUM, 341Private-line backup, N-ISDN for, 214Private networks, 210–211Process-supporting communications, livProcessing power, xxx–xxxiProgressive scanning, 404Project RAND, 61Protocol header, 256Protocol or packet data units (PDUs), 255Protocol stack (suite), 165

Provider edge model (VPNs), 348Provider edge routers, 363–364Provider Provisioned VPNs (PPVPNs), 347, 370Provider routers, 363Provisioned circuits, ASTN, 478Provisioned networks, 85Provisioned VNPs, 350–352Provisioning model, COPS, 444Proxy servers, 336–337, 374Pseudo-wires, 370, 371Pseudorandom number (PN), 570PSK (phase-shift keying)

IEEE 802.11b using, 644in wireless signal modulation, 561

PSTN (public switched telephone network)access to, 107–108architecture of, 111–113convergence in, 415–416infrastructure of, 103–104intelligent networks in, 135–137Internet vs., 100–102, 254network access, 106–107next-generation networks and, 138–142, 410PDH infrastructure in. See PDH (Plesiochronous

Digital Hierarchy)SDH/SONET infrastructure in, 123–129service providers for, 105–106signaling systems in, 129–135traditional Internet reliance on, 284transport services in, 109–111voice compression standards, 119–120

PTO (public telecommunications operator), 105Public infrastructures, converging, 410,

415–416Public key encryption (PKE), 377–379Public key infrastructure (PKI), 379–381Public switched telephone network. See PSTN

(public switched telephone network)Pulse, 19–20Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), 119, 324Push-to-Talk over Cellular (PoC), 425, 700–701PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 10, 225PVR (personal video recording), 392PWE3, 373


852 Index

QQAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

DOCSIS standard and, 514–518EFM using, 482overview of, 158wireless signals with, 562

QCELP (Quantized Code-Excited Linear Predic-tion), 577

QoS (quality of service)ATM networks and, 229–230, 438–440CBQ for, 444circuit switching, 89COPS, 444–445defined, 437DOCSIS 1.1 supporting, 515Frame Relay, 227IEEE 802.11e, 645–646implementing, 437Internet, 101, 312IP (Internet protocol). See IP (Internet proto-

col), QoSIPT, 328–330LDAP, 445main approaches to, 438next-generation networks, liv, 410–411,

437–445packet-switched networks, 98, 216–217policy-based management for, 444VoWLANs, 649–650VPNs, 357–358Web surfing, 150WiMax, 622

QPSK (Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying)modulating cable TV networks, 513overview of, 158, 562

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation. See QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

Quadruple-play services, 399–400Quality of service (QoS). See QoS (quality of

service)Quantized Code-Excited Linear Prediction

(QCELP), 577Queuing management, QoS, 295–299QVGA (Quarter Video Graphics Array), 711

RRA (Radiocommunications Agency), 35Radio access networks (RANs), 699–700Radio, defined, 550Radio frequency identification. See RFID (radio fre-

quency identification)Radio frequency interference (RFI), 45, 532–533Radio frequency (RF), 556Radio network controller (RNC), IMS, 700Radio Transmission Technology (1X RTT), 608Radio waves, 551Radiocommunications Agency (RA), 35RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-in User

Services)for Internet-based VPNs, 350VPN security with, 375in WLAN security, 647–648

RADSL (Rate-Adaptive DSL)defined, 50OFDM with, 573overview of, 507–508

Random early detection (RED), 296, 328RANs (radio access networks), 699–700RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol),

258Rate-Adaptive DSL. See RADSL (Rate-Adaptive

DSL)RBS (Robbed Bit Signaling), 121RC4 (Rivest Cipher 4), 376Readers, RFID, 675–678Real-time communications, livReal-Time Polling Service, WiMax, 622Real-Time Streaming Protocol. See RTSP (Real-

Time Streaming Protocol)Real-Time Transport Control Protocol. See RTCP

(Real-Time Transport Control Protocol)Real-Time Transport Protocol. See RTP (Real-Time

Transport Protocol)Reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers

(ROADMs), 455, 464RED (random early detection), 296, 328Redirect servers, SIP, 337Reduced-function device (RFD), ZigBee, 671Regenerative repeaters, 20


Index 853

Regional Internet registries (RIRs). See RIRs (regional Internet registries)

Regional ISPs, 293Registrar servers, SIP, 337Regular Pulse Excitation Long Term Prediction

(RPE LTP), 577Regulations, 34–40

background, 34for convergence, 414–415Internet governance, 36–37IPT and, 316–317main issues, 35–36microwave, 55, 60next-generation networks, liv–lvipolicy and players, 34–35standards organizations, 37–40wireless issues, 553–554

Remodulation, 186Remote access, N-ISDN for, 214Remote access VPNs, 355–356Remote access workers, 149Remote Authentication Dial-in User Services. See

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-in User Services)

Remote concentrators (terminals), 28–29, 117, 331Repeaters

choosing media type, 43spacing with fiber optics, 73–74spacing with microwave, 56spacing with twisted-pair, 45

Requests for comments (RFCs), 248Research backbones, 291–292Reserved bandwidth, 410Reserved class, IPv6, 275Residential gateway access, 503Resilient Packet Ring, 479, 482–483Resistance, and DSL, 495Resolvers, for domain names, 281Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 301–303,

441–442Retail ISPs, 293REVd (IEEE 802.16a Revision d), 623–624Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP), 258RF (radio frequency), 556

RFCs (requests for comments), 248RFD (reduced-function device), ZigBee, 671RFI (radio frequency interference), 45, 532–533RFID (radio frequency identification), 674–683

applications of, 305embedded devices affecting, xxxixfrequencies, 678–681future of, 682–683how it works, 675–676intelligent implants using, xlii–xliiioverview of, 674privacy, 681–682readers, 677–678standards for, 674–675tags, 674–677

Riley, Steve, l–liiRing topology, 124–125, 186–187Ringlets, 483Ringtones

as alerting signals in PSTN, 130invention of chord, 689mobile music, 690

RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 259, 274RIPE NCC (Reseaux IP European Network Coordi-

nation Center), 250RIRs (regional Internet registries)

interior routing protocols, 260in IPv4, 272overview of, 250

Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4), 376Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman (RSA) algorithm, 379RNC (radio network controller), IMS, 700ROADMs (reconfigurable optical add/drop multi-

plexers), 455, 464Roamfest, 595Robbed Bit Signaling (RBS), 121Robo Mower, lRobot CAs (Robot Certificate Authorities), 380Robot squads, intelligent, l–liiRound-trip time (RTT), 707Routers

IP, 239LAN, 194–198OSPF, 261


854 Index

Routers, continuedoverview of, 253programmed as firewall, 374ZigBee FFD as, 671–672

Routingdynamic alternative, 210–211overview of, 86–87packet switchers, 93tables, 196–197

Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 259, 274Routing protocols, 258–264

distance-vector vs. link-state, 259exterior, 262–264GMPLS using, 485–486interior, 260–262TCP/IP supporting many, 265

Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), 259

RPE LTP (Regular Pulse Excitation Long Term Prediction), 577

RSA (Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman) algorithm, 379

RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 301–303, 441–442

RSVP Proxy, 301–302RSVP-TE (RSVP-Traffic Engineering) protocol,

447, 485–486RTCP (Real-Time Transport Control Protocol)

defined, 327PacketCable using, 518related to RSVP, 441–442

RTCP XR (RTCP Reporting Extension), 327–328RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol),

259RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol)

defined, 327PacketCable using, 518related to RSVP, 441–442SIP used with, 335

RTSP (Real-Time Streaming Protocol)IPTV using for stored video, 344related to RSVP, 441–442SIP used with, 335

RTT (round-trip time), 707

SS-DMB (Satellite DMB), 632–633, 709SA (stub area), 260Sample, defined, 119Satellite, 61–73

advantages/disadvantages of, 72–73applications of, 70–72characteristics of, 43DTV, 400frequency allocations of, 63–65imaging, emerging solutions, xxxiinetwork segments, 65–66orbits, 66–70overview of, 61–63shrinking earth stations, 65

Satellite DMB (S-DMB), 632–633, 709Scanning, 403–404SCPs (service control points), 133–134SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol),

257–258SDH/SONET (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/

Synchronous Optical Network)backbone for WANs, 212bandwidth in next-generation, 456limitation of IP networks and, 239muxes and cross-connects in, 128–129next-generation, 46next-generation digital loop carriers supporting,

471optical core and, 474optical infrastructures and, 453–455overview of, 123–125signal hierarchy in, 125–128

SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), 17SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control), 222SDN (Software-Defined Network), 346SDP (Session Description Protocol), 335SDR (software-defined radio), 691–692SDSL (Symmetrical or Single-Line) DSL, 50,

501–502SDTV (standard-definition TV)

ATSC standards for, 406defined, 391formats, 398


Index 855

SECAM (Systeme Electronique Couleur Avec Memoire), 390, 397

Second-generation wireless2.5G, 592–5972G, 586–592

Secure Hash Algorithm (SH-1), 378Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP),

327–328Security

affective computing for, xlvianalog vs. digital networks, 21broadband and national, 389bus topology risks, 53media types for, 44POP, 286–287RFID, 681–682servers, 297transmission media for LANs, 178VoWLAN, 648VPN. See VPNs (virtual private networks), securityWi-Fi, 646–648WLAN integration with cellular networks, 652

Segment, bus topology, 186Selective cells, 565Semantic Web, xlvii–xlviii, 306–307Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs), 458Sensor mesh networks, 658–659Sequence number, packets, 256Serial Link Internet Protocol (SLIP), 264Servers

defined, 252HAN, 544LANs for networks based on, 174

Service control points (SCPs), 133–134Service environment, convergence in, 416–418Service interworking, 437Service-level agreements. See SLAs (service-level

agreements)Service nodes, 113Service providers

hierarchy of, 291–293in intelligent optical networks, 455, 456IXPs, 293–294overview of, 291

peering agreements, 294types of, 105–106VoIP solutions, 324

Service-switching points (SSPs), 133Serving GPRS support node (SGSN), 594, 699Session Description Protocol (SDP), 335Session Initiation Protocol. See SIP (Session Initia-

tion Protocol)Session layer protocols, OSI, 167Seven cells, 564SGSN (serving GPRS support node), 594, 699SHA-1 (Secure Hash Algorithm), 378Shannon's Law, 560Shared Ethernet, 184–185SHDSL (Symmetric High-Bit-Rate DSL), 50, 501–502Shim, 448Short Messaging Service (SMS), 584, 703–704Short Reach VDSL2, 45Signal hierarchy

E-carrier system, 122–123SDH/SONET, 125–128T-carrier system, 120–122

Signal modulation, 156, 560–563Signal regenerators, 19–20Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 404Signal transfer points (STPs), 134Signaled circuits, ASTN, 478Signaling layer, IPT, 318Signaling platform, IPT, 318–319Signaling protocols

for GMPLS, 485–486PacketCable, 518

Signaling System 7. See SS7 (Signaling System 7)Signaling systems

overview of, 129–132SS7 and, 132–135

Signalsanalog vs. digital networks, 18–21attenuated, 6DSL, 495optical network, 452service nodes and, 113

SIGTRAN Working Group, 140–141Silicon photonics, xxx


856 Index

SIM (subscriber identity module) cards, 589Simple PKI (SPKI), 380SIMPLE standard, 338Simplex transmission, 159, 442Single-carrier modulation schemes, 157–158,

561–562Single mode fiber, 74–76Singulation (anticollision) protocol, 681–682SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)

advantages/disadvantages of, 338–339IMS using, 420–421, 697mobile video migrating to, 707network elements, 336–337overview of, 334–335phones, 321popular support for, 315presence systems and, 337–338telephony, 306

Site-to-site VPNs, 359–373GRE VPNs, 362–363IPsec VPNs, 360–361Layer 2 VPNs, 369–373Layer 3 VPNs, 363–369as type of IP VPN, 359

Skin effect, 495SLAs (service-level agreements)

administering and meeting, 348dedicated and remote access and, 358disadvantages of Ethernet and, 479DOCSIS 1.1 and, 515high-margin services, 455intelligent edge and, 431MPLS and, 449–450multiservice edge and, 433–434peering agreements for administering, 294QoS and, 295, 411revenue-generating services, 312tied to performance and QoS, 231VPNs and, 350, 354

SLF (subscription locator function), IMS, 424SLIP (Serial Link Internet Protocol), 264Smart devices

bathrooms, xl–xlibeds, xl

cars, xli–xliigarments, xliii–xlvoffices, xlpicture frames, xlrefrigerators, xlshirts, xliii–xlivtags, xxxixtransition from portables to wearables, 387washing machines, xl

SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio), 584SMS (Short Messaging Service), 584, 703–704SNR (signal-to-noise ratio), 404SOAs (semiconductor optical amplifiers), 458Softswitches, 320–321, 333Software

agents, xlvii–xlviiiInternet, 251LAN component, 175

Software-Defined Network (SDN), 346Software-defined radio (SDR), 691–692Solitons, 452SONET (Synchronous Optical Network), 17Sound, DTV and, 399Space Division Multiplexing, 563–566Space segments, satellites, 65–66Spanning Tree Protocol (STP), 192Spatial multiplexing, 559Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR), 584Spectral compatibility, DLS, 495Spectral efficiency, 156Spectrum reuse, 563–577

cellular (Space Division Multiplexing), 563–566compression, 576–577duplexing, 575–576FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access),

566–567spread spectrum techniques, 567–574TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), 567

Spectrum-sensing CR, 692SPKI (simple PKI), 380Splitters, ADSL, 504Spread spectrum, 567–574

characteristics of, 569–570DSSS technique for, 571


Index 857

FHSS technique for, 570–571methods for 802.11, 642military history of, 569OFDM technique for, 572–574overview of, 567–569power control schemes in, 570

Sprint Nextel, 707Sputnik I, 62SRTP (Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol),

327–328SS7 (Signaling System 7)

capabilities of, 132–133components of, 133–134links, 134–135next-generation networks, 138–140

SSPs (service-switching points), 133Stacks, MPLS, 448–449Standalone mainframes, 146Standalone workstations, 147Standard-definition TV. See SDTV (standard-

definition TV)Standards

3G, 599–609802.3 Ethernet, 179–180Broadband ISDN, 123cable modem, 513–521cognitive radio, 693DTV, 402–409Ethernet, 179–180Frame Relay, 221–222IEEE 802.11x, 642Internet, 248Interplanetary Internet, 304IP voice, 324–325LAN, 175, 178multiservice edge, 436–437organizations, 37–40PDH, 115PKI, 380VoFR compression, 228voice compression, 119–120VPN, 358wireless HAN, 541–542

Star topology, 187, 673

Static NAT, 275Static routers, 86–87Static routing table, 196–197Static WEP, 647Statistical muxes, 27–28Statistical Time Division Multiplexing (STDM),

27–28Step-by-step switch, 89–90Step relay switch, 89–90STM (Synchronous Transport Module), 126Storage

bacterial protein memory for, xxxiidata storage grids, liiholographic systems for, xxxii–xxxiiimagnetic sensors for, xxxiiirequirements, xxxi–xxxii

Stored program control switch, 90–91STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), 192STPs (signal transfer points), 134Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP),

257–258Streaming media

future traffic patterns and, xxxviiivs. IPTV, 343–344requirements for, 391

Strowger switch, 89–90STS (Synchronous Transport Signal), 126Stub area (SA), 260Subdermal personal verification technology, xliiSubnetting, 274Subscription locator function (SLF), IMS, 424Subscription VOD (SVOD), 521, 522Subsplit systems, 510Super 3G, 611–612Supervisory signals, 129–130Surgical training, with teleimmersion, lSurveillance, and IPT, 315SVCs (switched virtual circuits), 10, 225–228SVOD (subscription VOD), 521, 522Switched digital access, 206Switched Ethernet, 184–185Switched networks, 11, 85Switched services, PSTN, 109Switched virtual circuits (SVCs), 10, 225–228


858 Index

SwitchesATM networks, 230IP, 198–200, 240–241LAN, 189–191VPLS, 373

Switching, defined, 86Switching modes

circuit switching, 87–92connection-oriented networks, 84–85defined, 84overview of, 7–8, 86–87packet switching, 92–100

Switching nodes, PSTN, 111–112Symbol rate, 156Symmetric encryption, 376–377Symmetric High-Bit-Rate DSL (SHDSL), 50, 501–502Symmetrical or Single-Line DSL (SDSL), 50, 501–502Synchronous Data Link Control (SDLC), 222Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH), 17Synchronous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Opti-

cal Network. See SDH/SONET (Synchro-nous Digital Hierarchy/Synchronous Optical Network)

Synchronous infrastructure, 127Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), 17Synchronous transmission, 162–165Synchronous Transport Module (STM), 126Synchronous Transport Signal (STS), 126

TT-carrier system

backbone for WANs, 206–211E-carrier vs., 122overview of, 15–16Robbed Bit Signaling in, 121signal hierarchy in, 120–122standards, 115

T-DMB (Terrestrial DMB), 632–633, 709TACS (Total Access Communication System),

581Tags, RFID

defining, 674–675future of, 682–683how RFID system works, 675–676

overview of, 676–677privacy issues, 681–682

Tail circuits, 25Tandem office, 113Tandem switch, 8TAPI (Telephony Applications Programming Inter-

face), 319Taps, DSL, 496Tbps (terabits per second), 99, 457TBRPF (Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path

Forwarding), 655TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet

Protocol)four-layer reference model, 168–170Internet network architecture, 264–268OSI model vs., 170–171packet switches and, 99suite, 254–258

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 170, 255TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code

Division Multiple Access), 600, 606TDD (Time Division Duplex)

TD-CDMA, 605with UWC, 590WiMax using, 622

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)limitations of, 462MSPPs incorporating, 473overview of, 26–27in TDMA, 567

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)CDPD for, 583–584EDGE for, 595–596GERAN enhancement for, 596PDC based on, 592power control schemes in, 570in spectrum reuse, 567UWC for, 590

Telcos, 400–401Telecom Essentials Learning Center, xxivTelecom WebCentral, xxivTelecommunications Act of 1997, 33Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA),

35


Index 859

Telecommunications Management Network (TMN), 487

Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA), 626

Telecommunications Technology Committee (TTC), 38

Telecoms and Internet converged Services & Proto-cols for Advanced Networks (TISPAN), 425, 696

Teleimmersion, xlvii–xlviiiTelemedicine, 78Telephony Applications Programming Interface

(TAPI), 319Telephony hybrid, 160Television standards, 396–409

analog TV, 397ATSC standards, 403–406DTV, 390–396, 397–403DVB standards, 406–408ISDB standards, 408–409signal degradation with existing, 390

Teleworking, 389Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), 647Terabit switch routers, 97, 99Terabits per second (Tbps), 99, 457Terminal mobility, 421Terminal muxes, 128–129Terminals (remote concentrators), 28–29, 117, 331Terminators, bus topology, 186Terrestrial DMB (T-DMB), 632–633, 709Terrestrial DTV, 400Testing, fiber optics, 80TGCP (Trunking Gateway Protocol), 518TGn Sync, 646Thermo-optical switches, 467–469Third-generation wireless. See 3G (third-generation)

cellular networksThree-tiered architecture, 427–432TIA/EIA IS-95 standard, 590–591TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association),

35Tie trunks, 109Time Division Duplex. See TDD (Time Division

Duplex)

Time Division Multiple Access. See TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Time Division Multiplexing. See TDM (Time Divi-sion Multiplexing)

Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCMA), 600, 606

Time domain (predictive) coders, 324TISPAN (Telecoms and Internet converged Services

& Protocols for Advanced Networks), 425, 696

TKIP (Temporal Key Integrity Protocol), 647TLDs (top-level domains)

DNS and, 281IANA working with, 250importance of domain names and, 283types of, 281–282

TMN (Telecommunications Management Net-work), 487

Token hold time, 183Token passing, 182–183Token-ring, 181, 182–183Toll center, 8Toll office, PSTN, 113Top-level domains. See TLDs (top-level domains)Topology Broadcast Based on Reverse-Path

Forwarding (TBRPF), 655Total Access Communication System (TACS),

581Totally stubby area (TSA), 260Traffic control, IntServ, 441Traffic Engineering DiffServ, 261Traffic parameters, ATM QoS, 439Traffic patterns

new types of applications, xxxviiioverview of, xxxv–xxxvitraffic types, xxxvi–xxxviii

Transaction processing, 151Transceiver, RFID, 675Transit switch, 8Translation, IPv4 to IPv6, 276–277Transmission channel, 152–154Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP). See TCP/IP (Transmission Con-trol Protocol/Internet Protocol)


860 Index

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 170, 255Transmission lines, 3–10

channels, 6circuits, 4–7defined, 4lines and trunks, 6–9overview of, 3–4virtual circuits, 9–10

Transmission media, 41–81characteristics of, 43circuit-switched WANs and, 208coaxial cable, 51–54defined, 41fiber optics, 73–81LAN, 176–177microwave, 54–61PDH, 116satellite. See Satellitesecurity of, 44twisted-pair, 44–51types of, 41–42wireless, 41–42

Transmission modes, 162–164Transmission nodes, 113Transmission path, ATM, 235–236Transmission system, LANs, 175Transponders, NFC, 684Transport layer protocols, OSI, 167–168Transport network infrastructure, 114–129

convergence in, 413overview of, 114PDH, 114–123SDH/SONET, 123–129

Transport protocols, TCP/IP, 265Transport services

LAN, 177–181PSTN, 108–111

Tree topology, 185–186Triple DES (3DES), 376, 622Triple-play services, 342, 399Trojan horses, 374Trunk exchange, 8Trunking Gateway Protocol (TGCP), 518

Trunksbus topology and, 186overview of, 6–9PSTN access services, 108

TSA (totally stubby area), 260TTA (Telecommunications Technology Associa-

tion), 626TTC (Telecommunications Technology Commit-

tee), 38Tunable lasers, 467Tunneling, VPN, 353–354, 364TV, mobile, 707–712Twisted-pair, 44–51

advantages/disadvantages of, 50–51analog and digital, 47–50applications of, 47broadband media options for, 490categories of, 45–47characteristics of, 43–45for DSL, 496–498usable bandwidth of, 14–15

Two-pair, 5Two-way local exchange trunks, 108Two-wire circuits, 4–7Twofish, 377

UUAC (user agent client), 336UAS (user agent server), 336Ubiquitous computing, xxxix, 387UBR (unspecified bit rate), 439UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 170, 256UHDV (Ultra High Definition Video), 402UHF (ultrahigh frequency)

Generation 2 Air Interface Protocol, 680RFID, 679–680

Ultra 3G, 611–612Ultra High Definition Video (UHDV), 402Ultra-Wideband. See UWB (Ultra-Wideband)Ultrahigh frequency (UHF)

Generation 2 Air Interface Protocol, 680RFID, 679–680

Umbrella cells, 566


Index 861

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System), 601–602, 605

UMTS Universal Terrestrial Radio (UTRA) stan-dard, 601

UN (United Nations), IPT regulations, 317Undersea cables, 77Understandability, 3–4UNI (User-to-Network Interface)

IP+optical control plane with, 487in overlay networks, 474–475overlay networks using, 477

UnicastIPv6, 275next-generation requirements, 411overview of, 269

Unicode, 161United Nations (UN), IPT regulations, 317Universal frequency reuse, 568Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

(UMTS), 601–602, 605Universal product code (UPC) barcode, 675Universal Serial Bus (USB), 543Universal Wireless Communications (UWC), 567,

590UNIX operating system, 90Unlicensed band CR, 692Unsolicited Grant Service-Real-Time, WiMax, 622Unspecified bit rate (UBR), 439UPC (universal product code) barcodes, 675USB (Universal Serial Bus), 543User agents

client (UAC), 336server (UAS), 336SIP, 334, 336software agents, xlvii

User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 170, 256User ENUM, 341User interface, LANs, 175User-to-Network Interface. See UNI (User-to-

Network Interface)UTP, twisted-pair, 45UTRA (UMTS Universal Terrestrial Radio) stan-

dard, 601

UWB (Ultra-Wideband), 665–670advantages/disadvantages of, 666–667applications, 667–668combining Bluetooth with, 663–664, 668future of, 668overview of, 665–666with WiMedia, 669–670

UWC (Universal Wireless Communications), 567, 590

VV-Cast (Verizon Wireless), 707VAD (voice activity detection), 228Valerie (domestic android), liiValue-added network (VAN) provider, 105VAN (value-added network) provider, 105Variable Bit Rate-Best-Effort, WiMax, 622Variable Bit Rate-Non-Real-Time, WiMax, 622Variable bit rate (VBR), 438Variable-Spreading-Factor Orthogonal Frequency

Code Division Multiplexing (VSF-OFCDM), 613–614

VBR (variable bit rate), 438VDSL (Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL), 50, 508–509Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction (VSELP),

577VeriSign, 380Verizon Wireless (V-Cast), 707Very-High-Bit-Rate DSL (VDSL), 50, 508–509Very-small-aperture terminals (VSATs), 65, 67–69VF (Virtual Fiber), 529, 636–638VFIs (virtual forwarding instances), 363–364Video. See also Digital video

compression formats for IPTV, 344for Frame Relay networks, 221mobile, 706–707phones, 689–690telephony, 706–707through IP PBXs, 322traffic, xxxvii

Video-on-demand. See VOD (video-on-demand)Videoconferencing, 502Videogames, brain-controlled, xlvii


862 Index

Vindigo, 713Virtual channels, ATM, 235–236Virtual circuits

defined, 216MPLS with, 449overview of, 9–10packet-switched networks with, 217PVCs, 10SVCs, 10

Virtual containers, 127–128Virtual fiber (VF), 55, 529, 636–638Virtual forwarding instances (VFI), 363–364Virtual mirrors, lVirtual paths, ATM, 235–236Virtual private dial networks (VPDNs), 359Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS) VPNs,

371–373Virtual private networks. See VPNs (virtual private

networks)Virtual Private WAN Service (VPWS) VPNs, 371Virtual reality, xlix–lVirtual router VPNs, 365, 367–369Virtual routing forwarding (VRF), 365–366Virtual tributaries, 127–128Viruses, 374VLANs, 191–192VLR (visitor location register), 586–587Vocoders, 324–325, 576–577VOD (video-on-demand)

ADSL originally for, 503for future cable TV, 521–522IPTV supporting, 342–343Metadata, 520–521

Vodaphone, xxxviiVoDSL (Multiline Voice over DSL), 502VoFR (Voice over Frame Relay)

compression standards for, 228features of, 228overview of, 227–228voice activity detection in, 228

VoiceFrame Relay networks and, 221interpolation, 228

Voice activity detection (VAD), 228

Voice-grade lines, 18, 22Voice over Frame Relay. See VoFR (Voice over

Frame Relay)Voice over IP. See VoIP (Voice over IP)Voice over Wireless Local Area Network (VoWLAN),

648–651VoIP (Voice over IP)

call-signaling protocols, 330–339delay, 325–326digital voice technologies, 324–325error concealment, 327vs. IPT and Internet telephony, 314IPTV supporting, 342jitter buffers, 326limitation of IP networks, 240lower costs of, 313PacketCable 1.0 for, 518–519QoS, 328–330service provider solutions for, 324UDP for, 170, 257

VoWLAN (Voice over Wireless Local Area Net-work), 648–651

capacity and QoS, 649–650cellular carrier cooperation with, 653–654EDCA, 650handoffs, 649Polled Access, 650security, 648support solutions, 650–651

VPDNs (virtual private dial networks), 359VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) VPNs,

371–373VPNs (virtual private networks), 345–381. See also

IP VPNsapplications of, 354ATM networks, 231benefits and evolution of, 357–358BGP updated for, 264concepts, 347extranet, 356–357G.SHDSL providing services for, 502Internet-based, 348–350Intranet, 354–355Layer 2, 369–373


Index 863

Layer 3, 363–364as nonswitched service, 110–111overview of, 345–347provisioned, 350–352remote access, 355–356standards, 358virtual router VPNs, 365, 367–369VPLS VPNs, 371–373VPWS VPNs, 371WANs using, 202

VPNs (virtual private networks), security, 374–381

accounting, 375authentication, 375authorization, 375digital certificates, 380–381encryption, 375–380firewalls, 374SLAs, 358

VPWS (Virtual Private WAN Service) VPNs, 371VRF (virtual routing forwarding), 365–366VSATs (very-small-aperture terminals), 65, 67–69VSELP (Vector Sum Excited Linear Prediction),

577VSF-OFCDM (Variable-Spreading-Factor Orthogo-

nal Frequency Code Division Multiplex-ing), 613–614

WW-CDMA (Wideband CDMA), 568–569

3G deployment and, 610Beyond 3G involving, 612defined, 600HSDPA using, 602–604, 627MediaFLO with, 711UMTS using, 601–602

WANs (wide area networks)circuit-switched, based on ISDN, 212–215circuit-switched, based on leased lines,

203–212LANs vs., 199–200overview of, 201–203packet-switched. See Packet-switched networks

War dialing, 647

War drivers, 646–647WARC (World Administrative Radio Conference),

553, 599Waveform coders, 324Wavelength

changers, 463, 464defined, 14in fiber optic transmissions, 73in radio spectrum, 551–553routers, 92

WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing). See also CWDM (Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing); DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

chirped pulse in, 459defining, 30–32development of, 458emerging applications, 463equipment for, 458–460IP over, 239–240, 462multiservice provisioning platforms supporting,

473overview of, 77–78

Wearables, intelligent, xliii–xlv, 387Web hosting, 502Web of Trust, 380Web servers, 297Web surfing, 150Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ), 297, 328Weighted Round Robin (WRR), 297WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), 646–647WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing), 297, 328WGIG (Working Group on Internet Governance),

36–37Wi-Fi, 625, 640–642Wi-Fi Alliance, 641Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA), 647–648WiBro (wireless broadband), 626–627

4G systems, 612–615broadband media options for, 490microwave and, 60–61overview of, 529

Wide area networks. See WANs (wide area networks)


864 Index

WidebandCDMA. See W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA)DCSs, 128defined, 560overview of, 15–16

Widescreen, 399WiFiber (wireless fiber), 636–638WiMax (IEEE 802.16)

802.16 (WiMax), 621–626802.16a revision, 623–624802.16a Revision d (REVd), 623–624802.16e revision (Mobile WiMax), 623–624comparing mobile data architectures, 627future of, 624–626LMDS revision, 623overview of, 621–623vs. WiBro technology, 626

WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access), 621–626

future of, 624–626vs. HSDPA, 604overview of, 621–623revisions, 623–624vs. WiBro technology, 626

WiMCA (WiMedia's MAC Convergence Architec-ture), 669

WiMedia Alliance, 669–670WiMedia's MAC Convergence Architecture

(WiMCA), 669Windows Media Video (WMV) 9 Advanced Profile,

395Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), 646–647Wired HANs, 543–544Wireless broadband. See WiBro (wireless broadband)Wireless communications basics, 549–577

antennas, 556–560history of, 550–553impairments, 554–556improving error detection and correction,

574–575overview of, 549–550regulations issues, 553–554signal modulation, 560–563spectrum utilization, 563–577

Wireless fiber (WiFiber), 636–638Wireless HANs, 541–542Wireless local area networks. See WLANs (wireless

local area networks)Wireless local loops, 618Wireless micromesh networks, 658–659Wireless personal area networks. See WPANs

(wireless personal area networks)Wireless wide area networks. See WWANs (wire-

less wide area networks)Wireless World Wide Web (WWWW), 615WLANs (wireless local area networks), 638–659

IEEE 802.11x standards, 642–646integrating with cellular networks, 651–654mesh networks, 654–659microwave in, 61overview of, 638–640security, 646–648VoWLAN, 648–651Wi-Fi, 640–642wireless broadband for, 529

WM9 (Windows Media 9), 395WMANs (wireless metropolitan area networks),

617–638BFWA, 619–621DMB, 634–636ESTI BRAN, 629–630Flash-OFDM, 632–634iBurst, 630–631IEEE 802.16 (WiMax), 621–626IEEE 802.20 (Mobile-Fi), 627–628overview of, 618–619use of microwave, 61VF, 636–638wireless broadband for, 529, 626–627

WMV (Windows Media Video) 9 Advanced Profile, 395

Working Group on Internet Governance (WGIG), 36–37

World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), 553, 599

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS), 36

World Trade Organization (WTO), 35


Index 865

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access. See WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)

WorldWide Spectrum Efficiency (WWise), 646WORM (write once, read many times) tags, 676Worms, 374WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access), 647–648WPANs (wireless personal area networks),

660–685defined, 660IEEE 802.15.1 (Bluetooth), 661–664IEEE 802.15.3 (WPAN-HR and WPAN-AHR),

664–665IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee), 670–674NFC, 683–685RFID, 674–683task groups for, 660–661use of microwave, 61UWB, 665–670

WRR (Weighted Round Robin), 297WSIS (World Summit on the Information Society),

36WTO (World Trade Organization), 35WWANs (wireless wide area networks), 579–615

1G systems, 580, 581–5862:5G systems, 580, 592–5972G systems, 580, 586–592

3G systems, 580, 597–6114G systems, 581, 612–6155G systems, 614–6155Gystems, 581Beyond 3G systems, 580–581, 611–612microwave for, 60–61

WWise (WorldWide Spectrum Efficiency), 646WWWW (Wireless World Wide Web), 615

XX10 standard, 540, 542–543X.25 packet-switching networks, 98

declining use of, 220error control in, 218, 219history of, 219packet size in, 220

X.509, 380xDSL. See DSL (Digital Subscriber Line)XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence

Protocol), 338

ZZigBee, 670–674

certification program, 674devices, 671–672future of, 673–674networks, 672–673


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