INA Plc. exploration and productionactivities in Syria, successful achievementof hydrocarbon discoveries anddevelopmentsT. Malviæ, M. \urekoviæ, �. Šikonja, Z. Èogelja, T. Ilijaš, I. Kruljac

REVIEW

INA-Industry of Oil Plc. (Croatia) has been present in Syria since 1998, working on exploration anddevelopment of hydrocarbon fields located in the Hayan Block. Recently, INA Plc. has been preparing theexploration activities in the Aphamia Block as well. All exploration activities are led by INA Branch Office,while development and production (for now exclusively in Hayan Block) is operated by Hayan PetroleumCompany, a joint venture between INA and SPC (Syrian Petroleum Company). Since 1998 six commercialdiscoveries were reported in the Hayan Block, namely Jihar, Al Mahr, Jazal, Palmyra, Mustadira and MazrurFields. The largest proven reserves are related to Jihar Field where hydrocarbons were discovered inheterogeneous reservoir sequences, mostly in the fractured Middle Triassic carbonate reservoirs of theKurrachine Dolomites Formation. Complex reservoir lithology assumed advanced reservoir characterizationthat included integration of all geologic and engineering data. Such characterization included several or thefollowing models and calculations: (1) estimation OHIP potential scenarios and production foreseeing bydynamical simulations; (2) structural interpretation from 3D seismic data; (3) petrophysical variablesestimation based on core analysis, log data and well tests. Moreover, in some reservoirs facies distributionwas made using stochastic simulations. Advanced computer modelling of rock fracture geometry had beenapplied using interpretation of image logs, combined with core data. Two discrete fracture network modelswere stochastically created, giving fracture’s parameters as input for dynamic simulations, also making topredict more production scenarios as base for the next development stage.

Key words: Syria, Hayan Block, Aphamia Block, Triassic reservoirs, Kurrachine Dolomites Formation,hydrocarbons

1. INTRODUCTION IN E&P HISTORYIN HAYAN BLOCK ANDACQUISITIONS IN APHAMIA BLOCK

INA-Industry of Oil Plc. (Croatia) has been active in Syriasince 1998, and is currently independently performingexploration activities in the Aphamia Block and develop-ing Hayan Block (Figure 1.1). INA Branch Office in Da-mascus was opened in 1998 to handle the exploration,while Hayan Petroleum Company, a joint venture be-tween INA Plc. and Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC,now GPC), operates development and production ofHayan Block.

Since 1998 INA made six commercial discoveries inHayan Block with significant oil, gas and condensate re-serves: Jihar, Al Mahr, Jazal, Palmyra, Mustadira andMazrur fields. Development was technologically dividedinto two areas: (1) Hayan Block West, with oil, gas andcondensate reserves in Jihar, Jazal, Al Mahr and MazrurFields; (2) Hayan Block East, with gas and condensate re-serves in Palmyra and Mustadira Fields (Figure 1.2).

Oil production started in August 2005 (Jihar-2 well),while gas production in December 2006 (Palmyra-1 and-3 wells). Currently existing production systems allowthe average production gas rate of 1.2 MMm3/d (42MMft3/d) and the oil rate of 1,200 m3/day (7,550 bbl/d).

This will be significantly upgraded by the new gas treat-ment plant, currently being finalized and scheduled forfull capacity operation in 2011, which will increase theproduction capacity to 1,800 m3/day (11,320 bbl/d) of oiland condensate, 4 MMm3/day (141 MMft3/d) of gas and350 m3/d (2,200 bbl/d) of LPG.

The Aphamia Block is located NW from the HayanBlock (Figure 1.1). Currently, activities in the AphamiaBlock include second extension of Initial ExplorationPhase. The first initial exploration phase started in 2004and lasted for 4 years. The first extension lasted for twomore years with 270 km2 of 3D seismic and 2 explorationwells. The second extension (2 years) resulted in 1 newexploration well. Exploration results indicated severalhydrocarbon shows in wells drilled in the AphamiaBlock, i.e. the Salamiah, Jaddua, Mudawara and Beer AsSib localities.

2. GEOLOGICAL SETTINGS OF THEHAYAN BLOCK

Hayan Block belongs to the tectonic province of thenorthern Arabian platform in Syria. The large part of thecentral Syria, including Hayan and Aphamia Blocks, is apart of Palmyrides mountain range, which isintracontinental transpressive mountain fold belt (ref.7)

NAFTA 62 (9-10) 297-302 (2011) 297

expressed as zone of upliftedtopography and maximal al-titude of 1385 m. This rangeextends from the Dead SeaFault Zone to the EuphratesGraben, and is 400 km longand 100 km wide. That is di-vided on the north and southparts by the Jihar Fault ex-tending also in the Al DawnDepression (e.g. refs.7,8).Main tectonic events, ac-cording to the summary7,can be outlined in approxi-mate periods (in Ma) as:

a) Early Cambrian to EarlySilurian (560-420 Ma)extension and rifting,thermal subsidence andsea level regression;

b) Early Silurian to EarlyCarboniferous (420-360Ma) mild compressionuplift and erosion;

c) Early Carboniferous toLate Permian (360-245Ma) renewed extensionand subsidence;

d) Early Triassic to EarlyCretaceous (245-135Ma) extension,subsidence and riftingalong major faults(Palmyrides through);

e) Early and beginning of Late Cretaceous (Hauterivianto Cenomanian; 135-94 Ma) renewed extension andsubsidence in interior fractured basins alongPalmyride, Sinjar and Euphrates Troughs, includingAptian and Albian transgression;

f) Late Cretaceous to Late Palaeogene (end of Oligocene;94-23 Ma) compressional phase, continuoussubsidence in Palmyride, Sinjar and Euphratestroughs;

g) Miocene to recent (23-0 Ma) continental collisionbetween Arabia and Eurasia, inversion ofPalmyrides and Euphrates Troughs.

The detailed evolution of Palmyride or Northern Ara-bian Platform in Syria can be found by refs.1,2, and aboutevolution of the Eastern Mediterranean by ref.6. Triassicsequences (Figure 2.1) are very important parts of hydro-carbon systems (as source, reservoir and isolator rocks)in entire Syria, what is, e.g. well documented by ref.4.

Generally, several dominant lithofacies from Palaeozoicto Cenozoic as well as main stratigraphic intervals in-cluding source, reservoir and isolator rocks can be rec-ognized (e.g. ref.3). The rocks through these largechronostratigraphic intervals are mostly represented bycarbonates, marlstones, claystones and sandstones (Fig-ure 2.1). The first three lithologies are mostly source andisolator rocks, while carbonates can be highly fractures

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T. MALVIÆ ET AL. INA PLC. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA,...

Fig. 1.1. Schematic map of Hayan Block (development area) and Aphamia Block (explorationarea)

Sl. 1.1. Shematska karta koja prikazuje blok Hayan (kao razradno) te blok Aphamia (kaoistra�ivaèko podruèje)

Fig. 1.2. Schematic map of development areas (discoveredfields) in the Hayan Block

Sl. 1.2. Shematska karta razradnih podruèja (otkrivenih polja)unutar bloka Hayan

INA PLC. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA,... T. MALVIÆ ET AL.

NAFTA 62 (9-10) 297-302 (2011) 299

Fig. 2.1. Schematic stratigraphy and main lithological categories of petroleum system in the Hayan Block (units, ages andcolours approx. according ref.5)

Sl. 2.1. Shematski stratigrafski prikaz te glavne litološke kategorije naftnoplinskih sustava u bloku Hayan (jedinice, starosti i boje supribli�no dane prema lit.5)

and play role of reservoir rocks with secondary porosity.Sandstones are sometimes clean or in transitional faciesand represents reservoir rocks. It also can be analyzedthrough lithostratigraphy described in ref.7, regardingformations that build hydrocarbon systems (Figure 2.1)in the Hayan Block.

2.1. Palaeozoic formations of hydrocarbonsystems

The oldest Afandi Formation (Ordovician) is assumed tobe potentially reservoir rocks and it generally consists ofsiltstones and sandstones with shale intercalations. Thenext Tanf Formation (Silurian) is considered as isolator(seal) rocks for older reservoirs. It is formed from shales,partly silty and claystones, partly calcareous. The Car-boniferous Markada Formation is supposed to be a re-gional reservoir rocks sequence, includingheterogeneous lithology of sandstones, shales and lime-stones or dolomites in alterations. Sandstones areproven hydrocarbon reservoirs in several Syrian fieldssuch as Arak, Soukhne, Al Hail, Najeeb and Doubayat.The youngest is Amanus Sandstones Formation which isalso regionally correlated in Syria, and consists of sand-stones, siltstones and sometime shales. It can beconsidered as reservoir rocks if is developed insandstone lithofacies.

2.2. Mesozoic formations of hydrocarbonsystems

Mesozoic stratigraphic sequence includes the major oflithostratigraphic units described as source, reservoir orisolator rocks (Figure 2.1). The oldest is the AmanusShales Formation (Lower Triassic), with domination ofclaystones and shales, including just a few carbonate andsandstone intercalations. The next one is KurrachineDolomites Formation (Middle Triassic) important assource, reservoir and isolator rocks. It consists mainlyfrom different type of carbonates, evaporates and shales.The reservoirs of this formation in the Palmyra regionare mostly saturated with gas. Due to significant hydro-carbon accumulations, formation is divided in three res-ervoir zones, which can be considered as an informalunit in rang of member. They are named (from the oldest)D2 (Anisian), D1 (Anisian) and C2 (Ladinian). Each ofthem can be further divided in “subzones”. KurrachineAnhydrite Formation (Middle Triassic) is considered asisolator rocks, representing salts, anhydrites,claystones, dolomites and limestones. Salt is not region-ally deposited (or migrated), because in the southernpart it is very thin or missing.

In Jurassic, the Hara Moun Formation is considered asinterval with reservoir rocks, which is generally com-posed of carbonate rocks, limestones and dolomites. Theseveral exposed Jurassic surfaces were subdued tokarstification. The Rutbah Formation (Lower Creta-ceous) includes isolator rocks sequences, although largepart is represented with sandstones, but intercalated oroverlaid with siltstones, claystones, dolomites or sandymarlstones. The next Hayane Formation (Early/Late Cre-taceous) is mostly represented by dolomites, but on thesouth-west of the Palmyride the marlitic dolomites withhorizons of gypsum or anhydrites dominate. The Judea

Formation represents sequence of mostly isolator rocks,i.e. of marlstones, dolomites and limestones. The lastone is the Soukhne Formation (Upper Cretaceous) de-scribed as sequence of source rocks. It is composed ofdifferent limestones and dolomites, marlstones,claystones, but also cherts and sandy and conglomeraticbeds.

3. RESERVOIRS, DEVELOPMENT ANDPRODUCTION IN THE HAYANBLOCK

The first discovery of hydrocarbon reservoirs INA madein April 2002, announced it for the Jihar structure. In thesame year, it was followed with two other structures –Palmyra and Al Mahr. The very first oil production inSyria started from the Jihar Field (from the Jihar-2 well)on August 25th 2005, as part of the early productionphase. About one year later, the gas production startedfrom the Palmyra Field on December 13th 2006 (from Pal-myra-1 and 3 wells), and the Jazal Field had been discov-ered. In the 2007, Mustadira and Mazrur Fields werediscovered, production started from Jazal Field. In theFebruary 2008, production started from Mustadira andin the 2009 from the Mazrur Field.

Today the significant surface equipment had been set inthe entire Hayan Block. Most of it is located in the area ofthe Jihar Field, where there are:

• Oil station Jihar developed in the project stage no. 1,

• Export pipeline system Jihar,

• 10 kV OHL to the Jihar Field,

• Oil and gas station Jihar developed in the project stageno. 2,

• Gas treatment plant Jihar from the project stage no. 3,

• Water disposal system Jihar.

All other, smaller, fields have some sort of distributionsystem or other equipment for hydrocarbon transporta-tion to main oil and gas stations located at the JiharField. Those are:

• Gathering line from the Jazal to the Jihar Field,

• Flow line from Mazrur-1 well to the Jazal Field,

• Flow lines from Palmyra-1 and 3 wells to gas collectingpoint Palmyra,

• Gas pipeline from the Palmyra to the Arak Field,

• Flow line from Mustadira-1 to gas collecting pointMustadira,

• Gas pipeline to Palmyra gas transportation system.

4. GEOLOGICAL SETTING IN THEAPHAMIA BLOCK

The Aphamia Block is part of hydrocarbon area in Syriathat could be described as “medium explored”. Numer-ous oil, gas and gas/condensate fields were discovered inthe area southeast of the Aphamia Block (Fig. 4.1), like inthe Hayan Block (Figure 1.2).

Source rocks had been determined from well samples.They chronostratigraphically and lithostratigraphicallybelong to:

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T. MALVIÆ ET AL. INA PLC. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA,...

• Lower Triassic series, i.e. Amanus Formation (thick-ness 50-150 m),

• Middle Triassic series (Lower Kurrachine DolomitesFormation, about 400 m),

• Upper Cretaceous series (Soukhne Formation,100-250 m).

It can be assumed that “hot” shale of Silurian can lo-cally represent source rocks in wider area of theAphamia Block, but there are still unknown migrationpathways for these rocks.

Reservoirs rocks are part of:

• Triassic system (Kurrachine Dolomites Formation, butonly with fracture system)

• Jurassic system, i.e. Moun Formation. There is provensaturation with both oil and gas in the Aphamia Block.

• Cretaceous system (Hayan Formation), where are dis-cover oil reservoirs in this exploration block.

Also, the older Permian (Amanus Sand Formation) andOrdovician sandstones are generally considered as thepotential reservoir rocks, mostly depending on migrationpathways. Seal (or isolator) rocks are generally argilla-ceous carbonates, marls or shales which overlay reser-

voir sequences of all ages. Fractured reservoirs in theKurrachine Dolomites Formation can be also coveredwith anhydrite and salt.

5. CONCLUSIONSINA produced significant quantities of hydrocarbonsfrom six hydrocarbon fields located in the Hayan Blockin the central Syria. Up to now, those are the most impor-tant foreign hydrocarbon reserves of company. This pro-duction started in 2005 and still has increasingproduction line, thanks to continuous discovering of thenew fields and successful development of the existingreservoirs. Large production initiated building of largesurface systems and equipment for transport and collec-tion of oil, condensate and especially gas as well as con-nection to the adjacent, large Syrian Arak Field, locatedon the SE.

The further activities will develop in two ways. The firstone is maintaining of the present production levelthrough developing of existing fields. The next one in-cludes exploration of potential prospects and plays. Thisexploration phase can go two ways:

• The first way is exploration of locations in the HayanBlock with plays where the relatively high probability ofsuccess for new hydrocarbon discoveries is predicted.There are three such stratigraphical plays. The first isSilurian and Ordovician play (probably in the Tanf andAfandi Formations) located on Palmyra structure. Thesecond one is Carboniferous play (sandstones in theMarkada Sandstone Formation) outlined N and NWfrom Mustadira structure and S from the Palmyrastructure. The third is Triassic, estimated NE fromMazrur structure and W from Jihar structure(Kurrachine Dolomites Formation).

• The second way is the entire the Aphamia Block, whereINA currently explores. There are hydrocarbon showsin wells from several localities. So, in the Salamiah lo-cality oil and gas shows were observed, in the Jadduaoil, in the Mudawara oil, gas and condensate and in theBeer As Sib oil and gas. Due to geographical vicinity ofthe Aphamia and Hayan Blocks, the described plays inthe Aphamia Block mostly have similar lithology withreservoir units proven in the Hayan Block.

INA PLC. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA,... T. MALVIÆ ET AL.

NAFTA 62 (9-10) 297-302 (2011) 301

Fig. 4.1 Location of exploration plays and wells in theAphamia Block

Sl. 4.1 Polo�aj istra�ivaèkih podruèja i bušotina unutarbloka Aphamia

6. REFERENCES1. Best, J. A., Barazangi, M., Al-Saad, D., Sawaf, T. & Gebran, A. (1990) Bouger

Gravity Trends and Crustal Structure of the Palmyride Mountain Belt and Sur-rounding Northern Arabian Platform in Syria, Geology, 18, 1235-1239.

2. Best, J. A., Barazangi, M., Al-Saad, D., Sawaf, T. & Gebran, A. (1993) Conti-nental Margin Evolution of the Northern Arabian Platform in Syria, AAPG Bul-letin, 77, 2, 173-193.

3. Daliæ, N. (2005) Discovery of gas, condensate and oil at Hayan block, Syria,Nafta, 56, 8-9, 341-345.

4. Jamal, M., Bizra, Y & Caron, C. (2000) Paleogeography and hydrocarbon habi-tat of the Triassic series in Syria, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Sciences de la Terre et desplanets (Earth and Planetary Sciences), 331, 133-139, Paris.

5. North American Commission On Stratigraphic Nomenclature - NACSN(2005) North American Stratigraphic Code, AAPG Bulletin, 89, 11, 1547-1591.

6. May, P. R. (1991) The Eastern Mediterranean Mesozoic Basin Evolution andOil Habitat, AAPG Bulletin, 75, 7, 1215-1232.

Internal reports and maps7. LUÈIÆ, D. (2001) Lithostratigraphical and Petrographical Guidebook of the

typical facies in the wider area of the Hayan Block (Palmyrides, Syria),INA-Industrija nafte, Branch Office Damascus, Syria, 47 p.

8. PONIKAROV, V. P. (1967) The Geological Map of Syria Scale 1:500000, Ex-planatory notes, Syrian Arab Republic Ministry of Industry, Damascus, 230 p.

�

Authors:

Tomislav Malviæ, Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering,Department of Geology and Geological Engineering, Pierottijeva 6, 10000Zagreb,INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Geology and Geological Engineering,Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.Corresponding author e-mail: tomislav.malvic@ina.hr

Miro \urekoviæ, INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Geology and Geologi-cal Engineering, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

�elimir Šikonja, INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Production of Oil&Gasin SE Europe, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Zoran Èogelja, INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Geology and GeologicalEngineering, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Tomislav Ilijaš, INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Geology and GeologicalEngineering, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Igor Kruljac, INA-Industry of Oil Plc., Sector for Geology and Geological En-gineering, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

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T. MALVIÆ ET AL. INA PLC. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES IN SYRIA,...

Istra�ivaèke i proizvodne aktivnosti INEd.d. u Siriji, primjer uspješnih otkriæa irazrade le�išta ugljikovodikaT. Malviæ, M. \urekoviæ, �. Šikonja, Z. Èogelja, T. Ilijaš, I. Kruljac

PREGLEDNI ÈLANAK

Tvrtka INA-Industrija nafte d.d. nazoèna je u Siriji od 1998. godine, gdje se bavi istra�ivanjem i razradom

le�išta ugljikovodika unutar bloka Hayan. Nedavno su takoðer zapoèete istra�ivaèke aktivnosti i unutar

bloka Aphamia. Sve istra�ivaèke aktivnosti vodi INA-Branch Office, dok se djelatnostima razrade i

proizvodnje (zasada samo u bloku Hayan) bavi operativna tvrtka Hayan Petroleum Company, koja je

zajednièka tvrtka Ine i Sirijske naftne kompanije (engl. Syrian Petroleum Company, abbr. SPC). Od 1998.

godine prijavljeno je šest komercijalnih otkriæa unutar bloka Hayan, a poimence to su polja Jihar, Al Mahr,

Jazal, Palmyra, Mustadira i Mazrur. Najveæe rezerve otkrivene su u polju Jihar, gdje su le�išta smještena u

heterogenim, no najveæim dijelom u frakturiranim karbonatnim le�ištima srednjotrijaske starosti koja

litostratigrafski pripadaju formaciji dolomiti Kurrachine (engl. Kurrachine Dolomites Formation). Slo�eni

litološki odnosi podrazumijevali su karakterizaciju le�išta temeljenu na integraciji svih dostupnih geoloških i

in�enjerskih podataka. To znaèi da su unutar modela naèinjeni: (1) procjena rezervi ugljikovodika (engl.

Original Hydrocarbon In Place, abbr. OHIP) kroz nekoliko scenarija proizvodnje, (2) strukturna

interpretacija 3D seizmièkih podataka, (3) procjena petrofizikalnih vrijednosti iz podataka jezgara, karota�e

i testiranja u bušotinama. Takoðer, u nekim le�ištima je raspodjela facijesa prikazana uporabom

stohastièkih simulacija. Napredni raèunalni algoritmi uporabljeni su za modeliranje geometrije fraktura, a

na temelju podataka iz "slikovne" karota�e (engl. image log) te "klasiènih" jezgara. Stohastikom su razvijena

dva diskretna frakturna modela, iz kojih su dobiveni parametri za izvoðenje dinamièkih simulacija. Kroz više

proizvodnih scenarija dobivena je osnova za sljedeæu razradnu fazu.

Kljuène rijeèi: Sirija, blok Hayan, blok Aphamia, trijaska le�išta, formacije Kurrachine Dolomites,ugljikovodici

1. UVOD U ISTRA�IVAÈKU IRAZRADNU POVIJEST BLOKAHAYAN TE ISTRA�IVANJE BLOKAAPHAMIA

Tvrtka INA-Industrija nafte d.d. aktivna je u Siriji od

1998. godine. Trenutno tamo samostalno istra�uje

unutar bloka Aphamia te razraðuje le�išta u bloku

Hayan (slika 1.1). Podruèni ured INE u Damasku otvoren

je takoðer 1998. godine te je odgovoran za istra�ivanje u

toj zemlju. Naftna tvrtka Hayan (engl. Hayan PetroleumCompany) je zajednièka tvrtka INE i sirijske naftne

tvrtke (engl. Syrian Petroleum Company) - SPC (sada

preimenovane u GPC). Ta zajednièka tvrtka odgovorna je

za razradu i proizvodnju unutar bloka Hayan.

Od 1998. godine do danas INA je prijavila šest

komercijalnih otkriæa ugljikovodika u bloku Hayan, tj. u

poljima Jihar, Al Mahr, Jazal, Palmyra, Mustadira i

Mazrur. Razrada se, u tehnološkom pogledu, odvija u

dva podruèja: (1) unutar zapadnog dijela bloka Hayan

(engl. Hayan Block West) u kojem su prijavljene rezerve

nafte, plina i kondenzata u poljima Jihar, Jazal, Al Mahr

i Mazrur; (2) unutar istoènog dijela bloka Hayan (engl.

Hayan Block East) s rezervama plina i kondenzata u

poljima Palmyra i Mustadira (slika 1.2).

Proizvodnja nafte zapoèela je u kolovozu 2005. godine

(bušotinom Jihar-2), a plina u prosincu 2006. (bušotine

Palmyra-1 i 3). Trenutna proizvodna oprema dopušta

odr�avanje prosjeène proizvodnje u iznosu 1,2 MMm3/d

(42 MMft3/d) plina te 1200 m3/dan (7550 bbl/d) nafte. Ti

iznosi bit æe znaèajno poveæani nakon puštanja u rad

novoga postrojenja za prihvat ugljikovodika (engl. gas

treatment plant) koje æe biti dovršeno i pušteno u rad

tijekom 2011. godine. Tako uveæani kapaciteti iznosit æe

1800 m3/dan (11 320 bbl/d) nafte i kondenzata te 4

MMm3/dan (141 MMft3/d) plina te 350 m3/d (2,200 bbl/d)

ukapljenog plina (LPG).

Blok Aphamia smješten je sjeverozapadno od bloka

Hayan (slika 1.1). Trenutne aktivnosti u tom bloku

obuhvaæaju drugo produ�enje poèetne istra�ivaèke faze

(engl. Initial Exploration Phase), koja je zapoèela 2004. i

trajala èetiri godine. Prvo produ�enje toga razdoblja

trajalo je sljedeæe dvije godine, kada je snimljeno 270

km2 3D seizmièkih profila te su izraðene dvije

istra�ivaèke bušotine. Tijekom drugoga produ�etka

izbušena je još jedna bušotina. Istra�ivaèki rezultati u

tom bloku ukazali su na nekoliko pojava ugljikovodika

dobivenih u bušotinama, a opa�enih na lokalitetima

Salamiah, Jaddua, Mudawara te Beer As Sib.

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2. GEOLOŠKA GRA\A BLOKA HAYAN

Blok Hayan pripada tektonskoj "provinciji" sjevernog

dijela Arapske platforme, smještene u Siriji. Najveæi dio

središnje Sirije, ukljuèujuæi blokove Hayan i Aphamia,

dio je planinskog lanca Palmirida (engl. Palmyrides),

koji predstavlja intrakontinentalni, transpresivni

planinski lanac (lit.7), topografski uzdignuti dio s

maksimalnog visinom od 1385 metara. Taj masiv pru�a

se od rasjedne zone Mrtvoga mora pa do grabena

Eufrata, te je du�ine 400, a širine 100 kilometara. Na

sjeverni i ju�ni dio dijeli ga rasjed Jihar, koji se dalje

pru�a u depresiju Al Dawn (npr. lit.7,8). Kao glavni

tektonski dogaðaji, sa�eto prema lit.7, mogu se izdvojiti,

uz pribli�no trajanje izra�eno u milijunima godina,

sljedeæi:

(a) Rani kambrij do rani silur (560-420 mil. god.) -

ekstenzija te rifting, termalno tonjenje i spuštanje

razine mora;

(b) Rani silur do rani karbon (420-360 mil. god.) -

slaba kompresija, izdizanje te erozija;

(c) Rani karbon do kasni perm (360-245 mil. god.) -

obnavljanje ekstenzije i tonjenje;

(d) Rani trijas do rana kreda (245-135 mil. god.) -

ekstenzija, tonjenje te rifting du� glavnih rasjednih

zona (tektonski jarak Palmirida);

(e) Rana kreda do poèetak kasne krede (hauterivij do

cenoman; 135-94 mil. god.) - obnovljena ekstenzija

i tonjenje u unutarnjost razlomljenih bazena du�

jaraka Palmirida, Sinjara i Eufrata, ukljuèujuæi

aptsku i albsku transgresiju;

(f) Kasna kreda do kasni paleogen (kraj oligocena;

94-23 mil. god.) - kompresijsko razdoblje,

nastavak tonjenja u jarcima Palmirida, Sinjara i

Eufrata;

(g) Miocen do danas (23-0 mil. god.) - kontinentalna

kolizija izmeðu Arabijske i Euroazijske ploèe,

inverzija jaraka Palmirida i Eufrata.

Detaljna evolucija Palmirida i Sjevernoarapske

platforme u Siriji mo�e se prouèiti u lit.1,2, a evolucija

Istoènog Mediterana u lit.6. Trijaske sekvencije (slika

2.1) vrlo su va�an dio sustava le�išta ugljikovodika u

cijeloj Siriji, jer sadr�e matiène, le�išne i izolatorske

stijene, što je opisano u lit.4.

Opæenito, dokazano je nekoliko dominantnih

litofacijesa od paleozoika do kenozoika koji su glavni

stratigrafski intervali s matiènim, le�išnim i izolatorskim

stijenama (npr. lit.3). Stijene koje se nalaze u tom

dugotrajnom kronostratigrafskom rasponu uglavnom su

karbonati, lapori, glinenci i pješèenjaci (slika 2.1). Prve

tri litologije uglavnom predstavljaju matiène i izolatorske

stijene, no karbonati mogu biti vrlo raspucani pa su tada

to le�išne stijene sa sekundarnom poroznošæu.

Pješèenjaci su ponekad "èisti", a ponekad u prijelaznim

litofacijesima, no uglavnom su to potencijalne le�išne

stijene. Takva svojstva se takoðer mogu raspoznati na

litostratigrafskom stupu opisanom u lit.7, a prikazanog

formacijama koje èine sustave le�išta ugljikovodika

(slika 2.1) unutar bloka Hayan.

U najstarijoj formaciji Afandi (ordovicij) su

pretpostavljene le�išne stijene koje se uglavnom sastoje

od siltita i pješèenjaka s proslojcima šejla. Sljedeæa,

mlaða, formacija Tanf (silur) sadr�i izolatorske stijene za

moguæa starija le�išta. Sastoji se od šejlova, djelomièno

siltnih, te glinenaca, djelomièno vapnenaèkih.

Karbonska formacija Markada sadr�i, vrlo vjerojatno

regionalne, izolatorske stijene, no koje ukljuèuju

proslojke ili slojeve pješèenjaka, šejlova, vapnenaca i

dolomita. Ti pješèenjaci su dokazana le�išta

ugljikovodika u nekoliko sirijskih polja (Arak, Soukhne,

Al Hail, Najeeb i Doubayat). Najmlaða paleozojska

formacija Amanus Sandstones, takoðer se mo�e

regionalno korelirati u Siriji, a sastavljena je od

pješèanjaka, siltita te, ponekad, šejlova. Pješèenjaci te

formacije mogu se smatrati le�išnim stijenama.

2.2. Formacije i le�išni sustavi ugljikovodikamezozojske starosti

Mezozojske stratigrafske sekvencije ukljuèuju nekoliko

litostratigrafskih jedinica koje se mogu opisati kao

matiène, le�išne i izolatorske stijene (slika 2.1).

Najstarija je formacija Amanus Shale (donji trijas), u

kojoj prevladavaju glinenci i šejlovi, uz tek rijetke

proslojke karbonata i pješèenjaka. Sljedeæa je formacija

Kurrachine Dolomites (srednji trijas) va�na jer sadr�i

matiène, le�išne i izolatorske stijene. Sastavljena je

uglavnom od razlièitih vrsta karbonata, evaporita i

šejlova. Le�išta unutar te formacije, u podruèju

Palmirida, uglavnom su zasiæena plinom. Zbog znaèajnih

kolièina ugljikovodika, ta je formacija podijeljena u tri

le�išne zone koje mogu biti smatrane kao neformalne

jedinice u rangu èlana. One su imenovane, poèevši s

najstarijom, kao D2 (anizik), D1 (anizik) i C2 (ladinik).

Svaka od njih je dalje razdijeljena u "podzone". Slijedi

formacija Kurrachine Anhydrite (srednji trijas) koja se

smatra izolatorskom, a zastupljena je solima,

anhidritima, glinencima i vapnencima. Sol nije

regionalna pojava, jer u ju�nom dijelu su te naslage vrlo

male debljine ili ih nema.

U jurskim stijenama formacija Moun se smatra

intervalom koji sadr�i le�išne stijene, a opæenito je

predstavljena karbonatima (vapnencima i dolomitima).

Ponegdje su jurske stijene bile izlo�ene na površini te

okršene. Formacija Rutbah (donja kreda) predstavljena

je sekvencijama koje odgovaraju izolatorskim stijenama,

iako su u znaèajnim debljinama utvrðeni pješèenjaci,

proslojeni ili u krovini praæeni siltitima, glinencima,

dolomitima i pjeskovitim laporima. Sljedeæa je formacija

Hayane (donja i gornja kreda) uglavnom zastupljena

dolomitima. No, jugozapadno od Palmirida dominiraju

laporoviti dolomiti sa slojevima gipsa i anhidrita.

Formacija Judea je opisana uglavnom sekvencijama

izolatorskih stijena, tj. laporima, dolomitima i

vapnencima. Najmlaða je formacija Soukhne (gornja

kreda) koja obuhvaæa sekvencije matiènih stijena.

Sastoji se od razlièitih vapnenaca i dolomita, lapora,

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glinenaca, ali takoðer i èertova te pjeskovitih i

konglomeratiènih intervala.

3. LE�IŠTA, RAZRADA IPROIZVODNJA U BLOKU HAYAN

Prva otkriæa ugljikovodika INA je ostvarila u travnju

2002. godine u le�ištima strukture Jihar. Iste godine

otkrivene su i dvije druge strukture - Palmyra te Al Mahr.

Proizvodnja nafte s polja Jihar (bušotinom Jihar-2)

zapoèela je 25. kolovoza 2005. godine, kao dio ranog

proizvodnog razdoblja. Otprilike godinu dana kasnije,

13. prosinca 2006. godine, krenula je proizvodnja plina

iz polja Palmyra (bušotinama Palmyra-1 i 3), a otkriveno

je i polje Jazal. Godine 2007. otkrivena su polja

Mustadira i Mazrur, a poèela je i proizvodnja iz polja

Jazal. U veljaèi 2008. u proizvodnju je pušteno polje

Mustadira, a u 2009. Mazrur.

Danas na tom podruèju postoji izgraðena znaèajna

nadzemna proizvodna i transportna oprema, a veæina tih

kapaciteta smještena je na polju Jihar gdje su razvijeni:

• Nafta stanica Jihar izgraðena u prvoj fazi projekta,

• Odlazni cjevovod Jihar,

• 10 kV OHL za polje Jihar,

• Naftnoplinska stanica Jihar izgraðena u drugoj fazi

projekta,

• Stanica za obradbu plina naèinjena u treæoj fazi,

• Sustav za odlaganje vode Jihar.

Preostala, manja, polja imaju izgraðen vlastiti

distribucijski sustav i drugu potrebnu opremu za trans-

port ugljikovodika da glavnih naftnih i plinskih stanica

na polju Jihar. Od te opreme postoje:

• Kolektorska jedinica od polja Jazal do polja Jihar,

• Transport od bušotine Mazrur-1 do polja Jazal,

• Transport od bušotina Palmyra-1 i 3 do mjesta

prikupljanja plina na Palmyri,

• Plinovod od polja Palmyra do polja Arak,

• Transport od bušotine Mustadira-1 do mjesta

prikupljanja plina na Mustadiri,

• Plinovod do transportnog sustava na Palmyri.

4. GEOLOŠKI ODNOSI U BLOKUAPHAMIA

Blok Aphamia, prema znaèenju za naftnoplinski

potencijal unutar Sirije, mo�e biti opisan kao "umjereno

istra�en". Brojna su naftna, plinska i plinsko-

kondenzatna polja otkrivena jugoistoèno od bloka

Aphamia (slika 4.1), na primjer u bloku Hayan (slika

1.2).

Matiène stijene unutar toga bloka odreðene su na

temelju bušotinskih uzoraka. Kronostratigrafski i

litostratigrafski pripadaju:

• Donjotrijaskoj seriji, tj. formaciji Amanus (debljine

50-150 metara),

• Srednjotrijaskoj seriji (donji dio formacije Kurrachine

Dolomites, debljine oko 400 m),

• Gornjokrednoj seriji (formaciji Soukhne, debljine

100-250 m).

Mo�e se pretpostaviti i kako silurski "vruæi" šejlovi

lokalno predstavljaju matiène stijene i to u široj okolici

bloka Aphamia, no još uvijek nisu utvrðeni migracijski

putovi iz tih stijena.

Le�išne stijene pripadaju:

• Trijaskom sistemu (formacije Kurrachine Dolomites,

no samo unutar frakturnog sustava),

• Jurskom sistemu, tj. formaciji Moun. Unutar tih

stijena dokazana su zasiæenja naftom i plinom u bloku

Aphamia.

• Krednom sistemu (formacija Hayan) u kojem su

otkrivena le�išta nafte unutar toga istra�ivaèkog bloka.

Takoðer i stariji, ordovicijski i permski (formacije

Amanus Sand) pješèenjaci opæenito se smatraju

potencijalnim le�išnim stijenama, što uglavnom ovisi o

migracijskim putovima. Izolatorske stijene uglavnom su

predstavljene glinovitim karbonatima, laporima i

šejlovima koji se nalaze u krovinama le�išnih sekvencija

svih starosti. Frakturirana le�išta formacije Kurrachine

Dolomites mogu takoðer biti prekrivena i anhidritom ili

soli.

5. ZAKLJUÈCI

INA je proizvela znaèajne kolièine ugljikovodika iz šest

polja smještenih na bloku Hayan, u središnjoj Siriji.

Danas su to najznaèajnije utvrðene rezerve tvrtke u

inozemstvu. Njihova proizvodnja zapoèela je 2005.

godine te još raste, zahvaljujuæi otkriæima novih polja, ali

i uspješnoj razradi postojeæih le�išta. Velika proizvodnja

potakla je izgradnju znaèajnog nadzemnog proizvodnog,

transportnog i kolektorskog sustava za ugljikovodike

(posebno plin) kao i povezivanje sa susjednim, velikim

sirijskim poljem Arak na jugoistoku.

Buduæe aktivnosti odvijat æe se u dva smjera. Prvi

obuhvaæa odr�avanje sadašnje razine proizvodnje

razradom postojeæih polja. Drugi se odnosi na

istra�ivanje potencijalnih prospekata i stratigrafskih

jedinica. Istra�ivaèka faza odvijat æe se na dva naèina:

• Prvi obuhvaæa istra�ivanje lokacija unutar bloka

Hayan, unutar stratigrafskih intervala u kojima je

pretpostavljen mali geološki rizik za otkrivanje novih

rezervi ugljikovodika. Postoje tri takva intervala. Prvi je

silurske i ordovicijske starosti (vjerojatno u

formacijama Tanf i Afandi), unutar granica strukture

Palmyra. Drugi su karbonski (pješèenjaci formacije

Markada Sandstone) sjeverno i sjeverozapadno od

strukture Mustadira te ju�no od strukture Palmyra.

Treæi je trijaski, pretpostavljen sjeveroistoèno od

strukture Mazrur te zapadno od strukture jihar

(formacije Kurrachine Dolomites).

• Druge aktivnosti bit æe usmjerene na cjelokupni blok

Aphamia, u kojem INA trenutno istra�uje. Utvrðene su

pojave ugljikovodika na nekoliko lokaliteta. Tako su

opa�eni nafta i plin na lokalitetu Salamiah, nafta na

Jaddui, nafta, plin i kondenzat na Mudawari te nafta i

ISTRA�IVAÈKE I PROIZVODNE AKTIVNOSTI INE D.D.... T. MALVIÆ ET AL.

NAFTA 62 (9-10) 303-306 (2011) 305

plin na lokaciji Beer As Sib. Zahvaljujuæi geografskoj

blizini blokova Aphamia i Hayan, razmatrani

stratigrafski intervali u bloku Aphamia vjerojatno su

litološki slièni dokazanim le�išnim intervalima u bloku

Hayan.

�

Autori:

Tomislav Malviæ, Rudarsko-geološko-naftni fakultet, Zavod za geologiju igeološko in�enjerstvo, Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb,INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za geologiju i geološko in�enjerstvo,Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.Dopisni autor, e-adresa: tomislav.malvic@ina.hr

Miro \urekoviæ, INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za geologiju i geološkoin�enjerstvo, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

�elimir Šikonja, INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za proizvodnju nafte iplina u JI Europi, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Zoran Èogelja, INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za geologiju i geološkoin�enjerstvo, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Tomislav Ilijaš, INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za geologiju i geološkoin�enjerstvo, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

Igor Kruljac, INA-Industrija nafte d.d., Sektor za geologiju i geološkoin�enjerstvo, Šubiæeva 29, 10000 Zagreb.

UDK : 550.8 : 553.98 : 519.876.2 (569.1)

550.8 geološka istra�ivanja553.98 le�išta nafte I plina519.876.2 simulacije, modeliranje(569.1) Sirija (blok Hayan, blok Aphamia)

306 NAFTA 62 (9-10) 303-306 (2011)

T. MALVIÆ ET AL. ISTRA�IVAÈKE I PROIZVODNE AKTIVNOSTI INE D.D....