By Angie C. Anders

Southern University of Shreveport Louisiana

Human Services Department

IN MAMA’S CABINET….

GETTING HIGH WITHOUT LEAVING THE HOUSE

EARLY TIMES OF ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE:

Drunkard Children (1780-1900)• Regularly consumed diluted alcohol

• No widespread misuse until early 1800s

• Particularly orphaned children

• Alcoholics between ages 15-20 counted as 10%

admissions into inebriated homes

• 12 year olds were being admitted for detoxification by 1890s

TODAY’S TRENDS IN ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE:

• Common Cold Medications

• Nasal Decongestion Aids

• Household Cleaners

• Products sold for other uses and manipulated in order to achieve inebriation.

PURPLE DRANK…..SIZZUR

“Purple Drank” or Sizzur is a combination of Promethazine/Codeinemixed with Sprite and a few Jolly Ranchers or any other hard candy.With increased tolerance and/or subsequent addiction, as users chase the high from sizzurp, overdosing on these potentially lethal substances becomes more likely.

INHALANTS - HOUSEHOLD PRODUCTS

The products are called inhalants and include glue, gasoline, nail polish remover, cleaning fluid, paint, lighter fluid, the air from whipped creamcans and hairspray.

Because they are easy to find, inhalants are more popular among younger children. Six percent of eighth-graders have admitted to using inhalants, according to a recent survey of young people.

can cause problems with attention, memory and problem-solving; muscle weakness; tremors; and mood changes. They also can change a person’s heart rate or oxygen in the body and lead to serious health problems and death. Children who abuse household products also are more likely to abuse or try other drugs.

TRIPLE C

Triple C is a slang term for the over-the-counter medication Coricidin

HBP Cough & Cold, which contains dextromethorphan, or DXM. Triple C ( Coricidin HBP Cough & Cold) is available as red tablets containing

30 milligrams of DXM. Law enforcement sources indicate that teenagers and young adults are the principal

abusers of Triple C.

While under the influence of

the drug, which can last for as

long as 6 hours, abusers risk

injuring themselves and others

Because of the drug’s effects on

visual perception and

cognitive processes.

ENERGY DRINKS & FOUR LOKOEnergy drinks (such as Red Bull, Monster, and Reload) are sold legally and advertised to boost energy. They contain stimulants, usually caffeine, and sometimes other stimulants, as well as sugar. In 2011 in answer to the question, "About how many [energy drinks] do you drink per day on average?" The proportions indicating any recent use were 35% of 8th graders and 29% of both 10th and 12th graders.

FOUR LOKO: In its original form, the drink is the equivalent of four beers and one cup of Starbucks coffee - a dangerous combination that can fool partygoers into thinking they're not that drunk - while packing a potent punch of alcohol.

HUFFING FREON• It destroys cells, lining in the nose and esophagus. It’s very toxic and not easy to control

the dose,” says Lynn Pimentel a Director at West Care in Fresno. Her facility has treated teens who have abused the drug. She says they’re turning to Freon because it’s easy to access.

• “It’s free at times because it’s in the garage it’s at home and it’s under the sink. It’s abundant and it’s legal.”

HAND SANITIZER

Teens have ended up in emergency rooms after drinking alcohol that had been extracted fromhand sanitizer. Througha distillation process, the kids were able to create a moonshine with a whopping

60 percent alcohol content.

BENZEDREX (PROPYLHEXEDRINE)

The Benzedrex inhaler is typically used for nasal congestion

and gives the stimulating effect of amphetamines. The cotton

inside the inhaler can be ingested or the substance inside

combined with soda pop. Intravenous abuse of Propylhexedrine

(Benzedrex) presents a high risk of brainstem dysfunction in

young adults. This agent is called "stove-top speed". In a study

reported by Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 7 patients

had transient diplopia (double vision) , within seconds after

injection.

BATH SALTS

Bath Salts are products containing designer drugs—synthetic cathinones, which are stimulants that have effects something like amphetamines. Questions on the use of these powerful and dangerous drugs were included in the survey for the first time in 2012. Fortunately, a relatively small proportion of teens indicate having used bath salts in the prior 12 months. The annual prevalence rates were 0.8%, 0.6%, and 1.3% for grades 8, 10, and 12, respectively.

PRESCRIPTION DRUG ABUSE

Benzodiazepines & Opiates

The survey continues to

show that most teens obtain

prescription drugs like

amphetamines, tranquilizers,

or narcotics other than heroin,

for free from friends

and family; roughly 68%

of 12th graders, for example,

report getting prescription Adderall

pain relievers this way.

FAINTING GAMEWhen teens apply pressure around a friend’s neck to make them faint, they’re constricting the windpipe and cutting off the brain’s supply of oxygen. After the fainting, the pressure around the neck is released, and oxygen rushes back to the brain, resulting in a brief, euphoric high. They may think it’s fun, but it’s deadly.

JENKEM

Human excreta is scooped up from the edges of the sewer ponds in old cans and containers which are covered with a polyethylene bag and left to stew or ferment for a week.

TODAYS DRUG TRENDS

ADOLESCENT TREATMENT IN THE PAST

1950-1990 Community-based adolescent Treatment

• 1950s –Hospitals and churches recognized adolescent drug use behaviors did not mimic adults and needed a different approach

• 1952- Riverside Hospital in NY City opened first Tx Center for adolescents. The birth of Adolescent based treatment.

• (detox, psychiatric, medical, psychological testing, therapy, education, vocational, recreational)

• Closed in 1961 due to return of heroin users

ADOLESCENT TREATMENT

1950s-1980s

A) Treatment included Minnesota Model (abstinence based)

B) Young Peoples Meetings

C) Aggressive and confrontational

D) Attempts to break down defense mechanismsE) Supervision that lacks direct observation.

Key to delivering evidence based material appropriately

YESTERDAY’S TX APPROACHES (CONT’D)F) Use of “in-house” questionnaires for screening instead of standardized

instruments .

G) Non-use or lack of Evidence Based Treatment (EBT)

E) Lack of Family Involvement

MONITORING THE FUTURE (MTF)

Monitoring the Future (MTF) is an ongoing study of the behaviors, attitudes, and values of American secondary school students, college students, and young adults.

Each year, a total of approximately 50,000 8th, 10th and 12th grade students are surveyed. It has been conducted annually by the University of Michigan’s Institute for

Social Research since its inception in 1975.

-Annual follow-up questionnaires are mailed for a number of years after their initial participation.

TODAY’S TX BARRIERS• Family

• Lack of support/involvement • Drug use in the home• Poor Influence on youth’s decisions

Poor Treatment Matching

Not always placed in appropriate level of care

ASAM (American Society of Addiction Medicine)

I) Acute Intoxication

II) Biomedical

III) Psychiatric, Emotional, Cognitive

IV) Stage of Change

VI) Recovery Environment

LEVELS OF CARE:

Early Intervention Outpatient Intensive Outpatient Residential/Inpatient Medically managed intensive inpatient

OTHER BARRIERS OF TODAY’S TX• Treating Co-existing Conditions

• Lack of Communication with all professions working with case

(doctor, P.O., counselors)

• Funding Sources

• Time allotted to treat

• Ongoing trainings and education for adolescent care

TODAY’S TX APPROACHES

• Youth oriented, multi-dimensional assessment instruments

• Youth focused family groups developed

• Using younger and more educated staff at agencies and hospitals

• More flexible with rule violations

• Shifting from confrontation to motivation/engagement

• Coordinating care with schools and juvenile justice systems

• Cultural Competency knowledge utilized

No one approach is superior. A multifaceted approach can be used.

• Individual and group therapy

CBT

B.T.

B.I

M.I. of MET

• Family-Based Therapy

• Recommend Recovery Support (AA, 12 step, Celebrate Recovery)

TOMORROW’S TX APPROACHES• Harm Reduction

• Brief Intervention (B.I.)

• Individual Sessions

• Medically Assisted Therapies

• Parental contracts

REFERENCES

• www.erowid.com

• www.cps.ca/documents/position/harm-reduction-risky-health-behaviours

• www.nih.gov/news/health/dec2011/nida-14.htp

• www.drugfreeworld.org

• www.monitoringthefuture.org

• http://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/inhalants

QUESTIONS???