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Index

Symbols1800, population of Jews, 5

1866, Austro-Prussian War, 5

AAASW (American Association ofScientific Workers), 192

“The Ambassador,” 125

abstract mathematics, 98

accelerating creation of hydrogenbombs, 300

accelerators and meson absorptionproblem, 271-272

accusations of J. RobertOppenheimer as a spy, 309-311

fighting, 312

ACDIF (American Committee forDemocracy and IntellectualFreedom), 192

Acheson, Dean, 276

Acheson-Lilienthal report, 276

ACLU (American Civil LibertiesUnion), 26, 51

Addams, Jane, 58

Adler, Dr. Samuel, 24

Adler, Felix, 24-25

advanced dynamics, 83

Advisory Committee on Uranium, 217

AECbudgets, 331civilian AEC, 333

AEC’s General AdvisoryCommittee, 273

AFL (American Federation ofLabor), 27

Air Force, replacement of Robert J.Oppenheimer, 301

Alcuin Preparatory School, 35

Alien Act, 58

Alien and Sedition Acts, 53

alien races, 66

alloys, conductivity of, 93

Alvarez, Luis, 292

American Association of ScientificWorkers (AASW), 192

American Century, xi-xiv, 81,206-207, 253

“The American Century,” xii

American Civil Liberties Union(ACLU), 26, 51

American Committee forDemocracy and IntellectualFreedom (ACDIF), 185, 192

Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM Page 441

442 American Communists

Association of Los AlamosScientists, 263

astrophysicists, 176

atomic bombs, 212. See also bombsdropping on Japan, 211Soviet Union, 255testing by Soviet Union, 292

atomic energy, international con-trol of, 275-279

Atomic Energy Act of 1946, 264security clearance, 309-310

Atomic Energy Commission, 257,262, 264

Seaborg, Glenn, 348

atoms, 84discovery of parts of, 159

Atoms for Peace, 308

Auerbach, Matilda, 40, 44

Austro-Prussian War of 1866, 5

Auxiliary Red Cross, 53

BBacher, Robert, 264, 274

Bainbridge, Kenneth, 243

ballistic missile technology, 334

Bamberger, Louis, 272

Baruch, Bernard, 276-278

Baruch Plan, 276-279

Battery Park, 1

Bay Shore, 21

beer brewing, 7

Bennett, Sandra Dire, 152

Berkeley, 123, 135-136after World War II, 328autonomy from state, 145-146budget cuts because ofDepression, 138-139faculty diversity, 147-148free elective system, 146

American Communists, 27, 191

American Federation of Labor(AFL), 27

American Hebrews, 11

American Jews, 12

American Physical Society, 152, 268

American pragmatic movement, 37

American pragmatism, 38

American Union AgainstMilitarism, 49, 51

Americanism, 57

Analysis of Mind, 64

Anderson, Carl, 154, 192cosmic rays, 164, 166cosmic-ray showers, 163

Anderson, Herbert, 263

Ann Arbor summer school in theoretical physics, 113, 140

anti-Communism,McCarthyism, 280

compared to post-September 11fears, 283

anti-Semitism, 12

anti-war activities, Ethical CultureSociety, 49-51

antiproton, 163

appeal for J. Robert Oppenheimer,324-325

approval for hydrogen bombs,298-299

aristocrats, 6

Armistice Day, 56

arms control, 275-279

Army, replacement of J. RobertOppenheimer, 301

Ashkenazic Jews, 5

Asian immigrants, 66

assimilation, 3, 32language, 13


443Bremsstrahlung

Journal Club, 153student population, 146-147

Bernstein, Barton, 279

Bernstein, Jeremy, 332

Bertrand, Russell, 68

best science, 190

Bethe, Hans, xv, 174, 269-270,284, 328

leader of theoretical physics formilitary research, 238

Bhabha, Homi, 166

Big Bang, 174

Birge, Raymond T., 135, 273-274

Black, Algernon, 71, 274

black holes, 173, 176-177

Blackett, Patrick M. S., 100

Bloch, Felix, 93, 127

Boas, Franz, 185

Bohemian Joachimstal, 61

Bohm, David, 282

Bohr, Niels, 82, 84-85, 101, 269, 276common world, 344liquid-drop model, 172

Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory, 85

Bolshevik revolutions, 57

Bolshevism and Germans, 58

bomb research, 202-205, 208separating U-235 from uraniumore, 210uranium, 205-206

bombing of New York StockExchange in September 1920, 58

bombsatomic bombs, 212

dropping on Japan, 211Soviet Union, 255

boosters, 291creating, 219-220, 237-238

dropping on Japan, 251-252fission-fusion booster bombs, 301fusion, 222hydrogen bombs, 239, 256, 261,287-288, 296

approval for, 298-299creating, 291-292morality of, 288-290necessity of, 287Oppenheimer, J. Robert’s opposition to, 310opposition to, 294-297recommendations, 293-298

non-combat demonstration of, 248plutonium, 222, 239

bombs, testing, 243preparations for droppingatomic bombs, 239, 243-244

researching, 217-219rush to create before end ofWorld War II, 242Super, 222testing, 250

plutonium bombs, 243thermonuclear devices, 222

boosters, 291

Borden, William, 308

Born, Max, 96, 102-103, 105-106

Born approximation, 102

Born-Heisenberg calculation, 112

Born-Oppenheimer approximation, 112

Bowman, Isaiah, 204

Bradley, Omar, 298

Brandeis, Louis, 28, 58

breeder reactors, 224

Breit, Gregory, 203

Bremsstrahlung, 110


444 Bridges, Harry

CIO (Congress of IndustrialOrganizations), 228

Civil Liberties Bureau, 51

civilian AEC, 333

Clinton Laboratories, 224

clothing industry, 8

Cohen, Julius H., 28

Coit, Staunton, 29

Cold War, 305-306nuclear weapons, 289

collective bargaining, 28

colloquium, 233

Columbia School of Social Work, 30

Columbia University, 269, 274

Committee on Political and Social Problems, 246

Committee on Public Information, 57

common world, 344

communismAmerican Communists, 27Griffiths, Gordon, 196Oppenheimer, J. Robert,194-197, 201

turning away from, 201-202Popular Front, 191and scientists, 191-194

Communist Party, 182encroachment of, 289Oppenheimer, Frank and Jackie(membership in), 281-282Oppenheimer, J. Robert, allegedmembership in,197-200Popular Front, 192

co-moving coordinate systems, 175

compartmentalization ofknowledge, 232

Bridges, Harry, 192

Bridgman, Percy W., 81, 92, 116

budgets. See also fundingAEC, 331cuts during Great Depression, 189

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists,263, 328

Burnham, Mabel T., 22

Bush, Vannevar, 204-206, 275, 279

Byrnes, James F., 255, 275-276

CCaen, Estelle, 152

Caltech (California Institute ofTechnology), 116, 118-119,121-122, 136, 141-142, 272-273

Cambridge, Cavendish Laboratory, 94

carbon-nitrogen nuclear cycle, 174

Cario, Dr., 106

Carnegie, Andrew; Mt. WilsonObservatory, 80

cascade showers, 166, 170

Catholics, 70

Cavendish Laboratory, 90, 94

Chamberlain, Owen, 163

Chemical Warfare Service, 80

Cherniss, Harold, 275

Chevalier, Haakon, 193, 227,279-280, 316, 318

betrayed by Oppenheimer, J.Robert, 319communism, 195-197

Chevalier incident, 227-231,279-281, 315

children of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 187

Christ’s College, 94

Cassidy_25index 7/15/04 1:06 PM 44

445Dyson, Freeman

Compton, Arthur H., 81, 85, 203,209, 219

Committee on Political andSocial Problems, 246Franck Report, 249

Compton, Karl T., 81, 106, 115

Compton effect, 85

Conant, James Bryant, 46, 76, 80,205-207, 275, 279, 328

support forOppenheimer, J.Robert, 320

Condon, Edward, 233, 238, 284

conductivity of alloys, 93

conferences, RochesterConferences, 268-272. See alsoShelter Island Conference

Congress of IndustrialOrganizations (CIO), 228

controllingnuclear arms, 262-264nuclear weapons, 285-287

cosmic rays, 159, 164, 166cascade showers, 170explosion showers, 168

cosmic-ray mesons, 269, 271-272

cosmic-ray showers, 163, 166

Council on Foreign Relations, 279

critical mass, 205

Curie, Marie, 68

cyclotrons, 160

DDallet, Joe, 186

Dean, Gordon, 301

deathof Ella Friedman, 20of J. Robert Oppenheimer, 337of Julius Oppenheimer, 21

dedication of Ethical Culture

Society building, 29

degenerate systems, 110

DeLeon, Daniel, 28

Department of Defense, 257

Depression. See Great Depression

derogatory information, 314

deuterium, 291

deuterons, 173discovery of, 159

development of reactors, 286

Dewey, John, 38, 68Laboratory School, 37

Didisheim, Jane, 42, 64

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice, 96, 98,106-107

equation for energy ofelectrons, 162positron, 164

Dirac equation, 128

Dirac’s relativistic quantum electrodynamics, 270

Dirac-Heisenberg commutationrule, 98

disarmament panel (StateDepartment), 303

discipline, 54

discovery of parts of atoms, 159

discussion groups, 75

Downtown Ethical Society, 29

dropping atomic bombs on Japan,211, 251-252

Duane, William, 85

DuBridge, Lee, 259

Dulles, John Foster, 305

dynatons, 169

Dyson, Freeman, 268, 271nuclear explosives, 302


446 economic inequality

Eeconomic inequality, 27

Edsall, David L., 71

Edsall, John T., 71

educationEthical Culture Society, 29-30, 33

Ethical Culture School, 33-40German doctorates versusAmerican doctorates, 109German humanistic gymnasium, 37individuality, 38Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 35-36

math, 43-44science, 43, 45-46

Eger, Cecilia, 10

Ehrenfest, Paul, 100, 118, 126, 172

eigen-functions, 110

Einstein, Albert, 59, 63, 82, 272,275-277, 283, 346

light, 84nuclear fission, 206security, 217

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 309

electrical conductivity, 92

electrodynamics, 162

electromagnetic theory, 91

electronsdiscovery of, 159energy of, 162heavy electrons, 169infinite self energy problem,269-271

Eliot, Charles W., 67

Eliot, T. S., 275

Elliott, John Lovejoy, 29-30ACLU, 51Emergency Peace Federation, 49

Ethical Culture Society. SeeEthical Culture SocietyFresh Air Fund, 30Hudson Guild, 30

Eltenton, George, 227, 280

Emergency Association of GermanScience, 190, 260

Emergency Peace Federation, 49

emotions of J. RobertOppenheimer, 87

emotional problems, 98-100

energy, self energy, 129

Energy Research and DevelopmentAdministration, 264

Enola Gay, 239

Enrico Fermi Award, 348-349

Epithalamion, 151

Epstein, Paul, 116, 120

Espionage Act of June 1917, 53

Ethical Culture movement, LewisStrauss, 307

Ethical Culture School, 33-38moral education, 39-40science, 37

Ethical Culture Society, 274anti-war activities, 49-51dedication of building, 29education, 29-30, 33

Ethical Culture School, 33-40role of Julius Oppenheimer, 28tenement investigations, 26

ethics, 39-40. See also moral education

ethnic cleansing, 5

ethnic identity, 32

Evans, Ward, 313

evolution, 38


447Garrison, Lloyd

Exploratorium science museum, 282

explosion showers, 168

FFAECT (Federation ofArchitects,Engineers, Chemists, andTechnicians), 228, 280

family life, 187

Fascism, 188

fast-neutron theory group, 221-222

FBIinvestigations, 183security clearance, 309-310

fear of Soviet Union, 305-306

Federal Advisory Committee Act of1972, 336

Federation of American Scientists, 263

Federation of Architects, Engineers,Chemists, and Technicians(FAECT), 228, 280

Federation of Atomic Scientists, 263

Feld, Bernard, 242

fellowships, 116IEB, 124NRC, 114

Fergusson, Francis, 61, 74

Fermi National AcceleratorLaboratory, 272

Fermi, Enrico, 167, 240, 270

Feynman diagrams, 271

Feynman, Richard P., 268-270

fighting accusations of treason, 312

Filene, Edward A., 28

Finletter, Thomas K., 301

Fire Island, 21

fission, 216-217, 287

fission-fusion booster bombs, 301

Flexner, Abraham, 272

Fort Clinton, 1

Fowler, Ralph H., 96

Fowler, Willy, 210

Franck Report, 244, 246-247

Franck, James, 119, 246

Frankfurter, Felix, 58

free elective system, Berkeley, 146

Free Synagogue, 28

Fresh Air Fund, 23, 30

Friedman, Ella, 1, 10-11death of, 20hand of, 19illnesses of, 143-144

Friedman, Louis, 10

Friendly, Fred W., 346

friends of J. Robert Oppenheimer,73-74

Fuchs, Klaus, 280, 300

Fuld, Caroline, 272

funding, 331. See also budgetsphysics, 81for science from military,257-259

fusion, 222

GGAC (General AdvisoryCommittee), 265, 279

The Gad-Fly, 72

gag orders on hydrogen bomb scientists, 300

Gamow, George, 173

garment industry, 8

Garrison, Lloyd, 313


448 gauge invariance

gauge invariance, 129

GEB (General Education Board), 121

General Advisory Committee(GAC), 265, 279

General Electric, 106

General Policy Group, 220

general relativity, 177

generosity, 153

Georg-Augusts-Universität zuGöttingen, 109

German humanistic gymnasium, 37

German Jews, 12

Germans and Bolshevism, 58

Glazer, Nathan, 194

Goldman, Henry, 106

Gompers, Samuel, 27

Göttingen, 105

Goudsmit, Samuel A., 101, 113, 147

The Government of England, 67

Gödel, Kurt, 272

Gray, Gordon, 313

Gray Board, 284

Great Depression, 181monetary effects on Berkeley,138-139NRC, distributing funds, 190public’s view of science, 189-190science budget cuts, 189

Griffiths, Gordon, 196

Groves, Leslie R., 223, 239, 275, 279Manhattan Project, 223

HH-bomb. See hydrogen bombs

Habilitation, 109

Hahn, Otto, 178

Hale, George Ellery, 80-81

Hall, Edwin H., 85

Hall, Elmer E., 123, 136, 155

Hall, Gus, 186

Hall, Harvey, 163

Hamilton-Jacobi mechanics, 98

Hamiltonian, 111

Hanau, Germany, 4

Harrison, Katherine Puening, 182,186-187

Harrison, Richard, 186

Harvard, 67, 272effects of World War I, 68-70Eliot, Charles W., 67and Jews, 70Lowell, A. Lawrence, 67-68and J. Robert Oppenheimer,68-77quotas, 69theoretical physics, 83-85

heavy electrons, 169

Heisenberg, August, 6 , 44, 269

Heisenberg, Werner, 6, 37, 64explosion showers, 168gymnasium student, 54neutron-proton theory, 159Nobel Prize, 110proton-neutron model, 172quantum mechanics, 96-98

Heisenberg-Pauli theory, 129

Heitler, Walter, 164

Henry Street Settlement, 49

Hessian duchy, 5

high-energy physics, 268-272

Holton, Gerald, 86

Hoover, Herbert, 184

Hoover, J. Edgar, 57, 279


449Jewett, Frank B.

Hopkins, Harry, 208

Horgan, Paul, 13, 18, 73

HUAC (House Un-AmericanActivities Committee(, 279, 280-284

Hubble Space Telescope, 177

Hubble, Edwin, 174

Hudson Guild, 30

Hudson Guild settlement house, 23

Hufbauer, Karl, 173

Hund, Friedrich, 106

hydrogen atoms, infinite self energyof electrons problem, 269-271

hydrogen bombs, 239, 256, 261,287-288, 296, 302

approval for, 298-299creating, 291-292

acceleration of creation, 300igniting method, 301-302

gag order on scientists, 300Mike, 303morality of, 288-290necessity of, 287Oppenheimer, J. Robert’s opposition to, 310opposition to, 294-297recommendations for, 293-298

IIckes, Harold, 190

IEB (International EducationBoard), 114

fellowships, 124medical examination, 125-126

ILGWU (International LadiesGarment Workers Union), 28

illnessesof Ella Friedman Oppenheimer,143-144

of J. Robert Oppenheimer,61-62, 124-126

of Julius Oppenheimer, 144

immigrants, Asian immigrants, 66

immigration, Jewish immigration, 5

immigration acts of 1921 and 1924,59, 66

Immigration Restriction League, 66

individuality, education, 38

indoctrination course, 237-238

infinite self energy of electronsproblem, 269-271

infinities, 170

inheritance of J. RobertOppenheimer, 150

Institute for Advanced Study, 269,272-274

intellectual elitist, J. RobertOppenheimer, 343-344

Interim Committee, 247-249Franck Report, 249

international agreement on controlof nuclear weapons, 262-264

international control of atomicenergy, 275-279

International Education Board(IEB), 114

International Ladies GarmentWorkers Union (ILGWU), 28

invariance, 128

Ivanov, Pyotr, 227

JJapan

dropping atomic bombs on, 211,251-252preparations for droppingbombs on, 243-244

Jewett, Frank B., 205


450 Jewish immigration

Jewish immigration, 5

Jewish physics, 209

Jewish population in 1800, 5

Jewish segregation, 2-3

JewsAmerican Jews, 12at Berkeley, 147fleeing of Jewish scientists, 184and Harvard, 70and physics, 148

job offers for J. RobertOppenheimer, 122-123, 139

Johnson, E. C., 262

Joint Research and DevelopmentBoard, 261

Jordan, Pascual, 97

Journal Club, 153

Justice Department, Committee onPublic Information, 57

KKalckar, Fritz, 173

Kapitza Club, 97

Kemble, Edwin C., 64, 83-84

Kennan, George F., 275

Kevles, Daniel, 259

Killian, James R., 335

Kimball Smith, Alice, xvii

kindergarten, Ethical CultureSociety, 33

Klock, Augustus, 36, 44

Knapp, Edward, 21

Knapp, Margaret, 21

Korean war, 290, 300

Kramers, Hendrik, 85, 126, 270

Llabor march on May Day 1919 inNew York, 58

Lamb, Arthur Becket, 80

Lamb, Willis, 269-270

Lamb shift of the energies, 270

Landé, Alfred, 113

Langevin, Paul, 119

language, assimilation, 13

Lansdale, John, 225

Laporte, Otto, 119

Latimer, Wendell, 327

Laurence, William L., 251

Lauritsen, Charles C., 142, 274

Lawrence, Ernest O., 136, 271, 273,280-282

cyclotrons, 160funding during GreatDepression, 189

Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, 328

leadership, 40-41, 234

League of Nations, 56

lectures, Reith lectures, 343-344

leftist attitudes, 182-185

Lewis, Franklin C., 54

Lewis, H. W., 170

Libby, Willard F., 331

Liberty Bond campaigns, 53

light, 84-85

light manufacturing, 7

light quanta, 85

light-quantum hypothesis, 85

Lilienthal, David, 264, 275-279

liquid-drop model of nucleus, 172

The Logic of Modern Physics, 92


451military-industrial-scientific complex

Lomanitz, Rossi, 280-282

Loomis, Alfred Lee, 189, 226, 289

Lorelei, 21

Lorentz, H. A., 119

Los Alamos, Manhattan Project, 225

Los Alamos Primer, 238

Los Alamos Ranch School, 63, 237

Los Piños, 63

Low, Seth, 26, 29

Lowell, A. Lawrence , 66-68

Lower East Side, 7

Luce, Henry R., xii-xiv, 206

Lyman, Theodore, 83

MMadison House, 29

The Making of the Atomic Bomb, 213

Malraux, André, 316

Manhattan Engineer District, 223

Manhattan Project, 134, 223-227,231-232, 235

bombs. See bombscentral laboratory, 225Los Alamos, 225military, 232-233, 236scientists, 234success of, 235

manufacturingclothing industry, 8light manufacturing, 7

Mark IV, 290

Marshak, Robert, 269, 271

Marshall Plan, xii

matrix of close-knit alliances, xiv

matrix mechanics, 97

MAUD Committee, 218

Maxwell, James Clerk, 128

May, Andrew J., 262

May Laws of 1882, 8

May-Johnson Bill, 262-263

McCarthy, Joseph, 280

McCarthyism, 280compared to post-September 11fears, 283

McClellan, George, 15

McCloy, John J., 275

McGrath, Patrick, xiv, 209, 213

McMahon, Brien, 264

McMahon Act, 264

McMillan, Edwin, 153, 173, 330

medical examination required byIEB, 125-126

Menorah Society, 70

meson absorption problem, 269,271-272

meson physics, 171

meson theory, 170

mesotrons, 170, 269-272

Metallurgical (Met) Laboratory,208, 224, 244

MeV (1 million electron volts), 160

Mike (first hydrogen bomb), 303

militaristic state science, 256

militaryand Manhattan Project,232-233, 236and science, 257-260

funding, 257-259

Military Policy Committee, 220

military research, 237

military-industrial-scientific complex, 259


452 Millikan, Robert A.

Millikan, Robert A., 81, 116,120-122, 141

cosmic rays, 164reasons for wanting J. RobertOppenheimer, 119

mineral collections, 17, 151

minerals, rutile, 93

molecules, 84

Molotov, V. M., 278

Monsanto Chemical Company, 332

moral education, 39-40

moral law, 24

moratorium on nuclear testing, 335

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 121, 313

Morgenthau Sr., Henry, 29

Morrison, Philip, 241

Morse, Philip, 117

Moscow Party congress, 191

Moskowitz, Henry, 28-29

motivation for creating nuclearweapons, 214-215

Mt. Wilson Observatory, 80, 173

mu-meson, 171, 271

Mueden, Emma, 41

multiple processes, 168-169

muons, 171

Murray, Thomas E., nuclear testban, 333

Murrow, Edward R, 346

music, 19

Muzzey, David Saville, 26Emergency Peace Federation, 49

NNAACP (National Association forthe Advancement of ColoredPeople), 26

NASA (National Aeronautics andSpace Administration), 335

National Academy of Sciences,80, 268

National Bureau of Standards, 217

National Child Labor LawComittee, 26

National Defense Education Act, 335

National Defense Research Council(NDRC), 208, 216

National Research Council.See NRC

National Science Foundation,265, 335

nebulas, 175

Neddermeyer, Seth, 166

negative energies of electrons, 162

Nelson, Steve, 186, 188

neo-humanism, 37

neptunium, 221

Neumann, Henry; Emergency PeaceFederation, 49

neutrinos, 159, 168

neutron cores, 175

neutron stars, 175

neutron-proton theory, 159

neutrons, discovery of, 159

new social awareness, 191

New York, 7

New York conferences, 268-272

New York Stock Exchange, bombingof in September 1920, 58

Newton, Isaac, 63

Nichols, Major General K. D., 309

nicknames for J. RobertOppenheimer, 126


453Oppenheimer, J. Robert

Nisbet, Robert, 149

Nixon, Richard, 309

NKVD (Soviet internal security), 198

Nobel Peace Prize, Joseph Rotblat, 240

Nobel Prizes, 178awarded to T. S. Eliot, 275Heisenberg, , 110and Rochester Conferences, 269

non-combat demonstration ofbombs, 248

Nordheim, Lothar, 168

Notgemeinschaft (EmergencyAssociation), 260

novas, 174

NRC (National Research Council),80-82, 114-115

distributing funds during GreatDepression, 190fellowships, 114

NRC fellows, 122

nuclear arms control, 275-279,285-287

nuclear arms race, 262-264ideas for avoiding, 247

nuclear explosives, 302

nuclear fission, 172, 206, 216-217

Nuclear Freeze Movement, 301

nuclear fusion reactions, 174

Nuclear Regulatory Commission , 264

nuclear test ban, 333

nuclear warfare, 290-291

nuclear weapons. See also bombsmotivation for creating, 214-215post-war control of, 241Pugwash movement, 347

nuclear weapons policy, InterimCommittee, 247-249

nuclei, 172

nucleus of atoms, discovery of, 159

Oobjections to dropping bombs byChicago scientists, 244-245

Office of Scientific Research andDevelopment (OSRD), 208,218, 260

Office of Naval Research, 274

The Open Mind, 339

Operation Barbarossa, 217

operationism, 92

Oppenheim, 4

Oppenheimer, Benjamin, 4

Oppenheimer, Ella Friedman. SeeElla Friedman

Oppenheimer, Emil, 4

Oppenheimer, Frank Friedman, 16,145, 243, 281-282

Oppenheimer, Hedwig. See Stern,Hedwig

Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 2, 19accused of being a security risk,308-311Air Force, 301Army, 301Berkeley, 148-150bomb research, 202-205, 210

uranium, 205-206Caltech, 141-142change in personality, 216Chevalier incident, 227-231,279-281children, 187communism, 193-197, 201

turning away from, 201-202Communist Party, alleged membership in, 197-200


454 Oppenheimer, J. Robert

damage to reputation of, 284death of, 337directorship of Institute forAdvanced Study, 272-274discipline, 54doctorate in physics, 109education, 35-36

Christ’s College, 94electromagnetic theory, 91emotional expression, 87emotional problems, 98-100Enrico Fermi Award, 348-349ethics, 40expert on nuclear weapons, 256family changes in 1928, 123-124family life, 187fast-neutron theory group,221-222FBI investigations, 183feelings about ManhattanProject, 225fellowships, 116fighting accusations oftreason, 312friends, 73-74GAC, 265generosity of, 153Göttingen, 107guilt over having helped createatomic bombs, 255-256Harvard, 68, 71-77hydrogen bombs, 261

opposition to, 294-297IEB medical examination,125-126illnesses, 61-62, 126

summer of 1928, 124inheritance, 150Institute, 340as intellectual elitist, 343-344international control of atomicenergy, 275-279

job offers, 122-123, 139leadership, 40-41, 234

leadership at RochesterConferences, 268-272

leftist attitudes, 182-183life after trial, 339-342Manhattan Project, 225-227,231-232marriage of, 182math, 43-44May-Johnson Bill, 263mineral collections, 17, 151music, 19nicknames, 126Noble Prizes, 178poem he wrote in 1921, 22poems, 59-60, 124-125

“Tempora Mutantur,” 56poems by, 151quantum theory of the problemof two bodies, 102quantum theory of vibration-rotation bands, 101-102radio addresses, 344-345Reith lectures, 343-344relationships, 142-143

with Albert Einstein, 346with father, 20-21with Heisenberg, 167with Lawrence, 161with mother, 19with parents, 143-144with Pauling, 151-152with peers, 42with Lewis Strauss, 286,306-308with Jean Tatlock, 182with women, 108, 142

reputation after World War II, 253reputation of, 267


455Peace Sunday

research papers, 109-112,117-118, 128

nuclear phenomena, 172-173return to University of Californiaat Berkeley, 272science, 43, 45-46security clearance, 279sense of self, 317sexual expression, 99sexual orientation of, 151-152sharing time with Berkeley andCaltech, 140-141Spanish Civil War, 185-186students of, 134, 137suicidal thoughs, 95superiority of, 108as teacher, 154-157television shows, 346testimony before House Un-American Activities Committee,280-284theoretical physics, 86-91, 93, 95transcripts of trial (hearing), 313trial (hearing) of, 313-316,318-320

appeal, 324-325fallout from, 327-333, 337-340findings of, 322-323Teller, Edward, 320-321

trip to Southwest with HerbertW. Smith, 62-63view of hydrogen bombs, 290views on Sputnik, 347

Oppenheimer, Jacquenette (Jackie),145, 281-282

Oppenheimer, Julius, 1, 7, 10death of, 21Ethical Culture Society, 28illness of, 144

Oppenheimer, Julius Robert. SeeOppenheimer, J. Robert

Oppenheimer, Katherine (Kitty)(wife), 187, 274

Oppenheimer, Lewis Friedman, 15

Oppenheimer, Peter, 187, 274

Oppenheimer, Robert. SeeOppenheimer, J. Robert

Oppenheimer, Toni, 274

Oppenheimer Case, 256

“Oppenheimer cult,” 267

Oppenheimer school, 159, 178-179

Oppenheimer-Phillips process, 173

Oppenheimer-Snyder paper, 178

opposition to hydrogen bomb bycommittee, 294-297

Orthodox branch, 3

OSRD (Office of Scientific Researchand Development),208, 218

PPage, Katherine, 63

Page, Winthrop, 63

pair creation, 165

Pais, Abraham, 99, 118, 270

Pale of Settlement, 3May Laws of 1882, 8

Palmer, A. Mitchell, 57

Paris Peace Conference, 56

Parsons, Captain William S., 240

particle physics, 268-269, 271-272

Pash, Boris T., 228

Patterson, Robert P, 263

Pauli, Wolfgang, 44, 117, 126-127,269, 273

neutrino, 159opinion of Oppenheimer, J.Robert, 127

Pauling, Linus, 119, 142relationship with, 151-152

Peace Sunday, 48


456 Peierls, Rudolf

Peierls, Rudolf, 127

Penney, William, 243

People’s World, 195

Perro Caliente, 130, 274

persona, 32

personality, changing in J. RobertOppenheimer, 216

Personnel Security Board, 313

Peters, Bernard, 281-282, 284

Pfaue, Richard, 307

Phi Beta Kappa, 76

philanthropic sources of fundingphysics, 81

Phillips, Melba, 137, 173, 232

photons, 163

physicists. See scientists

physicsfunding, 81matrix mechanics, 97meson physics, 171phasing out by RockefellerFoundation, 139quantum mechanics, 82, 96-98relativistic quantum mechanics, 127theoretical physics, 79-83,113, 179

Harvard, 83-85NRC, 82Oppenheimer, J. Robert,86-91, 93, 95

physics journals, 153

Physics Today, 267, 328

pi-mesons (pions), 171, 271

Pierce, George Washington, 81

pions, 171, 271

Pitzer, Kenneth, 327, 330

plutonium, 221, 239

plutonium bombs, testing, 240

plutonium-producing reactors, 224

poems by J. Robert Oppenheimer,22, 59-60, 124-125, 151

pogroms, 8

Polenberg, Richard, 313

politics and science, 184-185,190-191, 260-262, 334-336. See alsomilitary, science

Pollak, Inez, 42, 73

Popular Front, 192

population of Jews in 1800, 5

positron, 164

post-September 11 fears comparedto McCarthyism, 283

post-war control of nuclearweapons, 241

preparation for dropping atomicbombs, 239, 243-244

President’s Science AdvisoryCommittee (PSAC), 335

Princeton, 273-275. See alsoInstitute for Advanced Study

Proceedings of the Royal Society ofLondon, 96

Progressive Era, 15

proton-neutron model, 172

proton-proton fusion reactions, 174

Prussian North GermanFederation, 5

PSAC (President’s Science AdvisoryCommittee), 335

psychoanalysis, 64

Pugwash conference, 346

pulsars, 175


457research

QQED (quantum electrodynamics), 168

quanta, 84

quantum, 85

quantum electrodynamics (QED),165, 167-168

quantum field theories, 268-269

quantum mechanics, 82, 96-98, 105commutator bracket notation, 96relativistic quantum mechanics, 127

quantum perturbation theory, 112

quantum physics, infinite self ener-gy of electrons problem, 269-271

quantum theory, 84

quantum theory of the problem oftwo bodies, 102

quantum theory of vibration-

rotation bands, 101-102

quantum tunneling, 118

questions regarding scientist involment with public and military,244-245

quotas, Harvard, 69

RRabi, Isidor I., 31, 114, 126, 270

Rabinowitch, Eugene, 329

race, 11effects of World War I, 66

Rad Lab (Radiation Laboratory),138-139, 280

unionization of, 203

radio addresses, 344-345

Ramsauer effect, 118

Randall, Harrison M., 81, 113

Raymond, Natalie, 142

RCA, 274

reactors, development of, 286

recession of 1893-1895, 28

“red-baiting,” 278

Red Scare, 58

Reform Judaism, 3, 24-25

Reith lectures, 342-344

relationships of J. RobertOppenheimer, 142-143

with Einstein, Albert, 346with Heisenberg, 167with Lawrence, , 161with parents, 143-144with Pauling, 151-152with peers, 42with Lewiss Strauss, 286,306-308with Jean Tatlock, 182with women, 108, 142

relativistic photoelectric effect, 163

relativistic quantum mechanics, 127

relativitygeneral relativity, 177special relativity, 128

renormalization, 129, 172, 270

reputation of J. RobertOppenheimer, 267

damage to, 284

researchbombs, 217-219nuclear fission, 216-217


458 research papers J. Robert Oppenheimer

research papers J. RobertOppenheimer, 109-112,117-118, 128

nuclear phenomena, 172-173

research schools, 134-136, 159

Reston, James, 298

Retherford, Robert, 269

Rhodes, Richard, 213

Richards, Theodore William, 89

Riefenstahl, Charlotte, 107-108

Robb, Roger, 314

Rochester Conferences, 268-272

Rochester Times-Union, 281

Rockefeller Foundation, 105, 114phasing out physics, 139

roles of scientists, 212, 299-300in society, 254

Roosevelt, Franklin D., sciencebudget cuts, 189

Roosevelt, Teddy, 15

Rose, Wickliffe, 121

Rossi, Bruno, 270

Rotblat, Joseph, 240, 346

Rothfeld, Babette, 4

Rothfeld, Sigmund, 5

Rothfeld, Solomon, 5

Rothfeld, Stern and Company, 6, 9

Rothschilds, 2

Rowe, Hartley, 265

Russell, Bertrand, 64, 276, 339

Russell, Henry Norris, 119

Rutherford, Sir Ernest, 90

rutile, 93

Ryder, Arthur, 150

SS-1 committee, 206

Sanskrit, 150

Schiff, Leonard, 139

schoolsAnn Arbor summer school intheoretical physics, 140Berkeley. See BerkeleyCaltech, 118-119, 121-122, 136Christ’s College, 94Harvard. See HarvardLos Alamos Ranch School,63, 237Oppenheimer school, 159,178-179research schools, 134-136, 159St. John‘s College, 96top ten American institutions forproducing doctorates in Physicsduring the 1930s and 1950s,353-355University of Michigan, 113

Schwarzschild radius, 175

Schweber, Silvan S., xv, 213,268-269

Schwinger, Julian, 268-270

science, 37and military, 257-260

funding, 257-259and politics, 184-185, 190-191,260-262, 334-336public’s view during GreatDepression, 189-190

Science Advisory Board, 190-191

scientific advisers, 333

Scientific Advisory Panel, 247, 250controlling nuclear arms, 262findings of, 249-250

scientific militarism, xiv, 256


459Sproul, Robert G.

scientistsbringing civilian scientists intowar effort, 208-210and communism, 191-194gag order regarding hydrogenbombs, 300guilt over having helped createatomic bombs, 255-256Manhattan Project, 234and military, Manhattan project,232-233objections to dropping bombs,244-245physicists, reputation after WorldWar II, 253and responsibility for weaponsthey produce, 250role of, 212, 254, 299-300signing of petition calling forend of war, 254view of Soviet Union, 188-189

Seaborg, Glenn, 265, 348

Section S-1, 219

security, xivderogatory information, 314Einstein, Albert, 217whole man definition, 314

security clearance, 279, 309-310

Sedition Act, 55

See It Now, 346

Segrè, Emilio, 163

segregation, Jewish segregation, 2-3

self energy, 129

Seligman, Edwin R. A., 26

Sephardic Jews, 5

Serber, Robert, 140, 157, 237indoctrination course, 237

Shapley, Harlow, 177

Shelter Island Conference, 269-272.See also Rochester Conferences

site Y, 240

Slater, John C., 84

Smith, Al, 15

Smith, Cyril Stanley, 265

Smith, Herbert W., 14, 34, 151trip to Southwest with J. RobertOpenheimer, 62-63

Smyth, Henry DeWolf, 324

Snyder, Hartland, 176

social awareness, 191

Social Register, 12

Socialist Labor Party, 28

Society for Ethical Culture. SeeEthical Culture Society

Sommerfeld, Arnold, 82

Southwest, J. RobertOppenheimer’s trip to, 62-63

Soviet Unionatomic bombs, 255

explosion of, 258testing, 292

fear of, 305-306nuclear weapons,controlling, 289scientists view of, 188-189security from, xivSputnik, 334-335, 347

Spanish Civil War, 185-186

special relativity, 128

spectroscopy, 84-85

spies, 280accusation of J. RobertOppenheimer as a spy, 198-200Fuchs, Klaus, 300

Sproul, Robert G., 138, 273


460 Sputnik

Sputnik, 334-335, 347

St. John’s College, 96

staging, 302

Standard Model, 271

State Department, disarmamentpanel, 303

stellar energy, 174

stellar evolution, 173-177novas, 174

Stern, Alfred, 185

Stern, Hedwig, 185

Stern, Philip M., 313

stock market crash, 137-138

Strauss, Lewis, 273, 305-307Ethical Culture movement, 307recommendations for hydrogenbombs, 297relationship with J. RobertOppenheimer, 286, 306-308

Student Liberal Club, 71-72

studentsof J. Robert Oppenheimer,134, 137population at Berkeley, 146-147

success of Manhattan Project, 235

Sudoplatov, Pavel, 198

suicidal thougts of J. RobertOppenheimer, 95

Super bombs, 222. See alsohydrogen bombs

supernovas, 174

sweatshops, 9

Synott, Marcia Graham, 69

Szilard Petition, 244-246

Szilard, Leo, 244

TTatlock, Jean, 152, 182

teaching, opinions of J. RobertOppenheimer’s teaching practices,154-157

television, 346

Teller, Edward, 238, 380hydrogen bombs, 239trial of J. Robert Oppenheimer,320-321

Temple Emmanu-E1, 23-24, 26

“Tempora Mutantur,” 56

tenement investigations, 26

Tennessee Valley Authority, 264

Tenney Committee, 210

testingatomic bombs, Soviet Union, 292bombs, 250moratorium on nuclear testing, 335nuclear test ban, 333plutonium bombs, 240, 243

The Cocktail Party (Eliot), 275

The New York Times, 279, 283

theoretical physics, 79-83, 113, 179emergence of, 267-268Harvard, 83-85NRC, 82Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 86-91,93, 95Rochester Conferences, 268-272

theoriescascade theory of showers, 166electrodynamics, 162meson, 170of relativity, 82

thermodynamics, 83, 89

thermonuclear devices, 222


461Vannevar, Bush

Thompson, Homer, 275

Thomson, Sir J. J. , 94

Thorpe, Charles, xiv-xv, 202, 213trust in J. Robert Oppenheimer,241-242

Tibbets, Colonel Paul W., 239

time management, ManhattanProject, 235

Tisdale, W. E., 126

Tolman, Richard, 142, 175, 220,238, 274, 276-277

Tolman, Ruth, 142, 274

Top Policy Committee, 220

Toynbee, Arnold, 275

transcripts of trial of J. RobertOppenheimer, 313

treason, 53

trench dysentery, illnesses of J.Robert Oppenheimer, 61

trial (hearing) of J. RobertOppenheimer, 313-319

appeal, 324-325fallout from, 327-333, 337-340findings of the panel, 322-323life afterward, 339-342Teller, Edward, 320-321

Trilling, Diana, 338

Trimethy, 21

Trinity, testing site of bombs, 243

tritium, 291

Trowbridge, Augustus, 115

Truman, Harry S., 275-276dropping of bomb on Japan, 251

tunneling, 118

UU-235, 205

U.S. Interior Department, 190

Uhlenbeck, George, 101, 113, 176

Ulam, Stanislaw, 301

UN Atomic Energy Commission,276, 278

UN General Assembly, 278

UNESCO, 347

unionization of Rad Lab, 203

United NationsAtoms for Peace proposal, 308international control of atomicenergy, 276-279

United Nations DisarmamentCommission, 303

United States. See also AmericanCentury

entrance into World War I, 51-52sentiments after U.S. enteredWorld War I, 52-55sentiments after World War Iended, 56-59working to become leader inphysics, 112-116

University of California at Berkeley.See Berkeley

University of Chicago,Metallurgical Laboratory, 224

University of Colorado at Boulder, 282

University of Göttingen, 102

University of Michigan, 113

University of Minnesota, 281-282

University of Rochester, 282

uranium, 205-206

Urey, Harold, 263

VValentine, Ruth, 142

Van Vleck, John H., 84

Vannevar, Bush, 204


462 Vassiliev, Alexander

Vassiliev, Alexander, 198

Veblen, Oswald, 272

Versailles Treaty, 56

viscosity of organic liquids, 93

Volkoff, George, 174

von Neumann, John, 272, 275, 331

Wwars

Korean War, 300Spanish Civil War, 185-186World War I, 47-49

anti-war activites, 49-51effects on Harvard, 68-70end of, 56-59sentiments after U.S. enteredwar, 52-55United States entrance in,51-52

World War II, effects on U.S., xi

Washington Times-Herald, 282

wave functions, 110

weapons race, 305-306

Weinberg, Joseph W., 139, 280-282

Weiner, Charles, xvii

Weinstein, Allen, 198

Weisskopf, Victor, 243, 269, 284

Weyl, Hermann, 272

Whitehead, Alfred North, 69, 76

whole man definition ofsecurity, 314

Wigner, Eugene P., 221plutonium-producing reactors, 224

Wilson, Robert, 241

Wilson, Woodrow, 48, 56

Wise, Dr. Stephen S., 28

World War I, 47-49anti-war activities, 49-51effects on Harvard, 68-70end of war, 56-59sentiments after U.S. enteredwar, 52-55United States entrance in, 51-52

World War II, effects on U.S., xi

Worthington, Hood, 265

Wouthuysen, S. A., 170

Wu, C. S. , 232

Wyman Jr., Jeffries, 71

Wyman, Dr. Jeffries, 316

Wyman, Sr., Jeffries, 71

X-Y-ZX-rays, 110

York, Herbert, 328, 331

Yukawa’s theory of nuclear forces, 271

Yukawa, Hideki, 169

Zeitschrift fur Physik, 97

Zunz, Olivier, xiv

Zwicky, Fritz, 175


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